''Gemmuloborsonia'' is a genus of

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

s, marine

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusks in the family

Turridae Turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. MolluscaBase (2018). Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...

Description

This genus was previously provisionally included in the family Clavatulidae as the characters of the shell and the

radula The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...

of this genus resemble more the characters of this family than those of the family

Horaiclavidae Horaiclavidae is a family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. In 2011 this family was split off from the family Pseudomelatomidae (formerly the subfamily Crassispirinae McLean, 1971) by Bouchet P., Ka ...

. However, it differs from the other genera in this family by its weak columellar pleats and the multispiral

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called ...

in the Recent specie. However the extinct species type has a paucispiral, globose and almost smooth protoconch. This must then be considered an

apomorphic In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have ...

character state. The fusiform shell is moderately small. The spire is relatively high and the base is contracted. The spire shows a peripheral cord with gemmules. The

anal sinus The anal sinuses (rectal sinuses) are furrows in the anal canal, that separate the anal columns from one another. The anal sinuses end below in small valve-like folds, termed anal valves The anal valves are small valve-like folds at the lower ends ...

is deep and its crest reaches the peripheral cord. The distinct columellar pleat is blunt.

Distribution

Originally only known as a fossil from the Upper Miocene- Lower Pleistocene of the Tethys Ocean and found in the Philippines, bathyal Recent species from

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, Indonesia, the Mozambique Channel, and the Philippines have been discovered. The genus appears to be rather widely distributed through the Indo-Pacific

Species

Species within the genus ''Gemmuloborsonia'' include: * ''

Gemmuloborsonia clandestina ''Gemmuloborsonia clandestina'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Turridae. Description The length of the shell attains 25 mm. Distribution This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off the Philippines ...

'' Puillandre, Cruaud & Kantor, 2009 * ''

Gemmuloborsonia colorata ''Gemmuloborsonia colorata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae. Description The length of the shell attains 45.5 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs at depths between 490 m and 550 m off ...

'' (Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001) * ''

Gemmuloborsonia didyma ''Gemmuloborsonia didyma'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae. Description The length of the shell attains , its diameter . Distribution This species occurs at depths between in the Arafura Sea and of ...

'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 1996 * † ''

Gemmuloborsonia fierstinei ''Gemmuloborsonia fierstinei'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Turridae. It is the basionym of the genus. Distribution Fossils were found from deposits in the uppermost Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene o ...

'' Shuto, 1989 * ''

Gemmuloborsonia jarrigei ''Gemmuloborsonia jarrigei'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae. Description The length of the shell attains 14.5 mm, its diameter 5.8 mm. Distribution This species occurs at depths between ...

'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001 * ''

Gemmuloborsonia karubar ''Gemmuloborsonia karubar'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae Turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Moll ...

'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 1996 * ''

Gemmuloborsonia moosai ''Gemmuloborsonia moosai'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Turridae. Description The length of the shell attains 32.6 mm, its diameter 9.8 mm. it is very similar to ''Gemmuloborson ...

'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 1996 * ''

Gemmuloborsonia neocaledonica ''Gemmuloborsonia neocaledonica'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae. Description The length of the shell attains 30.3 mm, its diameter 10.6 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs at de ...

'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 1996

References

Shuto, Tsugio. "Gemmuloborsonia, a new genus of the family Turridae (Gastropoda) from the Plio-Pleistocene Cabatuan Formation, northwest Luzon." Nihon Koseibutsu Gakkai hokoku, kiji 153 (1989): 48-54
* Puillandre N., Cruaud C. & Kantor Y.I. (2010). ''Cryptic species in Gemmuloborsonia (Gastropoda: Conoidea).'' Journal of Molluscan Studies, 76(1):11-23

External links

Sysoev, Alexander, and Philippe Bouchet. "Taxonomic reevaluation of Gemmuloborsonia Shuto, 1989 (Gastropoda: Conoidea), with a description of new Recent deep-water species." Journal of Molluscan Studies 62.1 (1996): 75-87

Puillandre, N., C. Cruaud, and Yu I. Kantor. "Cryptic species in Gemmuloborsonia (Gastropoda: Conoidea)." Journal of Molluscan Studies 76.1 (2010): 11-23.

Abdelkrim J., Aznar-Cormano L., Fedosov A., Kantor Y., Lozouet P., Phuong M., Zaharias P. & Puillandre N. (2018). Exon-capture based phylogeny and diversification of the venomous gastropods (Neogastropoda, Conoidea). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 35(10): 2355-2374
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