''Gastrotheca'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

frog A frog is any member of a diverse and largely Carnivore, carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order (biology), order Anura (ανοὐρά, literally ''without tail'' in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil "proto-f ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Hemiphractidae. They are found in Central America south of Costa Rica and in South America. Most

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

occur in the

American Cordillera The American Cordillera is a chain of mountain ranges (cordilleras) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of North America, Central America and South America, with Aconcagua as the h ...

from southern Costa Rica to north-western Argentina. This genus makes up the bulk of

marsupial frog The marsupial frogs are a disputed family (Amphignathodontidae) in the order Anura. When treated as a separate family, it consists of two genera, ''Gastrotheca'' and ''Flectonotus''. The frogs are native to Neotropical America (Central and Sout ...

diversity; formerly it was placed in the " Leptodactylidae" assemblage. Marsupial frogs are so-called because they possess a dorsal brood pouch. In some species the eggs are fertilized on the female's lower back, and are inserted in her pouch with the aid of the male's toes. The eggs remain in contact with the female's vascular tissue, which provides them oxygen. '' Gastrotheca guentheri'' (Guenther's marsupial frog) is the only known frog with true teeth in its lower jaw. ''

Gastrotheca riobambae The Andean marsupial tree frog (''Gastrotheca riobambae''), also known as the Riobamba marsupial frog or Riobamba pouched frog, is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Ecuador. The species is confined to the Andes and ...

'' (Andean marsupial tree frog) is kept as pet and is used in scientific experiments. '' Gastrotheca gemma'' was additionally discovered in 2021.

Species

There are 74 species recognized in the genus ''Gastrotheca '': * ''

Gastrotheca abdita ''Gastrotheca abdita'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Peru and only known from the Cordillera Colán in the Amazonas Region. The specific name ''abdita'' is Latin for "exiled" or "removed" and refers to the g ...

'' Duellman, 1987 * ''

Gastrotheca aguaruna ''Gastrotheca'' is a genus of frogs in the family (biology), family Hemiphractidae. They are found in Central America south of Costa Rica and in South America. Most species occur in the American Cordillera from southern Costa Rica to north-weste ...

'' Duellman, Barley, and Venegas, 2014 * '' Gastrotheca albolineata'' (Lutz and Lutz, 1939) * ''

Gastrotheca andaquiensis ''Gastrotheca andaquiensis'', commonly known as the Andes marsupial frog, is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found on the Amazonian slopes of Andes in southern Colombia and Ecuador. Description ''Gastrotheca andaquiensis'' ...

'' Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976 * ''

Gastrotheca angustifrons ''Gastrotheca angustifrons'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat ...

'' (Boulenger, 1898) * ''

Gastrotheca antomia ''Gastrotheca antomia'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Colombia and found on the western versant of the Cordillera Occidental in Antioquia, Risaralda, Chocó, and Valle del Cauca Departments, at elevation ...

'' Ruiz-Carranza, Ardila-Robayo, Lynch, and Restrepo-Toro, 1997 * ''

Gastrotheca antoniiochoai ''Gastrotheca antoniiochoai'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Peru and only known from near its type locality near the Wayqecha Biological Station (Cusco Region). It has been collected from cloud forest at e ...

'' (De la Riva and Chaparro, 2005) * ''

Gastrotheca aratia ''Gastrotheca'' is a genus of frogs in the family Hemiphractidae. They are found in Central America south of Costa Rica and in South America. Most species occur in the American Cordillera from southern Costa Rica to north-western Argentina. This ...

'' Duellman, Barley, and Venegas, 2014 * ''

Gastrotheca argenteovirens ''Gastrotheca argenteovirens'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Colombia and occurs in the Colombian Massif, Cordillera Central, and Cordillera Occidental in the Quindío, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Cauca, ...

'' (Boettger, 1892) * ''

Gastrotheca atympana ''Gastrotheca atympana'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Peru and only known from its type locality in the Pampa Hermosa National Sanctuary, Junín Region. It lacks an external tympanum, hence the specific ...

'' Duellman, Lehr, Rodríguez, and von May, 2004 * ''

Gastrotheca aureomaculata The gold-spotted marsupial frog (''Gastrotheca aureomaculata'') is a species of frogs in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, r ...

