![Nano tape used to hang household items](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Nano_tape_used_to_hang_household_items.jpg)
Nano tape, also called gecko tape; marketed under the name Alien Tape, is a synthetic
adhesive tape consisting of arrays of
carbon nanotubes transferred onto a backing material of flexible polymer tape. These arrays are called
synthetic setae and mimic the
nanostructure
A nanostructure is a structure of intermediate size between microscopic and molecular structures. Nanostructural detail is microstructure at nanoscale.
In describing nanostructures, it is necessary to differentiate between the number of dimens ...
s found on the
toes of a gecko; this is an example of
biomimicry. The
adhesion
Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another ( cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles/surfaces to cling to one another).
The forces that cause adhesion and cohesion can b ...
is achieved not with chemical
adhesives, but via
van der Waals force
In molecular physics, the van der Waals force is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules. Unlike ionic or covalent bonds, these attractions do not result from a chemical electronic bond; they are comparatively weak and th ...
s, which are weak electric forces generated between two atoms or molecules that are very close to each other.
Explanation
Geckos show a remarkable ability to climb smooth vertical surfaces at high speeds, exhibiting both strong attachment and easy rapid removal, or
shear
Shear may refer to:
Textile production
*Animal shearing, the collection of wool from various species
**Sheep shearing
*The removal of nap during wool cloth production
Science and technology Engineering
*Shear strength (soil), the shear strength ...
adhesion, of their feet.
On a gecko's foot, micrometer-sized elastic hairs called
setae
In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for " bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms.
Animal setae
Protostomes
Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. ...
are split into nanometer-sized structures called
spatulas
A spatula is a broad, flat, flexible blade used to mix, spread and lift material including foods, drugs, plaster and paints.
In medical applications, "spatula" may also be used synonymously with tongue depressor.
The word ''spatula'' derives f ...
. The shear adhesion is achieved by forming and breaking van der Waals forces between these microscopic structures and the substrate.
Nano tapes mimic these structures with carbon nanotube bundles, which simulate setae, and individual nanotubes, which simulate spatulas, to achieve macroscopic shear adhesion and to translate the weak van der Waals interactions into high shear forces. The shear adhesion allows the tape to be easily peeled off, in the manner a gecko lifts its foot; and since the carbon nanotube arrays leave no residue on the substrate, the tape can be reused many times.
History
Nano tape is one of the first developments of
synthetic setae, which arose from a collaboration between the
Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology
The Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology is a centre for interdisciplinary research in mesoscience and nanotechnology headed by Andre Geim at the University of Manchester. The purpose of the centre is to allow researchers to con ...
, and the Institute for Microelectronics Technology in Russia. Work started in 2001 and two years later results were published in ''Nature Materials''.
[ Geim, A.K., Dubonos, S.V., Grigorieva, I.V., Novoselov, K.S., Zhukov, A.A. and Shapoval, S.Y. (2003), "Microfabricated adhesive mimicking gecko foot-hair", ''Nature Materials'', v.2, pp.461–3]
The group prepared flexible fibers of polyimide as the synthetic setae structures on the surface of a 5
μm thick film of the same material using electron beam lithography and
dry etching in an oxygen plasma. The fibres were 2 μm long, with a diameter of around 500 nm and a periodicity of 1.6 μm, and covered an area of roughly 1 cm
2 (see figure on the left). Initially, the team used a
silicon wafer
In electronics, a wafer (also called a slice or substrate) is a thin slice of semiconductor, such as a crystalline silicon (c-Si), used for the fabrication of integrated circuits and, in photovoltaics, to manufacture solar cells. The wafer serv ...
as a substrate, but found that the tape's adhesive power increased by almost 1,000 times if they used a soft bonding substrate such as Scotch tape. This is because the flexible substrate yields a much higher ratio of the number of setae in contact with the surface over the total number of setae.
The result of this "gecko tape" was tested by attaching a sample to the hand of a 15 cm high plastic Spider-Man figure weighing 40 g, which enabled it to stick to a glass ceiling, as is shown in the figure. The tape, which had a contact area of around 0.5 cm
2 with the glass, was able to carry a load of more than 100 g. However, the adhesion coefficient was only 0.06, which is low compared with real geckos (8~16).
Commercial use
Commercial nano tape is usually sold as
double-sided tape
Double-sided tape is any pressure-sensitive tape that is coated with adhesive on both sides. It is designed to stick two surfaces together, often in a way which is not visible in the end product, due to it being in between the objects rather than ...
that is useful for hanging lightweight items such as pictures and decorative items on smooth walls without punching holes in the wall. Using superaligned carbon nanotubes, some nano tapes can stay sticky in extreme temperatures.
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Gallery
Gecko Leaftail 1.jpg, Gecko climbing a glass surface
Gecko foot on glass.JPG, Close view of a gecko's foot
Micro and nano view of gecko's toe.jpg, Micro and nano view of gecko's toe
Micro view of Gecko Tape.jpg, Micro view of nano tape[
Test of gecko tape.jpg, " Spider-Man test" of nano tape][
]
References
{{Reflist
Adhesive tape
Biophysics
Biomimetics
Nanotechnology
Carbon nanotubes
Emerging technologies