Gentlemen V. Players

Gentlemen v Players was a long-running series of English first-class cricket matches. Two matches were played in 1806, but the fixture was not played again until 1819. It became an annual event, usually played at least twice each season, except for the years 1826, 1828, 1915–1918 (due to World War I) and 1940–1945 (due to World War II). In essence, it was a match between teams consisting of amateur ("Gentlemen") and professional cricketers ("Players") that reflected the English class structure of the 19th century: the Players were working class cricketers who earned their living through the game, whilst the Gentlemen were middle- and upper-class cricketers, usually products of the public school system, who were unpaid.

For the matches, the Players were paid wages by their county clubs and/or fees by the match organisers, while the Gentlemen nominally only claimed expenses. However, while rules to distinguish amateurs from professionals were established by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), the system of allowable expenses was both controversial and complex, leading to some leading amateurs being paid more for playing cricket than any professional.

The fixture struggled to gain public interest during the mid-19th century, as most matches ended with the Players defeating the Gentlemen by large margins: various efforts to improve competitiveness, including different-sized wickets for each team, odds matches, and a system of given men (in which the Players would loan one or more of their best players to the Gentlemen) were generally unsuccessful, with the Players continuing to win most matches until later in the century.

The fixtures would become far more competitive and gain prestige with the rise and subsequent career of W. G. Grace, who played for the Gentlemen with great success. During the period from 1865 to 1914, the fixture was seen as one of the highlights of the cricket season, but the increasing popularity of international Test cricket (which began in 1877) saw its interest begin to decline, and after the Second World War, the concepts of amateurism and selecting teams based on social class were seen as increasingly anachronistic.

The fixture was discontinued on 31 January 1963 after the MCC abolished amateur status, with all first-class cricketers becoming nominally professionals (or "Players"): with this, the official distinction between the teams (and the ''raison d'etre'' for the fixture) ceased to exist. No direct substitute was implemented: instead, England's first domestic one day cricket competition began that summer.

Background

In the introduction to his history of the fixture, Pelham Warner calls it "the most time-honoured of all representative matches" and the "standard" match in English domestic cricket. Warner played for the Gentlemen 24 times between 1897 and 1919.

The fixture often confirmed the commonly held view of an imbalance between amateur and professional: amateurs tended to be batsmen first and foremost, hence there were few good amateur bowlers, while the Players could nearly always field a strong bowling side. The match was played over three days on all but a handful of occasions throughout its history. The most frequent venue for the match was Lord's, but a number of other grounds were used, notably The Oval and Scarborough: it was at Scarborough that the last Gentlemen v Players game was played in September 1962.

The same format of amateurs playing professionals was used in a number of other fixtures, some of which were given first-class status (for example, "Gentlemen of Nottinghamshire v Players of Nottinghamshire"), but these matches became less common after the beginning of the 20th century, with the last such game being "Gentlemen of the South v Players of the South" in 1920. Afterwards, all first-class Gentlemen v Players matches were between teams known simply by those names.

First matches

The inaugural fixture was a three-day match at the original Lord's ground from 7 to 9 July 1806. It was soon followed by the second, held on the same ground from 21 to 25 July. In the first match, the Gentlemen played with two given men, who were the two outstanding professionals of the day, Billy Beldham and William Lambert. Lambert made a significant contribution with the bat, and the Gentlemen won by an innings and 14 runs. For the return match, the Gentlemen retained Lambert, while Beldham played for the Players. The Gentlemen won a low-scoring game by 82 runs. Lambert was again a key factor in their success, although the leading amateur Lord Frederick Beauclerk made two good scores.

A curiosity of these matches is that they featured the veteran professional Tom Walker and the rookie amateur John Willes: these two players were both credited with devising the roundarm style of bowling, but there is no evidence to suggest they used roundarm in 1806. Described by H. S. Altham as the "most famous of all domestic matches", the fixture disappeared until 1819. Altham says he does not know why, but the Napoleonic Wars must have been a factor, as cricket was in decline from 1810 until after Waterloo in 1815.

Revival

In 1819, the amateurs agreed to play the professionals on equal terms, but lost by six wickets. There was only one run between the sides on first innings, but the Gentlemen collapsed in the second against the bowling of Tom Howard and John Sherman to be bowled out for 60. This match was held at the "new" Lord's ground, the present one, which had opened in 1814. The fourth match was played at Lord's in June 1820, and the Gentlemen, now with star bowler Howard as a given man, won by 70 runs.

The fifth match earned notoriety: it was scheduled to be played at Lord's from 23 to 25 July 1821 but ended on the second day after the Gentlemen conceded. Known as the "Coronation Match" because it celebrated the accession of the unpopular George IV it was described by Derek Birley as "a suitably murky affair". The Gentlemen had batted first and were quickly dismissed for 60, and had to spend a long time in the field through most of the first and second days while the Players steadily built a big lead. At 270 for six, the Gentlemen conceded defeat.

Odds on

After the 1821 match, the fixture struggled for many years to regain credibility. Nine of the fourteen matches played from 1824 to 1837 were played at odds: for instance, in the 1836 match, the Gentlemen had eighteen men, and in the 1827 matches, seventeen men.

In addition, the 1831 match was arranged as eleven a side, but the Players had only nine men appear, while in 1832, the Gentlemen defended a smaller-than-normal wicket of 22 by 6 inches, and in 1837, in what became known as the "Barn Door Match", the Players defended an oversized wicket of four stumps measuring 36 by 12 inches.

The tide turned somewhat in the 1840s, when Alfred Mynn and Nicholas Felix were playing for the amateurs: in nine equal terms matches from 1842 to 1849, the Gentlemen won five against three for the Players and one drawn.

Once that run of success ended, the Gentlemen lost 23 of the next 25 games up to July 1865 (with a win in 1853 and a draw in 1862).

"Halcyon days of amateur cricket"

According to Harry Altham, the period from about 1860 into the 1880s were the "halcyon days of amateur cricket". This refers in part to the success of cricketers who came through the public schools and universities of the period, but in the main to the achievements of Gentlemen teams who, between 1865 and 1881, won 27 matches against the Players whilst losing only five (seven were drawn).

At its height, from 1865 until 1914, the fixture was prestigious though, in terms of quality, it fell far short of Test matches and did not match the rival North v. South fixture. Until 1865, the Gentlemen teams were often very weak compared to the professional Players, and on occasion the fixture had to be arranged on an odds basis (so that the Players eleven took on a greater number of Gentlemen), with different-sized wickets, or with Players being loaned to the Gentlemen.

The Gentlemen becoming competitive coincided with the career of W. G. Grace, whose performances were so outstanding that the Gentlemen could enjoy some long-awaited success (their previous win prior to Grace's career had come in 1853).

1919–1946

The prestige of the fixture was in decline through the inter-war years, partly due to social change after the First World War and then during the Great Depression. The main reason was that there was much greater interest in Test cricket and the County Championship. As in the fixture's first half-century, the Gentlemen were not a match for the Players, especially in bowling and fielding, but also in batting as the Players could call on the likes of Jack Hobbs and Herbert Sutcliffe.

Post-war social change

Social change after the Second World War led to a reaction against the concept of amateurism in English cricket.

The fixture's last season was 1962 when there were two matches. The first was played 18–20 July at Lord's. The Players were captained by Fred Trueman and the Gentlemen by England captain Ted Dexter. The match was halted by rain to end in a draw with the Players looking certain to win. The final edition of the fixture was played on 8, 10 and 11 September 1962 at the North Marine Road Ground, Scarborough. The Players were again captained by Trueman and the Gentlemen by Mike Smith, standing in for Dexter who was ill.''Wisden 1963'', p. 741.

Final match, Scarborough Festival, 1962

MCC ruling and aftermath

On 31 January 1963, the distinction between amateur and professional players was abolished by the MCC. All first-class cricketers became nominally professional, or effectively "Players", and so there were no more "Gentlemen". With this decision, any ''raison d'etre'' for the Gentlemen v Players fixture ceased to exist, and the series was ended. Charles Williams has described several reports on the subject which were submitted to MCC by its Amateur Status Standing Committee (ASSC), with the MCC committee unanimously agreeing to abolish amateurism. Williams also says while a substitute fixture was sought, it was decided not to pursue this, as the new Gillette Cup limited-overs competition was beginning in 1963.

There were contrasting views about the end of amateurism and the passing of Gentlemen v Players: some traditionalists like E. W. Swanton and the editor of '' Wisden Cricketers' Almanack'' lamented the passing of an era, but noted that social change had rendered the concept an anachronism. Fred Trueman, who captained the last-ever Players team, spoke for many when he said he was "all for the abolition of amateurs", their "afforded privileges" and "fancy caps".

2010 match

On 15 August 2010, the concept was revived for the first time in 48 years when a Twenty20 match was played at Wormsley Park. The Gentlemen were represented by a selection of under-19 cricketers from Blackheath Cricket Club and state schools in South East London and the Tower Hamlets area. The Players were a team representing the Professional Cricketers Association Masters, captained by Robert Key. After losing the toss and being sent in, the Players finished on 127/8, with the Gentlemen scoring 128/5 to win by five wickets off the final ball.

Records

Results

In all, 274 matches were played over 135 years (in 1806, 1819–1825, 1827, 1829–1915, 1919–1939 and 1945–1962), with the Players winning 125, the Gentlemen 68, and 80 matches being drawn; the first match of 1883 was tied.

Largest margins of victory

;By an innings
:Players, innings and 305 runs: The Oval, 1934
:Players, innings and 231 runs: Lord's, 1924
:Players, innings and 181 runs: Lord's, 1860
:Players, innings and 140 runs: Hastings, 1891
:Players, innings and 128 runs: Lord's, 1946
:''Gentlemen record was innings and 126 runs: The Oval, 1879''

;By runs
:Players, 345 runs: Lord's, 1823
:Players, 285 runs: Lord's, 1858
:Gentlemen, 262 runs, Lord's, 1875
:Players, 241 runs: The Oval, 1914
:Players, 206 runs, Lord's, 1878

;By wickets
:ten wickets: seven instances (all Players)
:''Gentlemen record was nine wickets: The Oval, 1872, and Prince's Cricket Ground, 1877''

Smallest margins of victory

;By runs
:Tied match at The Oval, 1883
:Players, one run: Hove, 1881
:Players, two runs: Lord's, 1952
:Gentlemen, four runs: Lord's, 1870
:Gentlemen, five runs: Lord's, 1888

;By wickets
:one wicket: five instances (all Gentlemen)
:''Players record was two wickets: Lord's, 1856, Lord's, 1874, Lord's, 1900 and Scarborough, 1955''

Highest team totals

:Players, 651/7 dec: The Oval, 1934
:Players, 608: The Oval, 1921
:Players, 579: Lord's, 1926
:Gentlemen, 578: The Oval, 1904
:Gentlemen, 542: Lord's, 1926

Lowest team totals

:Players, 24: Lord's, 1829 (first innings)
:Gentlemen, 31: Lord's, 1848 (Gentlemen won the match)
:Gentlemen, 35: Lord's, 3 July 1837
:Gentlemen, 36: Lord's, 1831 (one man absent hurt)
:Players, 37: Lord's, 1829 (second innings)

Highest individual innings

:266 *: Jack Hobbs, Players, Scarborough, 1925
:247: Bobby Abel, Players, The Oval, 1901
:241: Len Hutton, Players, Scarborough, 1953
:232 *: C. B. Fry, Gentlemen, Lord's, 1903
:217: W. G. Grace, Gentlemen, Hove, 1871

Hundred in each innings of a match

:102 * & 136: R. E. Foster, Gentlemen, Lord's, 1900
:104 & 109 *: John King, Players, Lord's, 1904
:125 & 103 *: K. S. Duleepsinhji, Gentlemen, Lord's, 1930

Nine or more wickets in an innings

:10–37: Alec Kennedy, Players, The Oval, 1927
:10–90: Arthur Fielder, Players, Lord's, 1906
:10–?: F. W. Lillywhite, Players, Lord's, 17 July 1837 (second innings; Gentlemen had 16 men)
:9–46: John Stephenson, Gentlemen, Lord's, 1936
:9–82: David Buchanan, Gentlemen, The Oval, 1868
:9–85: Cec Parkin, Players, The Oval, 1920
:9–105: Johnny Douglas, Gentlemen, Lord's, 1914
:9–?: F. W. Lillywhite, Lord's, 3 July 1837

Thirteen or more wickets in a match

:18–?: F. W. Lillywhite, Players, Lord's, 17 July 1837 (Gentlemen had 16 men)
:14–221: Arthur Fielder, Players, Lord's, 1906
:14–?: F. W. Lillywhite, Players, Lord's, 1829
:13–141: Tom Richardson, Players, Hastings, 1897
:13–144: Tich Freeman, Players, Lord's, 1929
:13–?: F. W. Lillywhite, Players, Lord's, 1835
:13–?: F. W. Lillywhite, Players, Lord's, 3 July 1837
:13–?: James Cobbett, Players, Lord's, 1836 (Gentlemen had 18 men)

Five catches in an innings

: Alfred Lyttelton, Gentlemen, The Oval, 1877
:A. J. Webbe, Gentlemen, Lord's, 1877
: Len Hutton, Players, Lord's, 1952

Four stumpings in an innings

:E. H. Budd, Gentlemen, Lord's, 1819
:William Slater, Players, Lord's, 1824 (Gentlemen had 14 men)

See also

* Amateur status in first-class cricket
* List of Gentlemen v Players matches
* Variations in first-class cricket statistics

References

Bibliography

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Further reading

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* {{cite book , title= Wisden Cricketers' Almanack , publisher=John Wisden & Co. Ltd , location=London , date=1864–1963

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English cricket in the 19th century
English cricket in the 20th century
Social class in the United Kingdom