The Pramuka Movement of Indonesia ( id, Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia), officially the Praja Muda Karana Scouting Movement ( id, Gerakan Kepanduan Praja Muda Karana), is the national
scouting
Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worldwide youth movement employing the Scout method, a program of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking ...
organization of
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
.
Scouting was founded in the
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...
in 1912, and Indonesia became a member of the
World Organization of the Scout Movement
The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM ) is the largest international Scouting organization. WOSM has 173 members. These members are recognized national Scout organizations, which collectively have around 43 million participants. WOS ...
(WOSM) in 1953. Its membership is compulsory for students. It has 21,599,748 members (as of 2011),
making it the world's largest Scout association.
The organization was established in 1961 as a part of the
late Sukarno government's attempt to create a Scouting-like movement "
freed from (the influences of) Baden-Powell
Lieutenant-General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, ( ; (Commonly pronounced by others as ) 22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was a British Army officer, writer, founder and first Chief Scout of the wor ...
", a goal largely reversed under the succeeding
Suharto government. August 14 is celebrated as Pramuka Day to honour the organisation's first public parade in 1961, wherein independence hero Sultan
Hamengkubuwono IX
Hamengkubuwono IX or HB IX (12 April 1912 – 2 October 1988) was an Indonesian statesman and royal who was the second vice president of Indonesia, the ninth sultan of Yogyakarta, and the first governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Hamen ...
of Yogyakarta was appointed as the first Chief Scout of the GPI.
With the 2013 education curriculum in effect, it is compulsory for all Indonesian students to join the scout movement as scouting is officially one of the study units in the curriculum. This contributes to the movement's recognition as the world's largest.
The name ''Pramuka'' was derived from the acronym of "''Pra''ja ''mu''da ''ka''rana", (
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
: young people willing to work), but was originally proposed by Hamengkubuwono IX from the
Javanese term (lit. "
front line
A front line (alternatively front-line or frontline) in military terminology is the position(s) closest to the area of conflict of an armed force's personnel and equipment, usually referring to land forces. When a front (an intentional or uninte ...
soldier"). The ''Pramuka'' word in Indonesia is currently often used as a term for scouting.
Unlike other Scouting organizations the GPI uses a full military salute instead of the usual Scout sign and salute, honoring the fighting youth of the foundational organizations that formed the GPI for their service during the long
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postw ...
(1945-49).
History
Colonial Period
Scouting came to
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...
in 1912, as a branch of the
Nederlandse Padvinders Organisatie (NPO, Netherlands Pathfinder Organisation). After 1916 it was called the ''
Vereeniging Nederlandsch Indische Padvinders
Vereeniging Nederlandsch Indische Padvinders (NIPV) ( en, Association of Dutch Indies Pathfinders) was the national Scouting organization in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). This was founded in 1916 and had a boys and girls branch.
Scout ...
'' (Association of Dutch Indies Pathfinders). Other Scouting organizations were established by the ''Indonesia Scouts'' in 1916. As the Dutch East Indies, Indonesia had been a branch of the Netherlands Scout Association, yet Scouting was very popular, and had achieved great numbers and standards.
After Independence
When Indonesia became an independent country, there were more than 60 separate Boy Scout and Girl Guide organizations. Most were directly affiliated with some certain political parties or social groups. And there was one national organization - the People's Scouts (''Pandu Rakyat Indonesia''), founded on 27-29 December 1945, just almost half a year since independence, in its 1st Congress in Surakarta. Attempts were made to unify all Scout organizations into one. The fact that Indonesia is made up of many islands made administration and supervision difficult, and the Japanese occupation caused some twenty separate Scout organizations to spring up, and it took time for them to coalesce. In September 1951, in a Jakarta conference, the People's Scouts, recognized by the Ministry of Education twice in 1947 and 1950 as the official Scout organization of the young nation, and the other 12 of the stronger Scout and Guide organizations nationwide met and decided to found a federating body to satisfy national and international needs. Representatives of these organizations decided that the time had come to merge into one national organization for Indonesian Scouting and Guiding.
With their cooperation, the Ikatan Pandu Indonesia (Ipindo, Indonesian Scouting Union) came into being. Government approval of Ipindo was granted on 22 February 1952, and President
Sukarno
Sukarno). (; born Koesno Sosrodihardjo, ; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
Sukarno was the leader of ...
consented to become patron of the unifying and correlating National Scout Council. With the formation of Ipindo, Indonesia became a full member of the
World Organization of the Scout Movement
The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM ) is the largest international Scouting organization. WOSM has 173 members. These members are recognized national Scout organizations, which collectively have around 43 million participants. WOS ...
in 1953 as an organization of its Asia-Pacific Region. In 1955 the Ipindo hosted the country's first Scout Jamboree in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta.
