''General Miles'' was a

steamship A steamship, often referred to as a steamer, is a type of steam-powered vessel, typically ocean-faring and seaworthy, that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move (turn) propellers or paddlewheels. The first steamships ...

constructed in 1882 which served in various coastal areas of the states of

Oregon Oregon () is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of it ...

and

Washington Washington commonly refers to: * Washington (state), United States * Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States ** A metonym for the federal government of the United States ** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered o ...

, as well as British Columbia and the territory of

Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...

. It was apparently named after US General

Nelson A. Miles Nelson Appleton Miles (August 8, 1839 – May 15, 1925) was an American military general who served in the American Civil War, the American Indian Wars, and the Spanish–American War. From 1895 to 1903, Miles served as the last Commanding Gen ...

. Originally a sailing schooner built in 1879, the ''General Miles'' was extensively reconstructed in 1890 and renamed ''Willapa''. In 1903 the name was changed again to ''Bellingham''. After a conversion to diesel power in 1922, the vessel was renamed ''Norco''. The vessel is notable for, among other things, for having been first a sailing vessel from 1879 to 1882, a steamship from 1882 to 1918, a sailing barge from 1919 to 1922, and a motor vessel (diesel-powered) from 1922 to 1950.

Construction

''General Miles'' was built in 1882 for the Ilwaco Steam Navigation Company. The vessel was a rebuilt sailing

schooner A schooner () is a type of sailing vessel defined by its rig: fore-and-aft rigged on all of two or more masts and, in the case of a two-masted schooner, the foremast generally being shorter than the mainmast. A common variant, the topsail schoon ...

which had been originally built in 1879. The ISN had been organized in 1875 by Lewis A. Loomis,

Jacob Kamm Jacob Kamm (12 December 1823 – 16 December 1912) was a prominent early transportation businessman in Oregon, USA. Early life Kamm was born on 12 December 1823, in Canton of Glarus, Switzerland. His family migrated to America when he was 8 to ...

and two others, for the purpose of developing transportation to, from, and on the

Long Beach Peninsula The Long Beach Peninsula is an arm of land on the southern coast of the state of Washington in the United States. Entirely within Pacific County, it is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, the south by the Columbia River, and the east by Wi ...

, located on the north side of the mouth of the

Columbia River The Columbia River (Upper Chinook: ' or '; Sahaptin: ''Nch’i-Wàna'' or ''Nchi wana''; Sinixt dialect'' '') is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, C ...

. The company's first vessel was the ''General Canby'', a steam tug built in 1875 at

South Bend, Washington South Bend is a city in and the county seat of Pacific County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,637 as of the 2010 census. The town is widely-known for its oyster production and scenery. History South Bend was officially incorpor ...

. ISN organized steamboat routes both on

Willapa Bay Willapa Bay () is a bay located on the southwest Pacific coast of Washington state in the United States. The Long Beach Peninsula separates Willapa Bay from the greater expanse of the Pacific Ocean. With over of surface area Willapa Bay is the ...

, on the east side of the Long Beach Peninsula, and also on the Columbia River, on the south side of the peninsula. By the early 1880s, demand on the Columbia river route, which ran from

Astoria, Oregon Astoria is a port city and the seat of Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1811, Astoria is the oldest city in the state and was the first permanent American settlement west of the Rocky Mountains. The county is the northwest corne ...

Ilwaco, Washington Ilwaco ( ) is a city in Pacific County, Washington, United States. The population was 936 at the 2010 census. Founded in 1890, the city was home to the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company along the Long Beach Peninsula, with its core economy ba ...

, was increasing beyond the ''General Canbys legal passenger capacity, which was 75 in summer and 40 in winter. For this reason, ISN had a new steamer, the ''General Miles'', constructed in

Portland, Oregon Portland (, ) is a port city in the Pacific Northwest and the largest city in the U.S. state of Oregon. Situated at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers, Portland is the county seat of Multnomah County, the most populous co ...

. Completed in 1882, ''General Miles'' was a near

sister ship A sister ship is a ship of the same class or of virtually identical design to another ship. Such vessels share a nearly identical hull and superstructure layout, similar size, and roughly comparable features and equipment. They often share a ...

to the ''General Canby''. The ''General Miles'' was capable of multiple uses, being equipped with towing bits for

tugboat A tugboat or tug is a marine vessel that manoeuvres other vessels by pushing or pulling them, with direct contact or a tow line. These boats typically tug ships in circumstances where they cannot or should not move under their own power, su ...

work as well as being designed to accommodate 125 passengers and handle 150 tons of freight.

Early career

The company placed the ''General Miles'' in service right away running with the ''General Canby'', so that two trips a day could be made between Astoria and Illwaco. This improved steamship service helped popularize the Long Beach Peninsula as a destination resort area for

, which was then growing rapidly in population. ISN also employed the ''General Miles'' on occasional trips to

Tillamook Tillamook may refer to: Places: * Tillamook County, Oregon, United States * Tillamook, Oregon, a city, the seat of Tillamook County * Tillamook River, United States * Tillamook Bay, a bay in the northwestern part of Oregon * Tillamook Head, a natu ...

and

Coos Bay, Oregon Coos Bay ( Coos language: Atsixiis) is a city located in Coos County, Oregon, United States, where the Coos River enters Coos Bay on the Pacific Ocean. The city borders the city of North Bend, and together they are often referred to as one en ...

. The first commander of ''General Miles'' was W.P. Whitcomb (b. 1848), who had previously been in charge of the ''General Canby''. His brother, George H. Whitcomb (b. 1854), also served on the ''General Miles''. Capt. John Henry D. Gray (b. 1839), who was the grandson of explorer Robert Gray, was one of the masters of ''General Miller'' at this time, as well as being a part owner. Gray used ''General Miles'' in the development of the

Grays Harbor Grays Harbor is an estuary, estuarine bay located north of the mouth of the Columbia River, on the southwest Pacific coast of Washington (U.S. state), Washington state, in the United States of America. It is a ria, which formed at the end of the l ...

area. Gray was in command of ''General Miles'' at the salvage of the then almost new steamer ''Queen of the Pacific'' () in 1883 when that vessel grounded on the

Clatsop Spit Clatsop Spit is a giant sand spit on the Pacific coast along U.S. Route 101 between Astoria and the north end of Tillamook Head in Clatsop County, northwest Oregon at the mouth of the Columbia River. The Clatsop Spit was formed by Columbia River ...

.Marshall, ''Oregon Shipwrecks'', at 128 and 132. ''Queen of the Pacific'' was stranded while trying to cross the

Columbia Bar The Columbia Bar, also frequently called the Graveyard of the Pacific, is a system of bar (landform), bars and shoals at the mouth of the Columbia River spanning the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington (state), Washington. It is known as one of th ...

on September 5, 1883. Five tugs were called out, including ''General Miles'', ''Pioneer'', ''Brenham'', ''Astoria'', and ''Columbia'', and with great effort they were able to save the ship.Gibbs, ''Graveyard of the Pacific'', at pages 169-171 and 274. ISN kept the ''General Miles'' on the Astoria-Ilwaco route until 1889, when the vessel was sold to Portland Coast and Steamship Company and transferred to Coos Bay to operate as a tug.

Reconstruction as ''Willapa''

Capt. Herbert F. Beecher (b. 1853) purchased ''General Miles''.Capt. Herbert F. Beecher was the son of the famous clergyman

Henry Ward Beecher Henry Ward Beecher (June 24, 1813 – March 8, 1887) was an American Congregationalist clergyman, social reformer, and speaker, known for his support of the Abolitionism, abolition of slavery, his emphasis on God's love, and his 1875 adultery ...

(1813-1887). Beecher, doing business as the Island Transportation Company, renamed the vessel ''Willapa'', and ran it on

Puget Sound Puget Sound ( ) is a sound of the Pacific Northwest, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and part of the Salish Sea. It is located along the northwestern coast of the U.S. state of Washington. It is a complex estuarine system of interconnected ma ...

Beecher left the business however after his steamer '' J.H. Libby'' burned on November 10, 1889. It is reported that ''Willapa'' took the place of ''J.H. Libby'' for a time, carrying passengers and freight between

Port Townsend Port Townsend is a city on the Quimper Peninsula in Jefferson County, Washington, United States. The population was 10,148 at the 2020 United States Census. It is the county seat and only incorporated city of Jefferson County. In addition to ...

and the

San Juan Islands The San Juan Islands are an archipelago in the Pacific Northwest of the United States between the U.S. state of Washington and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The San Juan Islands are part of Washington state, and form the core of ...

. ''Willapa'' was returned to Portland in 1890, where, in work completed in 1891, the vessel underwent a substantial reconstruction. The hull was cut in two, and an additional section was inserted in the middle, with the resulting hull being long. In 1894, ''Willapa'' was leased by the Hastings Steamboat Company.

Alaska service

On January 21, 1895, the

Alaska Steamship Company The Alaska Steamship Company was formed on August 3, 1894. While it originally set out to ship passengers and fishing products, the Alaska Steamship Company began shipping mining equipment, dog sleds, and cattle at the outbreak of the Klondike G ...

was organized by a group of Seattle business and steamboatmen.Kline and Bayless, ''Ferryboats'', at 17–21, 23, 25, 28, 208 and 229. At that time, the Alaska trade was dominated by the

Pacific Coast Steamship Company The Pacific Coast Steamship Company was an important early shipping company that operated steamships on the west coast of North America. It was first organized in 1867 under the name Goodall, Nelson and Perkins. The Goodall, Nelson & Perkins Stea ...

. The first vessel purchased by Alaska Steam was the ''Willapa'', which, following an extensive overhaul and refitting, departed on her first Alaska trip from the Schwabacher Brothers wharf on March 3, 1895, returning two weeks later on March 17. ''Willapa'' carried 79 passengers, 23 horses, and several hundred tons of cargo. A rate war then ensued with the Pacific Coast company, forcing Pacific Coast to cut its rates by more than 50%.

British Columbia service

On March 19, 1897, at 2:30 a.m., bound for

Mary Island, Alaska Mary may refer to: People * Mary (name), a feminine given name (includes a list of people with the name) Religious contexts * New Testament people named Mary, overview article linking to many of those below * Mary, mother of Jesus, also calle ...

, ''Willapa'' was proceeding in a heavy snow storm in

Seaforth Channel , image = Ivory_Island_Lightstation_1.JPG , alt = Ivory Island Lighthouse , caption = Ivory Island Lighthouse at the northwest entrance to Seaforth Channel , pushpin_map = Canada British Columbia , pushpin_label_position = right , pushpin_ma ...

, a part of the

Inside Passage The Inside Passage (french: Passage Intérieur) is a coastal route for ships and boats along a network of passages which weave through the islands on the Pacific Northwest coast of the North American Fjordland. The route extends from southeaster ...

, when the vessel struck ground on Regatta Reef. The passengers were removed without casualty by a schooner and local canoes manned by

First Nations First Nations or first peoples may refer to: * Indigenous peoples, for ethnic groups who are the earliest known inhabitants of an area. Indigenous groups *First Nations is commonly used to describe some Indigenous groups including: **First Natio ...

people. Much freight was also salvaged, but several head of horses could not be rescued and were therefore shot. Although originally considered a total loss, later ''Willapa'' was purchased from the underwriters by Canadian interests, removed from the reef, and repaired. Subsequently, ''Willapa'' came into the control of the Canadian-Pacific Navigation Company, one of the dominant shipping companies on the coast of British Columbia and in the

Alaskan Panhandle Southeast Alaska, colloquially referred to as the Alaska(n) Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east and north by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia (and a small part ...

.Turner, ''Pacific Princesses'', at 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 79, 92 and 234. This company used ''Willapa'' as a relief boat on various routes, including the service to including Clayoquot on the west coast of

Vancouver Island Vancouver Island is an island in the northeastern Pacific Ocean and part of the Canadian Provinces and territories of Canada, province of British Columbia. The island is in length, in width at its widest point, and in total area, while are o ...

Return to American ownership

In November 1902, Capt. C.E. Curtis in association with the

Bellingham Bay Transportation Company Bellingham most commonly refers to: * Bellingham, Washington. Bellingham may also refer to: Places Australia * Bellingham, Tasmania, coastal hamlet in Northern Tasmania United Kingdom * Bellingham, London, neighbourhood and electoral ward in ...

, acquired ''Willapa'' from the Canadian-Pacific Navigation Company, and renamed the ship ''Bellingham''. During 1903, the rapidly growing Puget Sound Navigation Co. acquired Bellingham Transportation Company, but ''Dode'' and ''Willapa'' did not go to PSN operational control until the spring of 1904.Newell, ''H.W. McCurdy Marine History'', at 15, 32, 77, 87, 96, 110, 135, 179, and 200. It is also reported that Canadian-Pacific sold ''Willapa'' to the Thompson Steamship Company before the vessel came into the ownership of Puget Sound Navigation Co. Thompson Steamship was a

Port Angeles Port Angeles ( ) is a city and county seat of Clallam County, Washington, United States. With a population of 19,960 as of the 2020 census, it is the largest city in the county. The population was estimated at 20,134 in 2021. The city's har ...

concern run by the Thompson brothers, including

John Rex Thompson John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second ...

.Rogue-publishing.com, “Thompson Steamboat Company”
(accessed 05-13-11) John Rex Thompson was a business ally of C.E. Curtis. A news report from late 1902 stated that ''Willapa'' was to be purchased by a syndicate headed by John Rex Thompson.''Port Townsend Daily Leader'', “Given American Register Steamer Willapa is Given Permission to Again Fly American Flag”, December 17, 1902, page 1, col. 4.
/ref> In May 1904, allegations were made in court of financial malfeasance and breach of trust by C.E. Curtis, causing Bellingham Bay Transportation Co., a company owned by local farmers, to become financially insolvent.''Port Townsend Daily Leader'', ”Report Filed by the Receiver Airs Affairs of the Bellingham Transportation Co.”, May 21, 1904, page 1, col.3.
(accessed 05-13-11)

Puget Sound service as ''Bellingham''

On return to Puget Sound, ''Bellingham'' was placed on the Seattle – Bellingham route, which included through service by local steamer from Bellingham to Blaine and

Point Roberts Point or points may refer to: Places * Point, Lewis, a peninsula in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland * Point, Texas, a city in Rains County, Texas, United States * Point, the NE tip and a ferry terminal of Lismore, Inner Hebrides, Scotland * Points ...

. Running against ''Bellingham'' were the ''Utopia'' and the old sidewheeler ''George E. Starr'', both owned by the

Puget Sound Navigation Company The Puget Sound Navigation Company (PSNC) was founded by Charles E. Peabody in 1898. Today the company operates an international passenger and vehicle ferry service between Port Angeles, WA and Victoria, BC on the Coho. History In the past, t ...

. On December 6, 1903, in heavy fog, ''Bellingham'' was towing the steamer ''Dode'' to Whatcom for repairs, the vessels still being run by the Bellingham Bay company. The fast steamer ''Flyer'' pulled away from the

Seattle Seattle ( ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States. It is the seat of King County, Washington. With a 2020 population of 737,015, it is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest regio ...

dock en route to Tacoma and five minutes later ''Bellingham'' collided with ''Flyer''. ''Dode'', under tow and unable to manoeuvre, also collided with ''Flyer''. ''Flyer'' was badly, but not irreparably damaged. ''Bellingham'' sustained only light damage. No one on any vessel was injured.Faber, ''Steamer's Wake'', at 136. Shortly after this incident ''Bellingham'' was transferred to the control of the Inland Navigation Company, which was owned by businessman Charles E. Peabody and associates. For a short time after this acquisition, ''Bellingham'' was placed on the Seattle –

route, running under Capt. Howard Penfield, a cousin of Charles Peabody. The vessel was then placed on a route between the Washington ports along the

Strait of Juan de Fuca The Strait of Juan de Fuca (officially named Juan de Fuca Strait in Canada) is a body of water about long that is the Salish Sea's outlet to the Pacific Ocean. The international boundary between Canada and the United States runs down the centre ...

, including

. Clallam Bay, and, later,

Neah Bay Neah Bay is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Makah Reservation in Clallam County, Washington, United States. The population was 865 at the 2010 census. It is across the Canada–US border from British Columbia. Originally called "Scarboro ...

. ''Bellingham'' replaced the '' Alice Gertrude'' when that vessel sank after striking a rock in Clallam Bay on January 11, 1907. At this time Capt. Charles E Kastrom (d.1917) took over command of ''Bellingham'' and remained her principal captain until his unexpected death in 1917 following a heart attack while at the helm of the steamer ''Waialeale'' When, in 1903, the

purchased Thompson Steamship Co., ''Bellingham'' became the flagship of the PSN fleet. This ship, when rebuilt and in service as ''Bellingham'' in the early 1900s, was reported to have a "ghost whistle" which was described as a low moaning sound heard when the vessel was working through a heavy sea. In 1908, Joshua Green, president of the

, explored the possibility of returning ''Bellingham'' to Canadian service to run against the

Canadian Pacific The Canadian Pacific Railway (french: Chemin de fer Canadien Pacifique) , also known simply as CPR or Canadian Pacific and formerly as CP Rail (1968–1996), is a Canadian Class I railway incorporated in 1881. The railway is owned by Canadi ...

's steamships that were operating on the profitable

Vancouver Vancouver ( ) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the List of cities in British Columbia, most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the ...

–

Victoria Victoria most commonly refers to: * Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia * Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada * Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory * Victoria, Seychelle ...

route. For a long time, it had been the law in Canada that a former Canadian vessel could be returned to Canadian service without having to pay a

customs duty A tariff is a tax imposed by the government of a country or by a supranational union on imports or exports of goods. Besides being a source of revenue for the government, import duties can also be a form of regulation of foreign trade and polic ...

, and as a former Canadian vessel, ''Bellingham'' would qualify. However, nothing came of this plan when it was determined that the Canadian law had changed, and a duty of 25% of the vessel's value would be imposed if ''Bellingham'' were to be returned to Canadian service. In 1909 ''Bellinghams principal owner was listed as the Straits Steamship Company.

Conversion to sailing barge

By 1918, the boilers on ''Bellingham'' were considered too worn out for the vessel to be of any further service as a powered ship. The fittings and machinery were therefore removed and scrapped by the firm of Neider & Marcus. In March 1919 ''Bellingham'' was sold to H.C. Strong who was doing business as the Sunny Point Packing Company. The powerless vessel was taken to the King and Winge shipyard in

West Seattle West Seattle is a conglomeration of neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington, United States. It comprises two of the thirteen districts, Delridge and Southwest, and encompasses all of Seattle west of the Duwamish River. It was incorporated as an i ...

which converted the ship into an unpowered sailing barge which still retained the name ''Bellingham''. A

donkey engine A steam donkey or donkey engine is a steam-powered winch once widely used in logging, mining, maritime, and other industrial applications. Steam powered donkeys were commonly found on large metal-hulled multi-masted cargo vessels in the later ...

with steam driven by a vertical boiler was installed, which powered two cargo hoists. The vessel was also rigged with auxiliary sails, although these appear to not have been used very much.

Conversion to motor vessel

In 1922 ''Bellinghams owners determined that the vessel could be put to better uses. The vessel was taken to the Lake Union Drydock and Machine Works in Seattle where a

Fairbanks-Morse Fairbanks, Morse and Company was an American manufacturing company in the late 19th and early 20th century. Originally a weighing scale manufacturer, it later diversified into pumps, engines, windmills, coffee grinders, radios, farm tractors, fee ...

semi-diesel engine The hot-bulb engine is a type of internal combustion engine in which fuel ignites by coming in contact with a red-hot metal surface inside a bulb, followed by the introduction of air (oxygen) compressed into the hot-bulb chamber by the rising p ...

was installed. The upper works were also extensively reconfigured and the vessel was again equipped to run from

Ketchikan Ketchikan ( ; tli, Kichx̱áan) is a city in and the borough seat of the Ketchikan Gateway Borough of Alaska. It is the state's southeasternmost major settlement. Downtown Ketchikan is a National Historic District. With a population at the 20 ...

and other ports of the Inside Passage. In this service the vessel was operated under the name ''Norco'' by the

Northland Transportation Company Northland Transportation Company operated cargo and passenger ships from Seattle to Southeast Alaska starting in 1923. During World War II Northland Transportation Company was active in charter shipping with the Maritime Commission and War Shi ...

. In the late 1920s the vessel was briefly owned by a Ketchikan concern known as Citizen's Light and Power Company, which was a part of the

public utility A public utility company (usually just utility) is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service (often also providing a service using that infrastructure). Public utilities are subject to forms of public control and r ...

empire assembled by businessman Wilbur B. Foshay (1881-1957).

Destruction at Seafair

From 1941 to 1946 the vessel was owned by Ketchikan Cold Storage, and then was purchased by Otis Shively. The vessel then was presented to the Puget Sound Maritime Historical Society to be used in the annual

Seafair Seafair is a summer festival in Seattle, Washington, that encompasses a wide variety of small neighborhood events leading up to several major citywide celebrations. While many small block parties and local parades occur under the auspices of S ...

celebration in Seattle, to be burned in a public ceremony in the summer of 1950 as "Neptune's" barge. The vessel was loaded up with fireworks and other inflammable materials, and towed into Elliott Bay by the tug ''Goliah'' and set on fire. Although the vessel burned for hours, it proved difficult to sink. Only when the fireboat ''Duwamish'' filled up the vessel with water at high-pressure did the hull finally go under the water during night, off

Alki Point Alki Point is a point jutting into Puget Sound, the westernmost landform in the West Seattle district of Seattle, Washington. Alki is the peninsular neighborhood on Alki Point. Alki was the original settlement in what was to become the city of S ...

.Lange, Greg, "Seafair -- Beginnings", Historylink.org,, Essay #1470 (July 8, 1999)
(accessed 05-14-11).

Notes

References

* Faber, Jim, ''Steamer's Wake'', Enetai Press, Seattle WA (1985) * Feagans, Raymond J., ''The Railroad that Ran by the Tide—Ilwaco Railroad & Navigation Company of the State of Washington'', Howell-North, Berkeley, CA 1972 * Gibbs, James A., ''Pacific Graveyard'', Binford & Mort, Portland, OR (1964) * Kline, M.S., and Bayless, G.A., ''Ferryboats—A legend on Puget Sound'', Bayless Books, Seattle, WA 1983
Lange, Greg, "Seafair -- Beginnings", Historylink.org,, Essay #1470 (July 8, 1999)
(accessed 05-14-11) * Marshall, Don, ''Oregon Shipwrecks'', Binford & Mort, Portland OR (1984) * Newell, Gordon R., ed., ''H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest'', Superior Publishing Co., Seattle, WA (1966) * Newell, Gordon R., ''Ships of the Inland Sea'', Superior Publishing Co., Seattle, WA (2nd Ed. 1960)
''Port Townsend Daily Leader'', ”Report Filed by the Receiver Airs Affairs of the Bellingham Transportation Co.”, May 21, 1904, page 1, col.3.
(accessed 05-13-11)
''Port Townsend Daily Leader'', “Given American Register Steamer Willapa is Given Permission to Again Fly American Flag”, December 17, 1902, page 1, col. 4.
(accessed 05-13-11)

(accessed 05-13-11) * Turner, Robert D., ''The Pacific Princesses'', Sono Nis Press, Victoria, BC (1977) * {{1903 shipwrecks 1882 ships Steamboats of Washington (state) Steamboats of Alaska Steamboats of Oregon Steamboats of the Columbia River Ships built in Portland, Oregon Puget Sound Navigation Company Maritime incidents in 1903