''Gentiana'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
s belonging to the gentian
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
(
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 103 genera and about 1600 species.
Etymology
The family takes its name from the genus '' Gentiana'', named after the Illyrian king Gentius.
Distribution
Distribution is cosmopolitan.
Characteri ...
), the tribe Gentianeae, and the
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostly large, trumpet-shaped flowers, which are often of an intense blue.
The genus name is a tribute to
Gentius
Gentius ( grc, Γένθιος, "Génthios"; 181168 BC) was an Illyrian king who belonged to the Labeatan dynasty. He ruled in 181–168 BC, being the last attested Illyrian king. He was the son of Pleuratus III, a king who kept positive relati ...
, an
Illyrian king who may have been the discoverer of tonic properties in gentians.
Habitat
This is a
cosmopolitan genus
In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. Such a taxon, usually a species, is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitism. The extre ...
, occurring in
alpine
Alpine may refer to any mountainous region. It may also refer to:
Places Europe
* Alps, a European mountain range
** Alpine states, which overlap with the European range
Australia
* Alpine, New South Wales, a Northern Village
* Alpine National Pa ...
habitats in
temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...
regions of Asia, Europe and the Americas. Some species also occur in northwestern Africa, eastern Australia, and New Zealand. They are annual, biennial, and perennial plants. Some are evergreen, others are not.
Many gentians are difficult to grow outside their wild habitat, but several species are available in cultivation. Gentians are fully hardy and can grow in full sun or partial shade. They grow in well-drained, neutral-to-acid soils rich in
humus
In classical soil science, humus is the dark organic matter in soil that is formed by the decomposition of plant and animal matter. It is a kind of soil organic matter. It is rich in nutrients and retains moisture in the soil. Humus is the Lati ...
. They are popular in
rock garden
A rock garden, also known as a rockery and formerly as a rockwork, is a garden, or more often a part of a garden, with a landscaping framework of rocks, stones, and gravel, with planting appropriate to this setting. Usually these are small A ...
s.
Uses
Many beverages are made with gentian root. ''
Gentiana lutea'' is used to produce
''gentian'', a
distilled beverage
Liquor (or a spirit) is an alcoholic drink produced by distillation of grains, fruits, vegetables, or sugar, that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation. Other terms for liquor include: spirit drink, distilled beverage or hard li ...
produced in the
Alps
The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Sw ...
and in the
Auvergne
Auvergne (; ; oc, label=Occitan, Auvèrnhe or ) is a former administrative region in central France, comprising the four departments of Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal and Haute-Loire. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Auverg ...
. Some species are harvested for the manufacture of
apéritifs,
liqueur
A liqueur (; ; ) is an alcoholic drink composed of spirits (often rectified spirit) and additional flavorings such as sugar, fruits, herbs, and spices. Often served with or after dessert, they are typically heavily sweetened and un-aged beyond ...
s, and
tonics.
Gentian root is a common beverage flavouring for
bitters. The
soft drink
A soft drink (see § Terminology for other names) is a drink that usually contains water (often carbonated), a sweetener, and a natural and/or artificial flavoring. The sweetener may be a sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, a su ...
Moxie contains gentian root.
The French apéritif
Suze is made with gentian.
Americano apéritifs contain gentian root for bitter flavoring.
It is an ingredient in the Italian liqueur
Aperol
Aperol is an Italian bitter apéritif made of gentian, rhubarb and cinchona, among other ingredients. It has a vibrant orange hue. Its name comes from ''apero'', an Italian slang word for apéritif (''aperitivo'').
History
Aperol was original ...
. It is also used as the main flavor in the German after-dinner digestif called
Underberg
Underberg is a digestif bitter produced at Rheinberg in Germany by Underberg AG. It is made from aromatic herbs from 43 countries that undergo inspections and are formulated based on a secret recipe of the Underberg family, whose members are p ...
, and the main ingredient in
Angostura bitters and
Peychaud's Bitters.
The bitter principle of gentian root is primarily gentiopicrin (also called gentiopicroside), a
glycoside
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. ...
. A 2007 paper by a Japanese group identified 23 compounds in fresh gentian root. Gentiopicrin was absent from fresh root, so it possibly develops during drying and storage of the root.
Gentian has had a limited use in perfumery, most notably as a glycerine soap (Crabtree & Evelyn) and a perfume (Corday's Possession, 1937).
Pharmacological uses
Great yellow gentian
''Gentiana lutea'', the great yellow gentian, is a species of gentian native to the mountains of central and southern Europe.
Growth
''Gentiana lutea'' is an herbaceous perennial plant, growing to tall, with broad lanceolate to elliptic leaf, ...
(''Gentiana lutea'') is used in
herbal medicine
Herbal medicine (also herbalism) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern remed ...
for digestive problems, fever,
hypertension
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms. Long-term high bl ...
,
muscle spasm
A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ such as the bladder.
A spasmodic muscle contraction may be caused by many medical conditions, including dystonia. Most commonly, it is a muscle c ...
s,
parasitic worms, wounds, cancer, sinusitis, and
malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. S ...
, although studies have shown minimal efficacy beyond that of a
placebo
A placebo ( ) is a substance or treatment which is designed to have no therapeutic value. Common placebos include inert tablets (like sugar pills), inert injections (like Saline (medicine), saline), sham surgery, and other procedures.
In general ...
with regard to the treatment of anxiety and ADHD in children.
It has been studied and proven in effectively managing
dyspepsia.
''Gentiana punctata'' leaves and roots have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally and externally as liqueur or tea for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, locomotor system, liver and bile, and for pediatric problems, fever, flu, rheumatism, and gout.
''
Gentiana purpurea'', ''
Gentiana punctata
''Gentiana punctata'', the spotted gentian, is a least concern herbaceous species of flowering plant in the Gentian family Gentianaceae. It grows in Central and Southeastern Europe
Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographi ...
'', and ''
Gentiana pannonica
''Gentiana pannonica'', the Hungarian gentian or brown gentian (german: Ostalpen-Enzian, ''Pannonischer Enzian'', ''Ungarischer Enzian'' or ''Ungarn-Enzian''), is a species of flowering plant of the genus ''Gentiana'' in the family of Gentianacea ...
'' are used to produce bitter schnapps, traditionally used as a digestive aid. In
Ayurvedic medicine
Ayurveda () is an alternative medicine system with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. The theory and practice of Ayurveda is pseudoscientific. Ayurveda is heavily practiced in India and Nepal, where around 80% of the population repor ...
the endangered Indian gentian ''
Gentiana kurroo
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
'' has been used as a medical herb, but has been replaced with the Himalayan plant ''
Picrorhiza kurroa
''Picrorhiza kurroa'' is one of the major income generating non-timber forest products found in the Nepalese Himalayas. It is one of the oldest medicinal plants traded from the Karnali zone. Known as kutki or कुटकी in Nepali, it is a pe ...
'', Plantaginaceae or ''
Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora
''Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora'' belongs to family Scrophulariaceae. It is used heavily as a substitute for ''Picrorhiza kurroa'' and is considered non-threatened under CITES. It is similar to ''P. kurrooa'' but has leaves up to 6cm long and ste ...
'' (胡黃蓮 Hú Huáng Lián) from
traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China. It has been described as "fraught with pseudoscience", with the majority of its treatments having no logical mechanism of action ...
.
Symbolism
The gentian flower was used as the emblem of the
Minamoto clan, one of the four great clans that dominated Japanese politics during the
Heian period
The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). means "peace" in Japanese. ...
and went on to establish the
first Shogunate in the aftermath of the
Genpei War
The was a national civil war between the Taira and Minamoto clans during the late Heian period of Japan. It resulted in the downfall of the Taira and the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate under Minamoto no Yoritomo, who appointed himself ...
. It is the official flower of the
German-speaking community of Belgium
The German-speaking Community (german: links=no, Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft, or DG; french: links=no, Communauté germanophone; nl, links=no, Duitstalige Gemeenschap), since 2017 also known as East Belgium (german: links=no, Ostbelgien), is ...
.
Species
General
Gentians have oppositely arranged leaves, sometimes in a basal rosette. The trumpet-shaped
flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...
s are usually deep blue or
azure
Azure may refer to:
Colour
* Azure (color), a hue of blue
** Azure (heraldry)
** Shades of azure, shades and variations
Arts and media
* ''Azure'' (Art Farmer and Fritz Pauer album), 1987
* Azure (Gary Peacock and Marilyn Crispell album), 2013
...
, but can be white, cream, yellow, or red. Many species are
polymorphic with respect to flower color, bearing flowers of different colors. Blue-flowered species predominate in the Northern Hemisphere, with red-flowered species dominant in the
Andes
The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...
, where
bird pollination
Ornithophily or bird pollination is the pollination of flowering plants by birds. This sometimes (but not always) coevolutionary association is derived from insect pollination (entomophily) and is particularly well developed in some parts of the w ...
is probably more often favored by natural selection. White-flowered species are scattered throughout the range of the genus but dominate in New Zealand. Most flowers are pentamerous, with five lobes in the
corolla and five
sepal
A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...
s. A few species have four to seven flower parts. The corolla has folds called plicae between the lobes. The
style is short or absent. The ovary is mostly sessile and has nectary glands.
List of accepted species
*''
Gentiana acaulis
''Gentiana acaulis'', the stemless gentian, or trumpet gentian, is a species of flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae, native to central and southern Europe, from Spain east to the Balkans, growing especially in mountainous regions, such as ...
'' – stemless gentian
*''
Gentiana affinis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
'' – pleated gentian
*''
Gentiana alata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana alba
''Gentiana alba'' (called plain, pale, white, cream, or yellow gentian) is a herbaceous species of flowering plant in the Gentian family Gentianaceae, producing yellowish-white colored flowers from thick white taproots. It is native to North Am ...
'' – plain gentian
*''
Gentiana albicalyx
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana albomarginata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana algida
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
'' – whitish gentian
*''
Gentiana alii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana alpina
''Gentiana alpina'' (commonly Alpine gentian) is a plant species from the ''Gentiana'' genus in the family Gentianaceae.
Description Vegetative features
The Alpine gentian is a perennial herb that grows to only . The opposite leaves are crowded ...
'' – alpine gentian
*''
Gentiana alsinoides
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
''
*''
Gentiana altigena''
*''
Gentiana altorum
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
''
*''
Gentiana amplicrater
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana andrewsii
''Gentiana andrewsii'', the bottle gentian, closed gentian, or closed bottle gentian, is an herbaceous species of flowering plant in the gentian family Gentianaceae. ''Gentiana andrewsii'' is native to northeastern North America, from the Dakotas ...
'' – closed bottle gentian
*''
Gentiana angustifolia
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana anisostemon
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana aperta
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana apiata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana aquatica''
*''
Gentiana arenicola
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
''
*''
Gentiana arethusae
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana argentea
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana arisanensis''
*''
Gentiana aristata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana asclepiadea'' – willow gentian
*''
Gentiana asterocalyx
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana atlantica
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana atuntsiensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
''
*''
Gentiana austromontana'' – Appalachian gentian
*''
Gentiana autumnalis
''Gentiana autumnalis'', the pine barren gentian, is a tall flowering plant in the Gentianaceae family. It is native to eastern North America coastal pinebarrens from New Jersey to South Carolina
)''Animis opibusque parati'' ( for, , Latin, ...
'' – pinebarren gentian
*''
Gentiana axilliflora''
*''
Gentiana baeuerlenii
''Gentiana baeuerlenii'' is a flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae and is endemic to New South Wales. It is a small annual herb with whitish-blue flowers.
Description
''Gentiana baeuerlenii'' is a small annual herb high with upright, sm ...
'' (N.S.W)
*''
Gentiana bambuseti''
*''
Gentiana bavarica
''Gentiana bavarica'', the Bavarian gentian, is a herbaceous perennial species of flowering plant in the Gentian family Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 103 genera and about 1600 species.
Etymology
The family takes ...
'' – Bavarian gentian
*''
Gentiana beamanii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana bella''
*''
Gentiana bicuspidata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana boissieri
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana bokorensis''
*''
Gentiana borneensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana boryi
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
''
*''
Gentiana brachyphylla
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana bredboensis
''Gentiana bredboensis'' commonly known as Bredbo gentian, is a flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae and is endemism, endemic to New South Wales. It is a small annual herb with white flowers.
Description
''Gentiana bredboensis'' is an annu ...
'' (N.S.W.)
*''
Gentiana bryoides
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana burseri''
*''
Gentiana cachemirica
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana caelestis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana caeruleogrisea
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana caliculata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana calycosa'' – Rainier pleated gentian
*''
Gentiana capitata''
*''
Gentiana carinata''
*''
Gentiana carinicostata''
*''
Gentiana caryophyllea''
*''
Gentiana catesbaei'' – Elliott's gentian
*''
Gentiana cephalantha
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana cephalodes
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana chateri
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana chinensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana choanantha
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana chosenica''
*''
Gentiana chungtienensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana clarkei''
*''
Gentiana clausa
''Gentiana clausa'', one of several plants with the common name " bottle gentian", is a 1'–2' tall flowering plant in the Gentianaceae family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by ...
'' – bottled gentian
*''
Gentiana clusii
''Gentiana clusii'', commonly known as flower of the sweet-lady or Clusius' gentian, is a large-flowered, short-stemmed gentian, native to Europe. It is named after Carolus Clusius, one of the earliest botanists to study alpine flora.
Descriptio ...
'' – trumpet gentian
*''
Gentiana confertifolia
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana coronata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana crassa
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana crassicaulis''
*''
Gentiana crassula
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana crassuloides
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana cristata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana cruciata
''Gentiana cruciata'', the star gentian or cross gentian, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the Gentianaceae family.
Description
''Gentiana cruciata'' is a hemicryptophyte scapose plant of small size, reaching on average in height ...
'' – cross gentian
*''
Gentiana cruttwellii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana cuneibarba''
*''
Gentiana dahurica
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
''
*''
Gentiana damyonensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana davidii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana decemfida
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
''
*''
Gentiana decora
''Gentiana decora'', commonly called Appalachian gentian or showy gentian is a flowering plant in the Gentianaceae, gentian family. It is native to North America, where it is endemic to the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Its natural habitat is a ...
'' – showy gentian
*''
Gentiana decorata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana decumbens
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana delavayi
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana deltoidea
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana dendrologii''
*''
Gentiana densiflora''
*''
Gentiana depressa
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana dinarica
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana divaricata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
''
*''
Gentiana diversifolia
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana douglasiana'' – swamp gentian
*''
Gentiana doxiongshangensis''
*''
Gentiana dschungarica
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana duclouxii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana durangensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana ecaudata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana elmeriana
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana elwesii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana emodi''
*''
Gentiana ettingshausenii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana exigua''
*''
Gentiana expansa''
*''
Gentiana faucipilosa
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana fieldiana''
*''
Gentiana filistyla
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana flavomaculata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
''
*''
Gentiana flexicaulis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana formosa
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana forrestii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana franchetiana
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana fremontii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
'' – moss gentian
*''
Gentiana frigida''
*''
Gentiana froelichii
''Gentiana froelichii'', commonly known as the Karawanken gentian, is an endemic hemicryptophyte and perennial plant species in the family Gentianaceae, which occurs in southeastern Alps (also called Southern Limestone Alps). It can be found in ...
'' – Karawanken gentian
*''
Gentiana futtereri
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana gelida
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana gentilis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana georgei
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana gilvostriata''
*''
Gentiana glauca'' – pale gentian
*''
Gentiana grandiflora''
*''
Gentiana grata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana grumii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana gyirongensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana handeliana
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana haraldi-smithii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana harrowiana
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana haynaldii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana heleonastes
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana helophila
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana hesseliana''
*''
Gentiana hexaphylla
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana himalayensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana hirsuta
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana hohoxiliensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana hooperi''
*''
Gentiana hugelii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana huxleyi
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana infelix
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana intricata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana Inverleith
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana jamesii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana jarmilae
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana jingdongensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana jouyana''
*''
Gentiana kaohsiungensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana kauffmanniana
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana khammouanensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana kurroo
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana kwangsiensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
''
*''
Gentiana lacerulata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana laevigata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana langbianensis''
*''
Gentiana lateriflora
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana lawrencii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana laxiflora
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana leptoclada''
*''
Gentiana leroyana''
*''
Gentiana leucomelaena
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana lhassica''
*''
Gentiana liangshanensis''
*''
Gentiana licentii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana ligustica
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana linearis
''Gentiana linearis'', the narrowleaf gentian, is a tall flowering plant in the Gentianaceae Family (biology), family. It is native to northeastern North America from Manitoba to Maine, and to the Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia, Virginia ...
'' – narrowleaf gentian
*''
Gentiana lineolata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana linoides
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana loerzingii''
*''
Gentiana longicollis''
*''
Gentiana loureiroi
''Gentiana loureiroi'' is a species of plant native to Asia. It is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine ...
''
*''
Gentiana lowryi''
*''
Gentiana lutea'' – great yellow gentian
*''
Gentiana lycopodioides
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana macrophylla'' – bigleaf gentian
*''
Gentiana makinoi
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
''
*''
Gentiana microdonta
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana newberryi
''Gentiana newberryi'' is a species of gentian known by the common names alpine gentian and Newberry's gentian. It is a perennial herb found in western North America.
Distribution
The plant is native to California and Oregon. Its habitat is wet ...
'' – Newberry's gentian
*''
Gentiana nipponica
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana nivalis
''Gentiana nivalis'', the snow gentian or Alpine gentian, is a species of the genus ''Gentiana''. It grows to a height of 3–15 centimetres.
It is the County flowers of the United Kingdom, county flower of Perthshire in the United Kingdom, and ...
'' – snow gentian
*''
Gentiana nubigena
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana ochroleuca
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana olgae
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana olivieri''
*''
Gentiana orbicularis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
'' – round leaved gentian
*''
Gentiana ornata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana pannonica
''Gentiana pannonica'', the Hungarian gentian or brown gentian (german: Ostalpen-Enzian, ''Pannonischer Enzian'', ''Ungarischer Enzian'' or ''Ungarn-Enzian''), is a species of flowering plant of the genus ''Gentiana'' in the family of Gentianacea ...
'' – brown gentian
*''
Gentiana paradoxa
''Gentiana paradoxa'', the Caucasian gentian, is a species of flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae, endemic to the foothills of the Greater Caucasus Mountains in western Asia, near the Black Sea. A compact, mat-forming herbaceous perennial ...
''
*''
Gentiana parryi
''Gentiana parryi'', or Parry's gentian, is a species of the genus ''Gentiana''. It is a perennial forb/herb native to Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico
)
, population_demonym = New Mexican ( es, Neomexicano, Neomejicano, Nuevo Mexican ...
'' – Parry's gentian
*''
Gentiana pedicellata
''Gentiana pedicellata'', the purple stalked gentian, is a plant that belongs to the genus ''Gentiana''.
Description
It grows to a height of or lesser and bears small blue flowers at the end of lateral branches, in January-June, in Indian cl ...
''
*''
Gentiana pennelliana
''Gentiana pennelliana'', is a rare species of flowering plant in the genus ''Gentiana''. It is commonly known as wiregrass gentian and grows in sections of the Florida panhandle.
''Gentiana pennelliana'' was first described by Merritt Lyndon Fe ...
'' – wiregrass gentian
*''
Gentiana phyllocalyx
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana platypetala
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
'' – broadpetal gentian
*''
Gentiana plurisetosa
''Gentiana plurisetosa'' is a rare species of Gentiana, known by the common names Klamath gentian and bristly gentian.
It is native to southern Oregon and northern California, where it is an uncommon resident of wet mountain habitat.
This is a ...
'' – bristly gentian
*''
Gentiana pneumonanthe
''Gentiana pneumonanthe'', the marsh gentian, is a species of the genus ''Gentiana
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. ...
'' – marsh gentian
*''
Gentiana prolata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
''
*''
Gentiana prostrata
''Gentiana prostrata'' is a rare species of gentian known by the common name pygmy gentian.
It is native to Eurasia and to western North America from Alaska and northern Canada to Colorado and California
California is a U.S. state, stat ...
'' – pygmy gentian
*''
Gentiana przewalskii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana pterocalyx
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana puberulenta
''Gentiana puberulenta'', the downy gentian, is a branchless perennial plant of the Gentianaceae family native to North America. It is about ¾–1½' tall, with bright blue to deep blue-violet bell-shaped, upright, five-lobed flowers measuring 1 ...
'' – downy gentian
*''
Gentiana pumila''
*''
Gentiana punctata
''Gentiana punctata'', the spotted gentian, is a least concern herbaceous species of flowering plant in the Gentian family Gentianaceae. It grows in Central and Southeastern Europe
Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographi ...
'' – spotted gentian
*''
Gentiana purpurea'' – purple gentian
*''
Gentiana pyrenaica
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana quadrifolia
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana rigescens''
*''
Gentiana rostanii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana rubricaulis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
'' – closed gentian
*''
Gentiana saponaria
''Gentiana saponaria'', the soapwort gentian or harvestbells, is a tall flowering plant in the Gentianaceae family.
Description
Similar to the "bottle" gentians like ''Gentiana clausa'' and ''Gentiana andrewsii'', it has paired, lanceolate leav ...
'' – harvestbells gentian
*''
Gentiana saxosa
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana scabra
''Gentiana scabra'', the Japanese gentian, is a species of flowering plant in the Gentian family (Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 103 genera and about 1600 species.
Etymology
The family takes its name from the gen ...
''
*''
Gentiana scarlatina''
*''
Gentiana sceptrum
''Gentiana sceptrum'' is a species of gentian known by the common names king's scepter gentian or king's gentian.
It is native to the west coast of North America from British Columbia to northern California. It grows in wet areas in the hills an ...
'' – king's scepter gentian
*''
Gentiana sedifolia''
*''
Gentiana septemfida
''Gentiana septemfida'', the crested gentian or summer gentian, is a species of flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae, native to the Caucasus and Turkey. It is a low-growing herbaceous perennial growing to tall by wide, bearing up to eight ...
'' – crested gentian
*''
Gentiana setigera
''Gentiana setigera'' is a species of gentian known by the common name Mendocino gentian. It is native to southern Oregon and northern California where it grows in wet places in the California Coast Ranges. It grows in serpentine soils.
Descript ...
'' – Mendocino gentian
*''
Gentiana setulifolia''
*''
Gentiana sikkimensis''
*''
Gentiana sikokiana
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana sino-ornata'' – showy Chinese gentian
*''
Gentiana siphonantha''
*''
Gentiana speciosa
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana squarrosa''
*''
Gentiana stictantha
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana stragulata
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana straminea''
*''
Gentiana tenuifolia
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana terglouensis'' – Triglav gentian
*''
Gentiana ternifolia
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana tianshanica
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
'' – Tienshan gentian
*''
Gentiana trichotoma
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana triflora''
*''
Gentiana trinervis''
*''
Gentiana tubiflora
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana uchiyamai
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana ulmeri
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana uniflora''
*''
Gentiana urnula''
*''
Gentiana utriculosa
''Gentiana utriculosa'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Gentianaceae.
Its native range is Europe's mountains.
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q160358
Gentiana, utriculosa ...
'' – bladder gentian
*''
Gentiana vandellioides
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana vandewateri
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana veitchiorum
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana venosa
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana venusta
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana verna
''Gentiana verna'', the spring gentian, is a species of flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae, and one of its smallest members, normally only growing to a height of a few centimetres.
The short stem supports up to three opposing pairs of e ...
'' – spring gentian
*''
Gentiana vernayi''
*''
Gentiana viatrix
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana villifera''
*''
Gentiana villosa
''Gentiana villosa'', the striped gentian, is a herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the genus ''Gentiana''. It is found mainly in the Eastern United States and is used medicinally by Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native American tribes ...
'' – striped gentian
*''
Gentiana waltonii''
*''
Gentiana walujewii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana wangchukii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana wasenensis''
*''
Gentiana wilsonii
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana winchuanensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (biology), family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the Monophyly, monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. The ...
''
*''
Gentiana wingecarribiensis
''Gentiana wingecarribiensis'' is a flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae and is endemic to New South Wales. It is a small, upright or decumbent annual herb with blue to mauve flowers.
Description
''Gentiana wingecarribiensis'' is a small ...
'' (N.S.W.)
*''
Gentiana wissmannii
''Gentiana wissmannii'', commonly known as New England gentian, is a flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae and is endemic to New South Wales. It is a small, upright annual herb with blue flowers.
Description
''Gentiana wissmannii'' is an u ...
'' (N.S.W)
*''
Gentiana wootchuliana
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their most ...
'' – Korean alpine gentian
*''
Gentiana xanthonannos
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana yakushimensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana yokusai
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana yunnanensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana zekuensis
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
*''
Gentiana zollingeri
''Gentiana'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostl ...
''
Formerly placed here
*''
Gentianopsis crinita'' (fringed gentian), as ''Gentiana crinita''
Cultivation
Several gentian species may be found in cultivation, and are valued for the unusual intensity of their blue flowers. They have a reputation for being difficult to grow. All require similar conditions – moist, rich, free-draining soil with an acid to neutral pH. They include:
[
* ''G. acaulis''
* ''G. asclepiadea''
* ''G. paradoxa''
* ''G. septemfida''
* ''G. sino-ornata''
In addition, the following ]cultivar
A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, ...
s, of mixed or uncertain parentage, have gained the Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nort ...
’s Award of Garden Merit
The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions.
History
The Award of Garden Merit ...
:
* 'Blue Silk'
*'Shot Silk'
*'Strathmore'
References
Further reading
*
*
External links
*
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q144682
Gentianaceae genera
Flora of Europe
Flora of North America
Flora of temperate Asia
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus