The George Washington Inaugural Bible is the
Bible that was
sworn upon by
George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of th ...
when
he took office as the first
President of the United States on April 30, 1789. The Bible has subsequently been used in the inauguration ceremonies of several other U.S. presidents.
The Bible is the
King James Version, dated 1767, complete with the
Apocrypha and elaborately supplemented with the historical, astronomical and legal data of that period.
St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons, are the custodians of what is now known as the George Washington Inaugural Bible. Many believe the Bible was randomly opened to
Genesis 49 during the ceremony, although some experts believe Washington purposely chose it.
George Washington's inauguration
The inaugural ceremony took place on the balcony of
Federal Hall on
Wall Street
Wall Street is an eight-block-long street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It runs between Broadway in the west to South Street and the East River in the east. The term "Wall Street" has become a metonym for t ...
in New York City, in the presence of a large number of onlookers. Washington was dressed in a suit of dark brown cloth and white silk stockings, all of American manufacture. His hair was powdered and dressed in the fashion of the day, clubbed and ribboned.
The oath of office was first administered by
Robert R. Livingston. The open Bible on which the President laid his hand was held on a rich crimson velvet cushion by
Samuel Otis, Secretary of the Senate. With them were
John Adams, who had been elected Vice President;
George Clinton, first Governor of New York;
Philip Schuyler,
John Jay, Maj. Gen.
Henry Knox,
Jacob Morton
Major-General Jacob Morton (1761–1836) was an American military officer, lawyer, and businessman.
Biography
Morton was born in New York City on July 8, 1761. He studied law at The College of New Jersey, the predecessor of Princeton University; ...
(Master of St. John's Lodge, who had retrieved the Lodge Bible when they discovered none had been provided), and other distinguished guests.
Without reliable contemporary accounts, the most common account of the event is that after taking his oath, Washington kissed the Bible reverently, closed his eyes and in an attitude of devotion said "So help me God". Livingston then exclaimed, "It is done!" and turning to the people he shouted, "Long live George Washington, President of the United States!", a shout that was echoed and re-echoed by the multitude present.
However, there is currently debate as to whether or not he added the phrase "So help me God" to his oath. The only contemporaneous account of Washington's oath is from French consul
Comte de Moustier who reported the constitutional oath with no mention of "So help me God". The earliest known source indicating Washington did add "So help me God" is attributed to
Washington Irving, aged six at the time of the inauguration, and first appears 60 years after the event.
At the conclusion, Washington and the others went in procession to
St. Paul's Chapel
St. Paul's Chapel is a chapel building of Trinity Church, an episcopal parish, located at 209 Broadway, between Fulton Street and Vesey Street, in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Built in 1766, it is the oldest surviving church building in Man ...
, in accordance with a Congressional resolution, and there they invoked the blessing of God upon the new government.
Other inaugurations and appearances
The Bible has since been used for the inaugurations of
Warren G. Harding in 1921,
Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953,
Jimmy Carter in 1977, and
George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker BushSince around 2000, he has been usually called George H. W. Bush, Bush Senior, Bush 41 or Bush the Elder to distinguish him from his eldest son, George W. Bush, who served as the 43rd president from 2001 to 2009; pr ...
, whose 1989 inauguration was in the bicentennial year of Washington's. The Bible was also intended to be used for the
first inauguration of George W. Bush, but inclement weather didn't allow it. However, the Bible was present in the
Capitol Building in the care of three
freemason
Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 13th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities ...
s of
St. John's Lodge, in case the weather got better. Because of its fragility, the Bible is no longer opened during meetings of St. John's Lodge.
In addition to its duties, the Bible has been used in the funeral processions of Presidents Washington and
Abraham Lincoln. The Bible has also been used at the center-stone laying of the U.S. Capitol, the addition of the
Washington Monument, the centennials of the cornerstone laying of the
White House, U.S. Capitol, and the
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty (''Liberty Enlightening the World''; French: ''La Liberté éclairant le monde'') is a List of colossal sculpture in situ, colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the U ...
, the
1964 World's Fair
The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair was a world's fair that held over 140 pavilions and 110 restaurants, representing 80 nations (hosted by 37), 24 US states, and over 45 corporations with the goal and the final result of building exhibits or ...
as well as the launching of the aircraft carrier
USS ''George Washington''.
St. John's Lodge website
In recent years, it is often displayed in Federal Hall National Memorial, built on the site of Washington's inauguration.
St. John's Lodge No. 1 Foundation, Inc.
In 2009, the Lodge formed a registered public charity for the purpose of preserving, maintaining and restoring the George Washington Inaugural Bible. In 2014, the St. John's Lodge No. 1 Foundation, Inc., received recognition as an IRS 501(c)(3)
A 501(c)(3) organization is a United States corporation, trust, unincorporated association or other type of organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501(c)(3) of Title 26 of the United States Code. It is one of the 29 types of 50 ...
non-profit organization.
See also
* United States presidential inauguration
* Lincoln Bible
The Lincoln Bible is a Bible that was owned by William Thomas Carroll, a clerk of the U.S. Supreme Court. The bible was used by President Abraham Lincoln at his inauguration in 1861. It was also used by President Barack Obama at his inaugurations i ...
* List of George Washington articles
The following is a list of articles about (and largely involving) George Washington.
Ancestry and childhood
* Augustine Washington and Mary Ball Washington – father and mother of George Washington
* Lawrence Washington (1718–1752) – ...
References
External links
*
St. John's Lodge No. 1 Foundation, Inc.
{{George Washington
George Washington
Individual Bibles
Washington, George