'' Cochran and Goin, 1970 * ''

Gastrotheca bufona ''Gastrotheca bufona'' (common name: Antioquia marsupial frog) is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Colombia and known from the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Occidental in Antioquia and Caldas Departments, at ...

'' Cochran and Goin, 1970 * ''

Gastrotheca carinaceps ''Gastrotheca'' is a genus of frogs in the family Hemiphractidae. They are found in Central America south of Costa Rica and in South America. Most species occur in the American Cordillera from southern Costa Rica to north-western Argentina. This ...

'' Duellman, Trueb, and Lehr, 2006 * ''

Gastrotheca christiani ''Gastrotheca christiani'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Argentina. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destr ...

'' Laurent, 1967 * '' Gastrotheca chrysosticta'' Laurent, 1976 * '' Gastrotheca coeruleomaculatus'' (Werner, 1899) * ''

Gastrotheca cornuta The horned marsupial frog (''Gastrotheca cornuta''), originally named ''Nototrema cornutum'' (Boulenger) after the first describer George Albert Boulenger in 1898),Gastrotheca cuencana'' Carvajal-Endara, Coloma, Morales-Mite, Guayasamin, Székely, and Duellman, 2019 * ''

Gastrotheca dendronastes ''Gastrotheca dendronastes'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat ...

'' Duellman, 1983 * '' Gastrotheca dunni'' Lutz, 1977 * '' Gastrotheca dysprosita'' Duellman, 2013 * '' Gastrotheca elicioi'' Carvajal-Endara, Coloma, Morales-Mite, Guayasamin, Székely, and Duellman, 2019 * '' Gastrotheca ernestoi'' Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 * '' Gastrotheca espeletia'' Duellman and Hillis, 1987 * ''

Gastrotheca excubitor ''Gastrotheca excubitor'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to southern Peru and occurs in the Amazonian slopes and crests of the Cordillera Oriental in the Cusco Region; records from the Cajamarca Region are likel ...

'' Duellman and Fritts, 1972 * '' Gastrotheca fissipes'' (Boulenger, 1888) * '' Gastrotheca flamma'' Juncá and Nunes, 2008 * '' Gastrotheca fulvorufa'' (Andersson, 1911) * '' Gastrotheca galeata'' Trueb and Duellman, 1978 * '' Gastrotheca gemma'' Venegas, García Ayachi, Echevarría, Paluh, Chávez-Arribasplata, Marchelie, & Catenazzi, 2021 * '' Gastrotheca gracilis'' Laurent, 1969 * '' Gastrotheca griswoldi'' Shreve, 1941 * '' Gastrotheca guentheri'' (Boulenger, 1882) * '' Gastrotheca helenae'' Dunn, 1944 * '' Gastrotheca lateonota'' Duellman and Trueb, 1988 * ''

Gastrotheca litonedis ''Gastrotheca litonedis'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, and intermit ...

'' Duellman and Hillis, 1987 * '' Gastrotheca lojana'' Parker, 1932 * '' Gastrotheca longipes'' (Boulenger, 1882) * ''

Gastrotheca marsupiata ''Gastrotheca marsupiata'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found in the Amazonian drainage systems of Andes from central Peru to southern Bolivia. Its common names are marsupian frog, common marsupial frog, and for now sy ...

'' (Duméril and Bibron, 1841) * '' Gastrotheca megacephala'' Izecksohn, Carvalho-e-Silva, and Peixoto, 2009 * ''

Gastrotheca microdiscus ''Gastrotheca microdiscus'' is a frog species in the frog family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil between southern São Paulo and Santa Catarina states. Its natural habitats are undisturbed primary forests. It is a canopy spe ...

'' (Andersson, 1910) * ''

Gastrotheca monticola ''Gastrotheca monticola'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Peru; records from Ecuador probably refer to other species. '' Gastrotheca lojana'' was formerly considered a subspecies of this species, but is now tr ...

'' Barbour and Noble, 1920 * ''

Gastrotheca nebulanastes ''Gastrotheca'' is a genus of frogs in the family Hemiphractidae. They are found in Central America south of Costa Rica and in South America. Most species occur in the American Cordillera from southern Costa Rica to north-western Argentina. This ...

'' Duellman, Catenazzi, and Blackburn, 2011 * '' Gastrotheca nicefori'' Gaige, 1933 * '' Gastrotheca ochoai'' Duellman and Fritts, 1972 * '' Gastrotheca oresbios'' Duellman and Venegas, 2016 * ''

Gastrotheca orophylax ''Gastrotheca orophylax'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and arable land. It is threatened by habitat loss Habit ...

'' Duellman and Pyles, 1980 * '' Gastrotheca ossilaginis'' Duellman and Venegas, 2005 * ''

Gastrotheca ovifera ''Gastrotheca ovifera'' (vernacular names: pouched frog and giant marsupial frog; es, rana marsupial comun or ) is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to northern Venezuela and is known from the Venezuelan Coastal Range ...

'' (Lichtenstein and Weinland, 1854) * ''

Gastrotheca pacchamama ''Gastrotheca pacchamama'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Peru and only known from the Ayacucho Region in the Cordillera Oriental. Etymology The specific name refers to Pachamama, a goddess of the indigenous ...

'' Duellman, 1987 * ''

Gastrotheca pachachacae ''Gastrotheca'' is a genus of frogs in the family Hemiphractidae. They are found in Central America south of Costa Rica and in South America. Most species occur in the American Cordillera from southern Costa Rica to north-western Argentina. This ...

'' Catenazzi and von May, 2011 * '' Gastrotheca peruana'' (Boulenger, 1900) * '' Gastrotheca phalarosa'' Duellman and Venegas, 2005 * '' Gastrotheca phelloderma'' Lehr and Catenazzi, 2011 * '' Gastrotheca piperata'' Duellman and Köhler, 2005 * ''

Gastrotheca plumbea The silver marsupial frog (''Gastrotheca plumbea'') is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to the Pacific slopes of Andes in northern and central Ecuador. It is a nocturnal, arboreal inhabitant of cloud forests that can ...

'' (Boulenger, 1882) * '' Gastrotheca prasina'' Teixeira, Vechio, Recoder, Carnaval, Strangas, Damasceno, Sena, and Rodrigues, 2012 * ''

Gastrotheca pseustes ''Gastrotheca pseustes'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, subtropical or tropical ...

'' Duellman and Hillis, 1987 * '' Gastrotheca psychrophila'' Duellman, 1974 * '' Gastrotheca pulchra'' Caramaschi and Rodrigues, 2007 * '' Gastrotheca rebeccae'' Duellman and Trueb, 1988 * '' Gastrotheca recava'' Teixeira, Vechio, Recoder, Carnaval, Strangas, Damasceno, Sena, and Rodrigues, 2012 * ''

'' (Fowler, 1913) * '' Gastrotheca ruizi'' Duellman and Burrowes, 1986 * '' Gastrotheca spectabilis'' Duellman and Venegas, 2016 * '' Gastrotheca splendens'' (Schmidt, 1857) * '' Gastrotheca stictopleura'' Duellman, Lehr, and Aguilar, 2001 * '' Gastrotheca testudinea'' (Jiménez de la Espada, 1870) * '' Gastrotheca trachyceps'' Duellman, 1987 * '' Gastrotheca turnerorum'' Carvajal-Endara, Coloma, Morales-Mite, Guayasamin, Székely, and Duellman, 2019 * '' Gastrotheca walkeri'' Duellman, 1980 * ''

Gastrotheca weinlandii ''Gastrotheca weinlandii'' is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruc ...

'' (Steindachner, 1892) * '' Gastrotheca williamsoni'' Gaige, 1922 * '' Gastrotheca yacuri'' Carvajal-Endara, Coloma, Morales-Mite, Guayasamin, Székely, and Duellman, 2019 * '' Gastrotheca zeugocystis'' Duellman, Lehr, Rodríguez, and von May, 2004 The AmphibiaWeb is listing 69 species as ''Gastrotheca lojana'' is not included.

Footnotes

References

* Duellman, W.E., Catenazzi, A. & Blackburn, D.C. (2011): A new species of marsupial frog (Anura: Hemiphractidae: ''Gastrotheca'') from the Andes of southern Peru. ''Zootaxa'' 3095: 1-14. * Faivovich, J., Haddad, C.F.B., Garcia, P.C.O., Frost, D.R., Campbell, J.A. & Wheeler, W.C. (2005): Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History''. 294: 1–240. {{Taxonbar, from=Q1008492 Hemiphractidae Amphibian genera Amphibians of Central America Frogs of North America Frogs of South America Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger