The gens Gegania was an old
patrician
Patrician may refer to:
* Patrician (ancient Rome), the original aristocratic families of ancient Rome, and a synonym for "aristocratic" in modern English usage
* Patrician (post-Roman Europe), the governing elites of cities in parts of medieval ...
family at
ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 B ...
, which was prominent from the earliest period of the
Republic
A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...
to the middle of the fourth century BC. The first of this
gens
In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; plural: ''gentes'' ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same Roman naming conventions#Nomen, nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a ''stirps'' (p ...
to obtain the
consulship
A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic ( to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the ''cursus honorum'' (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politic ...
was
Titus Geganius Macerinus
Titus Geganius Macerinus ( 492 BC) was a Ancient Rome, Roman politician who served as Roman Consul, Consul in 492 BC with Publius Minucius Augurinus.Livy, ''Ab Urbe Condita Libri, Ab urbe condita'', 2.34
The consuls were required to deal with a ...
in 492 BC. The gens fell into obscurity even before the
Samnite Wars
The First, Second, and Third Samnite Wars (343–341 BC, 326–304 BC, and 298–290 BC) were fought between the Roman Republic and the Samnites, who lived on a stretch of the Apennine Mountains south of Rome and north of the Lucanian tribe.
...
, and is not mentioned again by Roman historians until the final century of the Republic.
[''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. II, p. 233 ("]Gegania Gens
The gens Gegania was an old patrician family at ancient Rome, which was prominent from the earliest period of the Republic to the middle of the fourth century BC. The first of this gens to obtain the consulship was Titus Geganius Macerinus in 4 ...
").
Origin
The Geganii claimed to be descended from
Gyas
Gyas, a character in Virgil's ''Aeneid'', features most extensively as one of the captains in the boat race in Book 5. He also appears (briefly) in Books 1 and 12. He was claimed as the eponymous ancestor of the Gegania gens, a patrician famil ...
, who accompanied
Aeneas
In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas (, ; from ) was a Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy (both being grandsons ...
to Italy. They were said to be one of the noblest families of the
Alban aristocracy, and were incorporated into the Roman state after that city's destruction by
Tullus Hostilius
Tullus Hostilius (r. 672–640 BC) was the legendary third king of Rome. He succeeded Numa Pompilius and was succeeded by Ancus Marcius. Unlike his predecessor, Tullus was known as a warlike king who according to the Roman Historian Livy, believ ...
. However, according to Plutarch, even before this a Gegania is supposed to have been one of the first
Vestal Virgins
In ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals ( la, Vestālēs, singular ) were priestesses of Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame.
The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty ...
, appointed by
Numa Pompilius
Numa Pompilius (; 753–672 BC; reigned 715–672 BC) was the legendary second king of Rome, succeeding Romulus after a one-year interregnum. He was of Sabine origin, and many of Rome's most important religious and political institutions are a ...
. Elsewhere, Plutarch describes a Gegania who was the wife of
Servius Tullius
Servius Tullius was the legendary sixth king of Rome, and the second of its Etruscan dynasty. He reigned from 578 to 535 BC. Roman and Greek sources describe his servile origins and later marriage to a daughter of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Rome ...
, although
Dionysius
The name Dionysius (; el, Διονύσιος ''Dionysios'', "of Dionysus"; la, Dionysius) was common in classical and post-classical times. Etymologically it is a nominalized adjective formed with a -ios suffix from the stem Dionys- of the name ...
makes her the wife of
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, or Tarquin the Elder, was the legendary fifth king of Rome and first of its Etruscan dynasty. He reigned for thirty-eight years.Livy, ''ab urbe condita libri'', I Tarquinius expanded Roman power through military conqu ...
. A third Gegania is mentioned by Plutarch during the time of
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (died 495 BC) was the legendary seventh and final king of Rome, reigning 25 years until the popular uprising that led to the establishment of the Roman Republic.Livy, ''ab urbe condita libri'', I He is commonly known ...
.
Praenomina
The Geganii mentioned in history bore the common
praenomina
The ''praenomen'' (; plural: ''praenomina'') was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the ''dies lustricus'' (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birt ...
''
Lucius
Lucius ( el, Λούκιος ''Loukios''; ett, Luvcie) is a male given name derived from ''Lucius'' (abbreviated ''L.''), one of the small group of common Latin forenames (''praenomina'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Lucius derives from L ...
'', ''
Marcus'', and ''
Titus
Titus Caesar Vespasianus ( ; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death.
Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a mili ...
'', with one example of the rare praenomen ''
Proculus
Proculus (died c. 281) was a Roman usurper, one of the "minor pretenders" according to ''Historia Augusta'', who would have taken the purple against Roman Emperor, Emperor Marcus Aurelius Probus, Probus in 280. This is now disputed.
Probably Proc ...
''. Those found in inscriptions mostly bore the names ''Lucius'', ''
Sextus
Sextus is an ancient Roman '' praenomen'' or "first name". Its standard abbreviation is Sex., and the feminine form would be Sexta. It is one of the numeral ''praenomina'', like Quintus ("fifth") and Decimus ("tenth"), and means "sixth". Althoug ...
'', and ''Marcus'', although other praenomina are occasionally found, including ''
Aulus
Aulus (abbreviated A.) is one of the small group of common forenames found in the culture of ancient Rome.
The name was traditionally connected with Latin ''aula'', ''olla'', "palace", but this is most likely a false etymology. ''Aulus'' in fact p ...
'', ''
Publius'', and ''
Quintus
Quintus is a male given name derived from '' Quintus'', a common Latin forename (''praenomen'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Quintus derives from Latin word ''quintus'', meaning "fifth".
Quintus is an English masculine given name and ...
''. As the inscription naming the priest Clesipus Geganius cannot be securely dated, it is unclear what sort of name "Clesipus" is, although it may be a cognomen being used in place of a praenomen, or an instance of the sort of polyonymous nomenclature that was typical of Imperial times.
Branches and cognomina
The only family of the Geganii during the early Republic bore the
cognomen
A ''cognomen'' (; plural ''cognomina''; from ''con-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became here ...
''Macerinus'', a diminutive of ''Macer'', meaning "lean" or "skinny".
Epigraphic sources mention a number of Geganii living under the early
Empire
An empire is a "political unit" made up of several territories and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the metropole) ex ...
, bearing a variety of surnames, but there is no evidence of how they were related to their Republican forebears.
Members
*
Gegania, one of the first Vestal Virgins, selected by Numa Pompilius, the second
king of Rome
The king of Rome ( la, rex Romae) was the ruler of the Roman Kingdom. According to legend, the first king of Rome was Romulus, who founded the city in 753 BC upon the Palatine Hill. Seven legendary kings are said to have ruled Rome until 509 ...
.
* Gegania, according to one tradition, the wife of Servius Tullius, the sixth King of Rome. Dionysius makes Gegania the wife of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome. However, according to most traditions, Tarquin's wife,
Tanaquil
Tanaquil (Etruscan: ''Thanchvil'') was the queen of Rome by marriage to Tarquinius Priscus, fifth king of Rome.
Life
The daughter of a powerful Etruscan family in Tarquinii, Etruria, Tanaquil thought her husband would make a good leader, but sin ...
, survived him and ensured the succession of Servius Tullius.
* Gegania, the mother of Pinarius, lived during the time of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last king of Rome; her quarrel with her daughter-in-law Thalaea was cited by Plutarch as a rare example of domestic disharmony at early Rome.
*
Titus Geganius Macerinus
Titus Geganius Macerinus ( 492 BC) was a Ancient Rome, Roman politician who served as Roman Consul, Consul in 492 BC with Publius Minucius Augurinus.Livy, ''Ab Urbe Condita Libri, Ab urbe condita'', 2.34
The consuls were required to deal with a ...
, consul in 492 BC, faced a severe famine, which was blamed on the
first secession of the plebeians. He dispatched his brother, Lucius, to
Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
in order to acquire grain.
[Dionysius, vii. 1.][Broughton, vol. I, pp. 16, 17.]
* Lucius Geganius Macerinus, brother of Titus Geganius Macerinus, the consul of 492 BC, sent to Sicily in hopes of obtaining grain.
*
Marcus Geganius M. f. Macerinus, consul in 447, 443, and 437 BC, and
censor in 435. During his second consulship, he defeated the
Volsci
The Volsci (, , ) were an Italic tribe, well known in the history of the first century of the Roman Republic. At the time they inhabited the partly hilly, partly marshy district of the south of Latium, bounded by the Aurunci and Samnites on the ...
ans, and was awarded a
triumph
The Roman triumph (Latin triumphus) was a celebration for a victorious military commander in ancient Rome. For later imitations, in life or in art, see Trionfo. Numerous later uses of the term, up to the present, are derived directly or indirectl ...
.
*
Proculus Geganius (M. f.) Macerinus, consul in 440 BC.
* Lucius Geganius Macerinus,
consular tribune
A consular tribune was putatively a type of magistrate in the early Roman Republic. According to Roman tradition, colleges of consular tribunes held office throughout the fifth and fourth centuries BC during the so-called "Conflict of the Or ...
in 378 BC.
* Marcus Geganius Macerinus, consular tribune in 367 BC, the year that the ''
lex Licinia Sextia
The Licino-Sextian rogations were a series of laws proposed by tribunes of the plebs, Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, enacted around 367 BC. Livy calls them ''rogatio'' – though he does refer to them at times as ''lex' ...
'' was passed into law, admitting plebeians to the consulship, and abolishing the consular tribunate.
* Lucius Geganius, together with Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella, was killed in the unrest instigated by
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus (died late 100 BC) was a Roman populist and tribune. He is most notable for introducing a series of legislative reforms, alongside his associate Gaius Servilius Glaucia and with the consent of Gaius Marius, during the l ...
in 100 BC.
* Sextus Geganius P. f. Galle, buried at
Tuscania
Tuscania is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Viterbo, Lazio Region, Italy. Until the late 19th century the town was known as Toscanella.
History
Antiquity
According to the legend, Tuscania was founded by Aeneas' son, Ascanius, wher ...
in
Etruria
Etruria () was a region of Central Italy, located in an area that covered part of what are now most of Tuscany, northern Lazio, and northern and western Umbria.
Etruscan Etruria
The ancient people of Etruria
are identified as Etruscan civiliza ...
, aged seventy, in a tomb dating from the second quarter of the first century BC.
* Lucius Geganius Philargyrus, named in an early first-century inscription from Rome.
* Lucius Geganius Romulus, one of the ''curatores sociorum'' at Rome, along with Publius Decimius Tritus, dedicated a gift of six pots, according to an inscription dating from the first half of the first century.
* Gegania L. l. Sopatra, a freedwoman who built a tomb at
Fundi in
Latium
Latium ( , ; ) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire.
Definition
Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil (Old Latium) on whi ...
, dating to the first half of the first century, for herself and Diodorus, the overseer of Vipsanius.
* Quintus Geganius L. f., a
haruspex
In the religion of ancient Rome, a haruspex (plural haruspices; also called aruspex) was a person trained to practise a form of divination called haruspicy (''haruspicina''), the inspection of the entrails (''exta''—hence also extispicy ( ...
and one of the
seviri Augustales
The Sodales or Sacerdotes Augustales (''singular'' Sodalis or Sacerdos Augustalis), or simply Augustales,Tacitus, ''Annales'' 1.54 were an order ('' sodalitas'') of Roman priests originally instituted by Tiberius to attend to the maintenance of t ...
, buried at
Florentia
Florentia () is a former commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Val-d'Épy.
Population
See also
* Communes of the Jura department
The following ...
in Etruria, in a mid-first century tomb built at public expense, along with his wife, Vibia Tertulla, and mother, Vettia.
* Gegania, named in an inscription from
Pompeii
Pompeii (, ) was an ancient city located in what is now the ''comune'' of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area (e.g. at Boscoreale, Stabiae), was buried ...
in
Campania
Campania (, also , , , ) is an administrative Regions of Italy, region of Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the i ...
.
* Lucius Geganius Anthus, named in a sepulchral inscription from Rome, dating from the early or mid-first century.
* Lucius Geganius Hymenaeus, named in a mid-first century sepulchral inscription from Pompeii.
* Aulus Geganius Ma
.. named in an inscription from Pompeii.
* Geganius Romulus, named in a first-century inscription from Pompeii.
* Geganius Nicomachus, named in a first-century inscription from Rome.
* Gegania Prima, buried in a first-century sepulchre at Rome, built by her husband, Gnaeus Pompeius Olympicus, for their family.
* Geganius Facundus, an
eques named in a dedicatory inscription from
Fanum Fortunae in
Umbria
it, Umbro (man) it, Umbra (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, ...
, dating from the late first or early second century.
* Lucius Geganius, named in a first- or second-century sepulchral inscription from Rome, along with Gerinia Tertia.
* Sextus Geganius Sex. f. Festus, a boy buried at
Pisaurum
Pesaro () is a city and ''comune'' in the Italian region of Marche, capital of the Province of Pesaro e Urbino, on the Adriatic Sea. According to the 2011 census, its population was 95,011, making it the second most populous city in the Marche, ...
in Umbria, aged eleven years, fifty days, in a tomb dedcated by his parents, Gaius Mutteius Eurus and Disidia Lanthanusa.
* Lucius Geganius Philargyrus, buried in a first- or second-century tomb at Rome, built by Lucius Geganius Stephanus for himself and his family.
[.]
* Lucius Geganius Stephanus, dedicated a first- or second-century tomb at Rome for himself and his family, including Lucius Geganius Philargyrus.
* Lucius Geganius L. l. Eros Crispus, a freedman who dedicated a tomb at Rome for himself, the freedwoman Gegania Hierissa, and their family, dating to the late first or early second century.
[.]
* Gegania L. l. Hierissa, a freedwoman buried at Rome, in a tomb built by Lucius Geganius Eros Crispus.
* Sextus Geganius Chrstus, buried at
Praeneste
Palestrina (ancient ''Praeneste''; grc, Πραίνεστος, ''Prainestos'') is a modern Italian city and ''comune'' (municipality) with a population of about 22,000, in Lazio, about east of Rome. It is connected to the latter by the Via Pre ...
in Latium, in a tomb built by his sister, Gegania Vitalis, dating to the first half of the second century.
[.]
* Gegania Vitalis, dedicated a second-century tomb at Praeneste for her brother, Sextus Geganius Chrestus.
* Sextus Geganius Gegula, a native of Praeneste, was leader of the first cohort of
Lusitani
The Lusitanians ( la, Lusitani) were an Indo-European speaking people living in the west of the Iberian Peninsula prior to its conquest by the Roman Republic and the subsequent incorporation of the territory into the Roman province of Lusitania. ...
an
auxiles, a cavalry unit serving in an uncertain province in AD 151, during the reign of
Antoninus Pius
Antoninus Pius (Latin: ''Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius''; 19 September 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors from the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.
Born into a senatoria ...
.
* Lucius Geganius Victorinus, a soldier in the ninth cohort of the
Praetorian Guard
The Praetorian Guard (Latin: ''cohortēs praetōriae'') was a unit of the Imperial Roman army that served as personal bodyguards and intelligence agents for the Roman emperors. During the Roman Republic, the Praetorian Guard were an escort fo ...
, buried at Praeneste, aged twenty-nine, in a tomb built by his parents, and dating from the second century, or the second half of the first.
Undated Geganii
* Clesipus Geganius, master of the
Luperci, a priestly order, buried at
Ulubrae in Latium.
* Lucius Geganius, a potter whose maker's mark was found at
Antium
Antium was an ancient coastal town in Latium, south of Rome. An oppidum was founded by people of Latial culture (11th century BC or the beginning of the 1st millennium BC), then it was the main stronghold of the Volsci people until it was conquere ...
in Latium.
* Sextus Geganius, the former master of Palladius, a freedman mentioned in an inscription from Etruria.
* Lucius Geganius Acutus, built a sepulchre at Rome for the child Lucius Geganius Primus, on behalf of Lucius Geganius Hilarus.
[.]
* Gegania Arsine, named in a sepulchral inscription from Rome.
* Marcus Geganius M. l. Demetrius, a freedman, dedicated a tomb at Rome for the freedwoman Caesia Prima.
* Sextus Geganius Fimbria, one of the municipal
duumvirs
The duumviri (Latin for "two men"), originally duoviri and also known in English as the duumvirs, were any of various joint magistrates of ancient Rome. Such pairs of magistrates were appointed at various periods of Roman history both in Rome its ...
at Praeneste, where he served alongside Publius Annius Septimus.
* Gegania Graphe, named in a sepulchral inscription from Rome.
* Gegania L. l. Hilara, a freedwoman named in a sepulchral inscription from Rome, along with the freedman Gaius Julius Tertius.
* Lucius Geganius Hilarus, named in a sepulchral inscription from Rome, from a tomb built by Lucius Geganius Acutus for the child Lucius Geganius Primus.
* Lucius Geganius Ɔ. l. Januarius, a freed child buried at Rome, aged two.
* Marcus Geganius Pamphilus, named in an inscription from
Narbo
Narbonne (, also , ; oc, Narbona ; la, Narbo ; Late Latin:) is a commune in Southern France in the Occitanie region. It lies from Paris in the Aude department, of which it is a sub-prefecture. It is located about from the shores of the Med ...
in
Gallia Narbonensis
Gallia Narbonensis (Latin for "Gaul of Narbonne", from its chief settlement) was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in Southern France. It was also known as Provincia Nostra ("Our Province"), because it was the ...
.
[.]
* Lucius Geganius Ɔ. l. Primus, a freed child buried at Rome, aged two years, six months, in a tomb built by Lucius Geganius Acutus on behalf of Lucius Geganius Hilarus.
See also
*
List of Roman gentes
The gens (plural gentes) was a Roman family, of Italic or Etruscan origins, consisting of all those individuals who shared the same '' nomen'' and claimed descent from a common ancestor. It was an important social and legal structure in early ...
References
Bibliography
*
Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus, or Diodorus of Sicily ( grc-gre, Διόδωρος ; 1st century BC), was an ancient Greek historian. He is known for writing the monumental universal history ''Bibliotheca historica'', in forty books, fifteen of which su ...
, ''
Bibliotheca Historica
''Bibliotheca historica'' ( grc, Βιβλιοθήκη Ἱστορική, ) is a work of universal history by Diodorus Siculus. It consisted of forty books, which were divided into three sections. The first six books are geographical in theme, ...
'' (Library of History).
*
Dionysius of Halicarnassus
Dionysius of Halicarnassus ( grc, Διονύσιος Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἁλικαρνασσεύς,
; – after 7 BC) was a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric, who flourished during the reign of Emperor Augustus. His literary sty ...
, ''Romaike Archaiologia'' (Roman Antiquities).
* Titus Livius (
Livy
Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Ancient Rome, Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditiona ...
), ''
History of Rome
The history of Rome includes the history of the city of Rome as well as the civilisation of ancient Rome. Roman history has been influential on the modern world, especially in the history of the Catholic Church, and Roman law has influenced m ...
''.
*
Plutarch
Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρχος, ''Ploútarchos''; ; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his ''P ...
us, ''
Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
Plutarch's ''Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans'', commonly called ''Parallel Lives'' or ''Plutarch's Lives'', is a series of 48 biographies of famous men, arranged in pairs to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings, probably writt ...
'', ''De Fortuna Romanorum''.
*
Paulus Orosius
Paulus Orosius (; born 375/385 – 420 AD), less often Paul Orosius in English, was a Roman priest, historian and theologian, and a student of Augustine of Hippo. It is possible that he was born in ''Bracara Augusta'' (now Braga, Portugal), th ...
, ''Historiarum Adversum Paganos'' (History Against the Pagans).
* Maurus Servius Honoratus (
Servius Servius is the name of:
* Servius (praenomen), the personal name
* Maurus Servius Honoratus, a late fourth-century and early fifth-century grammarian
* Servius Tullius, the Roman king
* Servius Sulpicius Rufus, the 1st century BC Roman jurist
See ...
), ''Ad Virgilii Aeneidem Commentarii'' (Commentary on Vergil's Aeneid).
*
Joannes Zonaras
Joannes or John Zonaras ( grc-gre, Ἰωάννης Ζωναρᾶς ; 1070 – 1140) was a Byzantine Greek historian, chronicler and theologian who lived in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey). Under Emperor Alexios I Komnenos he held th ...
, ''Epitome Historiarum'' (Epitome of History).
* ''
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' (1849, originally published 1844 under a slightly different title) is an encyclopedia/biographical dictionary. Edited by William Smith, the dictionary spans three volumes and 3,700 p ...
'',
William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
*
Theodor Mommsen
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th cent ...
''et alii'', ''
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
The ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' (''CIL'') is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. It forms an authoritative source for documenting the surviving epigraphy of classical antiquity. Public and personal inscriptions throw ...
'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present).
* ''Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità'' (News of Excavations from Antiquity, abbreviated ''NSA''), Accademia dei Lincei (1876–present).
* René Cagnat ''et alii'', ''
L'Année épigraphique
''L'Année épigraphique'' (''The Epigraphic Year'', standard abbreviation ''AE'') is a French publication on epigraphy (i.e the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing). It was set up by René Cagnat, as holder of the chair of 'Epigraphy an ...
'' (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated ''AE''), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).
* George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII (1897).
*
T. Robert S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1952–1986).
* Olli Salomies, “Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature in the Roman Empire—Some Addenda”, in ''Epigrafie e Ordine Senatorio, 30 Anni Dopo'', Edizioni Quasar, Rome, pp. 511–536 (2014).
{{Refend
Roman gentes
Alba Longa