With the beginning of the Guided Democracy period came a period of unification of all Scout and Guide organizations into one. On 9 March 1961, in the State Palace of Jakarta, in the presence of Ipinido representatives and those of other organizations, President Sukarno gave his blessing for the unification of Indonesian Scouting and Guiding into one national organization. With the April 1961 decision to merge the
Fadjar Harapan
''Fadjar Harapan'' ('Dawn of Hope') was a short-lived Indonesian pioneer organization, linked to the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). ''Fadjar Harapan'' was founded in 1959, albeit that there already was an existing Scouting movement initiated ...
Pioneer movement
A pioneer movement is an organization for children operated by a communist party. Typically children enter into the organization in elementary school and continue until adolescence. The adolescents then typically join the Young Communist League ...
organization (founded in 1959) into Ipindo and other organizations, the establishment of a single Scout Movement organization in Indonesia called "Gerakan Pramuka" was officially completed.
On 20 May 1961, President Sukarno signed a presidential regulation formally declaring Gerakan Pramuka as the official Scout and Guide organization in Indonesia and official heir and successor to the legacies of the former Scout and Guide organizations of the republic, inheriting thus Indonesia's membership in WOSM from Ipindo. On 30 July, at the
Istora Gelora Bung Karno
Gelora Bung Karno Sports Palace ( id, Istana Olahraga Gelora Bung Karno, abbreviated as ''Istora''), the formerly name ''Istora Senayan'' is an indoor sporting arena located in Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex, Jakarta, Indonesia. The capacity of ...
in Jakarta, the GPI was officially launched as the country's national co-ed Scouting and Guiding organization on the basis of the existing organizations in the republic.
Gerakan Pramuka is a former member of the
World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts
The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS ) is a global association supporting the Girl Guides, female-oriented and female-only Guiding and Scouting organizations in 152 countries. It was established in 1928 in Parád, Hungary, ...
, having left WAGGGS and added the girls' program to WOSM also in 2002.
After
Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX
Hamengkubuwono IX or HB IX (12 April 1912 – 2 October 1988) was an Indonesian statesman and royal who was the second vice president of Indonesia, the ninth sultan of Yogyakarta, and the first governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Hamen ...
, other Indonesian recipients of the ''
Bronze Wolf
The Bronze Wolf Award is bestowed by the World Scout Committee (WSC) to acknowledge "outstanding service by an individual to the World Scout Movement". It is the highest honor that can be given a volunteer Scout leader in the world and it is the ...
'', the only distinction of the
World Organization of the Scout Movement
The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM ) is the largest international Scouting organization. WOSM has 173 members. These members are recognized national Scout organizations, which collectively have around 43 million participants. WOS ...
, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, include
Abdul Azis Saleh
Dr. Abdul Azis Saleh (20 September 1914 – 3 April 2001), a specialist in anthropology and education, was a leader of Indonesian Scouting and served as a member of the World Scout Committee and President of the World Organization of the Scout Mo ...
in 1978,
John Beng Kiat Liem
John Beng Kiat Liem (May 17, 1922 in Bukittinggi, Indonesia – June 26, 2001 in Jakarta) served as a member of the Asia-Pacific Scout Committee.
In 1982, he was awarded the 158th ''Bronze Wolf'', the only distinction of the World Organization of ...
in 1982 and retired Lieutenant General
Mashudi
Lieutenant General Mashudi (September 11, 1919 in Cibatu village, Garut Regency, West Java – June 22, 2005 in Jakarta) was a Governor of West Java who served as Vice Chairman of the People's Consultative Assembly (1967-1972).
In 1974, he becam ...
in 1985.
Gerakan Pramuka was made into a compulsory
extracurricular activity
An extracurricular activity (ECA) or extra academic activity (EAA) or cultural activities is an activity, performed by students, that falls outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school, college or university education. Such activities a ...
in 2013 with the adoption of ''Kurikulum 2013'', the Indonesian school
curriculum
In education, a curriculum (; : curricula or curriculums) is broadly defined as the totality of student experiences that occur in the educational process. The term often refers specifically to a planned sequence of instruction, or to a view ...
of 2013. Despite that, schools, especially elementary schools, have made Pramuka into a compulsory extracurricular activity long before this policy.
Founding Organizations
By the time the GPI was founded in 1961, the following organizations helped in its formation:
* Ikatan Pandu Indonesia (
Ipindo
''Ikatan Pandu Indonesia'' (Ipindo) was the World Organization of the Scout Movement-recognized Indonesian national Scouting federation from 1953 to 1961.
When Indonesia became an independent country, there were more than 60 separate Boy Scout an ...
)
* Fadjar Harapan
* Persatuan Kepanduan Puteri Indonesia (PKPI)
* Persatuan Organisasi Pandu Puteri Indonesia (POPPINDO)
Programme
![Gedung Pramuka - panoramio](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Gedung_Pramuka_-_panoramio.jpg)
The Pramuka Movement incorporates both boys and girls. It is an educational movement through Scouting activities, the education being directed toward a new, just, peaceful and prosperous Indonesian community based on the national ideology. Activities of the boys and girls are conducted separately from one another. They have joint activities whenever possible and necessary. Management of the Scout Movement is carried out by the National Headquarters.
Education for young members is carried out through activities to achieve General Skill Requirements (''Syarat Kecakapan Umum/SKU'') and Special Skill Requirements (''Syarat Kecakapan Khusus/SKK'') (merit badge system) towards achieving Garuda Scout.
To achieve the goals of Scouting, activities are carried out on the group and national level. Routine activities are focused on the development of character, patriotism, physical fitness, skill and intelligence of the Scouts themselves which are very important for their future life. Activities of the special troops are organized in order to develop specific personal interest and talent and enable them to serve the community with the knowledge, ability and skill he/she have learned.
The Scouts take an active part in community development service projects. They take an active part in combating illiteracy. The success of the campaign against illiteracy in one province, gained the Scouts worldwide recognition and won them a
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...
award.
The Scouts also participate in the drive to improve health and nutrition in the community, especially children under five years of age. Acting as extension workers, they practice how to raise cattle, fish, breed hens and grow vegetables.
Membership badge
The Scout emblem incorporates the
seed
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...
of the
coconut palm
The coconut tree (''Cocos nucifera'') is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus ''Cocos''. The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the f ...
, a common native Indonesian plant and all parts of which are used in Indonesian everyday life, symbolizing the philosophy of a true Scout, who must make him or herself useful in all aspects of life. The seed form represents the growing spirit, physical toughness, adaptability, and high aspiration of the Scout. The logo is in maroon. The logo is the basis of the wider membership badge, which also incorporates the star, rice paddy and cotton from the
national coat of arms
A national coat of arms is a symbol which denotes an independent state in the form of a heraldic achievement. While a national flag is usually used by the population at large and is flown outside and on ships, a national coat of arms is normally ...
''Garuda Pancasila''.
Age groups
Gerakan Pramuka is divided in two major educational groups: the member section and the adult section. The first is divided in further age-groups with different educational systems, the second provides the leaders and supports the younger members.
The age-groups are:
*
Cub Scouts
Cub Scouts, Cubs or Wolf Cubs are programs associated with Scouting for young children usually between 7 and 12, depending on the organization to which they belong. A participant in the program is called a Cub. A group of Cubs is called a 'P ...
("Pramuka Siaga") ages 7 to 10, or equal to elementary school's 1st-3rd grade, consists of:
** Siaga Mula
** Siaga Bantu
** Siaga Tata
*
Scout
Scout may refer to:
Youth movement
*Scout (Scouting), a child, usually 10–18 years of age, participating in the worldwide Scouting movement
**Scouts (The Scout Association), section for 10-14 year olds in the United Kingdom
**Scouts BSA, sectio ...
s ("Pramuka Penggalang") – ages 11 to 15, or equal to elementary school's 4th-6th grade and junior high school's 7th-9th grade, consists of:
** Penggalang Ramu
** Penggalang Rakit
** Penggalang Terap
*
Rover Scouts
Rover Scouts, Rovers, Rover Scouting or Rovering is a program associated with some Scouting organizations for adult men and women. A group of Rovers is called a 'Rover Crew'.
Rovers was originated by The Scout Association, The Boy Scouts Assoc ...
("Pramuka Penegak") – ages 16 to 20, or equal to senior high school's 10th-12th grade, consists of:
**
Penegak Bantara
**
Penegak Laksana
The rank insignia system of the Indonesian Scouting movement Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia is by and large militarized in traditions and outfit.
Much is left to the traditions of specific groups. Some of them do not grant some of the ranks to its mem ...
*
Venturer Scouts ("Pramuka Pandega") – ages 21 to 25, or equal to academy/university students.
* Adult members – ages 26 and older
Awards
Activities are mainly carried out to achieve advancement through the
Syarat kecakapan Umum (SKU) or
Advancement Badge and
Syarat Kecakapan Khusus (TKK) or
Merit Badge system. The highest rank in each age group is
Pramuka Garuda
The rank insignia system of the Indonesian Scouting movement Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia is by and large militarized in traditions and outfit.
Much is left to the traditions of specific groups. Some of them do not grant some of the ranks to its mem ...
(Eagle Scout).
Rover and Venture Scout Special Unit
In Pramuka, there are Rover and Venture Scouts Special Units called ''
Satuan Karya
Satuan Karya Pramuka (Saka) or special scout troops are the education tools, part of the Gerakan Pramuka, Indonesian Scouting movement, to sharpen the Scouts' skills in certain fields, to build knowledge in the Information Technology (IT) field, a ...
'' (SAKA). In those units, the Rovers and Ventures are able to learn various skills to be specialist that are useful for their future careers as well as to provide services to the community. There are ten different units:
* Law Enforcement Special Unit (Saka Bhayangkara) - in coordination with the
Indonesian National Police
''
, mottotranslated = (Serving the Nation)
, formed =
, preceding1 =
, dissolved =
, superseding =
, employees = 440,000 (2020)
, volunteers =
, budget =
, nongovernment ...
and the
Civil Service Police Units
* Air Mindedness Special Unit (Saka Dirgantara) - in coordination with the
Indonesian National Armed Forces
, founded = as the ('People's Security Forces')
, current_form =
, disbanded =
, branches =
, headquarters = Cilangkap, Jakarta
, website =
, commander-in-chief = Joko Widodo
, ...
and the
Ministry of Transportation
A ministry of transport or transportation is a ministry responsible for transportation within a country. It usually is administered by the ''minister for transport''. The term is also sometimes applied to the departments or other government ag ...
* Sea and Maritime Special Unit (Saka Bahari) - in coordination with the Indonesian National Armed Forces, the Ministry of Transportation and the
Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
* Health Care And Services Special Unit (Saka Bakti Husada) - in coordination with the
Ministry of Health
* Population And Family Planning Special Unit (Saka Kencana/Saka Keluarga Berencana) - in coordination with the Ministry of Health
* Plantation And Agriculture Special Unit (Saka Taruna Bumi) - in coordination with the
Ministry of Agriculture
An agriculture ministry (also called an) agriculture department, agriculture board, agriculture council, or agriculture agency, or ministry of rural development) is a ministry charged with agriculture. The ministry is often headed by a minister f ...
* Forest Preserver Special Unit (Saka Wana Bakti) - in coordination with the
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
* Homeland Defense Special Unit (Saka Wira Kartika) - in coordination with the Indonesian National Armed Forces
* Tourism Guides Special Unit (Saka Pariwisata) - in coordination with the National Police, Civil Service Police and the Ministry of Tourism
* Education and Culture Special Unit (Saka Widya Budaya Bakti) - in coordination with the
Ministry of Education and Culture The Ministry of Education and Culture is a Cabinet position in the governments of several nations. In some nations the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Culture are separate departments; in others, the Ministry of Education and Culture als ...
* Environment Special Unit (Saka Kalpataru) - in coordination with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry
* Information and Communications Technology Special Unit (Saka Telematika) - in coordination with the
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
A Communications Ministry or Department of Communications is a ministry or other government agency charged with communication. Communications responsibilities includes regulating telecommunications, postal services, broadcasting and print media. T ...
Scout Promise (''Tri Satya'')
![Pasukan Pengawal Paskibra dari Pramuka](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Pasukan_Pengawal_Paskibra_dari_Pramuka.jpg)
On My Honour, I promise that I will do my best to:
* Fulfill my obligation to God and the Republic of Indonesia, and to obey
Pancasila
* Help other people and get involved in community building
* Obey the Scout Law.
Scout Law (''Dasa Darma'')
![Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia Scouts 8th Indonesian National Rover Moot 2003](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Gerakan_Pramuka_Indonesia_Scouts_8th_Indonesian_National_Rover_Moot_2003.jpg)
* Believe in God the Almighty (''Takwa Kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa'')
* Preserve nature and love each other (''Cinta Alam dan Kasih Sayang Sesama Manusia'')
* Be an affable and knightly patriot (''Patriot yang Sopan dan Kesatria'')
* Be obedient and collegial (''Patuh dan Suka Bermusyawarah'')
* Help others with compliance and resilience (''Rela Menolong dan Tabah'')
* Be diligent, skilled and cheerful (''Rajin, Terampil, dan Gembira'')
* Be provident and simple (''Hemat, Cermat, dan Bersahaja'')
* Exercise discipline, be brave and faithful (''Disiplin, Berani, dan Setia'')
* Be accountable and trustworthy (''Bertanggung Jawab dan Dapat Dipercaya'')
* Have purity in thoughts, words and actions (''Suci dalam Pikiran, Perkataan, dan Perbuatan'')
Councils
Gerakan Pramuka operates and maintains 34 province-level territorial councils (''kwartir daerah'') each corresponding to
provincial borders and a National Council or Headquarters (''Kwartir Nasional'') for top-level staff and employees.
National Special Scout Jamborees
A National Special Scout Jamboree is held every five years for
disabled Scouts. The seventh National Special Scouts Jamboree was held in 2007, in
East Jakarta
) in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII), Jatinegara railway station and Museum of Transportation at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.
, image_seal = Lambang Kota Jakarta Timur.png
, motto =
, image_map ...
. The first jamboree of this sort to be held in Indonesia was in 1972.
Controversies
In July 2017, the
Indonesian government
The term Government of Indonesia ( id, Pemerintah Indonesia) can have a number of different meanings. At its widest, it can refer collectively to the three traditional branches of government – the executive branch, legislative branch and ju ...
suspended support for Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia after Chairman of the Scout National Quarter (Kwarnas)
Adhyaksa Dault
Dr. H. Adhyaksa Dault, S.H., M.Si. (born 7 June 1963) was the State Minister of Youth for Sports in the United Indonesia Cabinet (2004–2009) of Mandarese descent from Gorontalo. He is also the youngest minister in the clock cabinet which ...
expressed support for
Hizb-ut Tahrir,
[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/indonesian-boy-scout-leader-called-for-sharia-law/news-story/889feb92be1eefc9f06412fb6387363a Indonesian Boy Scout leader called for sharia law] as Hizb-ut Tahrir is against Indonesia's legislative foundation of
Pancasila, an ideology based on a multi-faith democracy. Financial assistance was suspended pending clarification from
Adhyaksa Dault
Dr. H. Adhyaksa Dault, S.H., M.Si. (born 7 June 1963) was the State Minister of Youth for Sports in the United Indonesia Cabinet (2004–2009) of Mandarese descent from Gorontalo. He is also the youngest minister in the clock cabinet which ...
over his presence at a Hizb-ut Tahrir rally in 2013 and interview to a Hizb-ut Tahrir videographer expressing "Caliphate is the teaching of the Prophet. If God is willing, with or without our help, the caliphate will rise. Our ways may be different but our goal is the same. That is why I'm here. We keep making small changes. We have to make big changes. World order must be changed. We must impose sharia."
International units in Indonesia
In addition, there are American Boy Scouts in
Jakarta
Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
linked to the
Direct Service
There have been American Scouts overseas since almost the inception of the movement, often for similar reasons as the present day. Within the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), these expatriate Scouts are now served by two overseas Councils and the Dir ...
branch of the
Boy Scouts of America
The Boy Scouts of America (BSA, colloquially the Boy Scouts) is one of the largest scouting organizations and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with about 1.2 million youth participants. The BSA was founded i ...
, which supports units around the world. There is also group from British Scouting Overseas which support scouting at British School Jakarta.
British School Overseas 1st Group, Jakarta
/ref>
See also
*Bung Tomo
Sutomo (3 October 1920 – 7 October 1981), also known as Bung Tomo (meaning Comrade or Brother Tomo), is best known for his role as an Indonesian military leader during the Indonesian National Revolution against the United Kingdom and th ...
*Hamengkubuwono IX
Hamengkubuwono IX or HB IX (12 April 1912 – 2 October 1988) was an Indonesian statesman and royal who was the second vice president of Indonesia, the ninth sultan of Yogyakarta, and the first governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Hamen ...
, former vice president and founder of the GPI
*Paskibraka
The Paskibraka ( Indonesian: ''Pasukan Pengibar Bendera Pusaka'' or "Heritage Flag Hoisting Troop") is a youth organization and/or flag-raising squad in Indonesia which has the main task for raising and lowering the heirloom national flag of Ind ...
References
Further reading
* ''Scouting 'Round the World'', John S. Wilson, first edition, Blandford Press 1959
External links
Official website
Situs Pramuka Indonesia
{{WOSM, asia
Scouting in Indonesia
World Organization of the Scout Movement member organizations
Youth organizations established in 1961
Articles containing video clips