The Gaoligong pika (''Ochotona gaoligongensis'') is a species of

mammal Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur or ...

in the family Ochotonidae. It is

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

. Many of the general physical characteristics of the pika species, are shared by Gaoligong pikas. However, the Gaoligong pika is specifically characterized by unique physical characteristics, including a red-brown colored crown around the neck and black behind the ears. They can produce one litter per year and can live up to three years. Their behavior is currently undetermined due to limited information available about the species. This is due to the inaccessibility of their habitat.

Evolution and classification

The family Ochotonidae includes over 30 different species of territorial, small-bodied

herbivore A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthpart ...

species of

pikas A pika ( or ; archaically spelled pica) is a small, mountain-dwelling mammal found in Asia and North America. With short limbs, very round body, an even coat of fur, and no external tail, they resemble their close relative, the rabbit, but wi ...

, including the Gaoligong pika. Because of their resemblance and similar characteristics, pikas are considered to have diverged from the same lineage as that of the

Leporidae Leporidae is the family of rabbits and hares, containing over 60 species of extant mammals in all. The Latin word ''Leporidae'' means "those that resemble ''lepus''" (hare). Together with the pikas, the Leporidae constitute the mammalian order ...

. There are evolutionary appearances that have been connected to each specific group of pikas within the family, during the

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological Epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was fina ...

periods. Ochotonids share very similar physical characteristics, which have made it nearly impossible to order them according to their

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

. However, there are three main subgroups of pikas, in which each classification of pikas has been organized based on their location and physical characteristics. Particularly for the Gaoligong pika, their classification falls under the subgroup of mountain pikas. This classification extends far into the

subgenus In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...

of the Conothoa, which is one of the three main subgenera each subgroup is divided into. The appearance of the Gaoligong pikas is dated back to the late Pliocene period, where other Ochotona species emerged, including but not limited to: ''Ochotona brookei'', ''Ochotona forresti'', ''Ochotona gloveri'', and ''Ochotona himalayana''. Within the pika group, there is high exhibition of intraspecific morphological diversity versus low

interspecific Biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species. Biochemist Linus Pauling stated that "Biological specificity is the set of characteristics of living organi ...

diversity, thus the emergence of several subgroups. The emergence of different types of species, including the Gaoligong pika and those unknown today, have been traced back to the appearance of the K/T boundary, making the family Ochotonidae less rich in species when compared to other families of the

superorder Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ...

Glires Glires (, Latin ''glīrēs'' 'dormice') is a clade (sometimes ranked as a grandorder) consisting of rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits, hares, and pikas). The hypothesis that these form a monophyletic group has been long debated based on morphologic ...

Groups

There are three families within the order

Lagomorpha The lagomorphs are the members of the taxonomic order Lagomorpha, of which there are two living families: the Leporidae (hares and rabbits) and the Ochotonidae (pikas). The name of the order is derived from the Ancient Greek ''lagos'' (λαγ� ...

, the families Ochotonidae, Leporidae, and

Prolagidae ''Prolagus'' is an extinct genus of pika within the order Lagomorpha. Over 20 species of ''Prolagus'' have been named, beginning in the Early Miocene in Europe 20 million years ago, where it ranged widely for most of the epoch; by the end of the ...

. The group pikas, which belongs to the family Ochotonidae, consists of over thirty different pika species. Amongst these species, there is a division of subgroups and subgenera, including the subgroups of the northern pikas, shrub-steppe pikas, and the mountain pikas. These subgroups belong to individual and different subgenera, including the Pika, Ochotona, and Conothoa. The Gaoligong pika belongs to the subgenus Conothoa and subgroup of mountain pikas. The subgenus Conothoa and subgroup of mountain pikas also includes, but is not limited to: *

Forrest's pika The Forrest's pika (''Ochotona forresti'') is a species of mammal in the pika family, Ochotonidae. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, and Myanmar. The summer dorsal pelage and ventral pelage are dark rufous or blackish brown, and the winter d ...

''Ochotona forresti'' *

Glover's pika Glover's pika (''Ochotona gloveri'') is a species of mammal in the family Ochotonidae. It was first described in 1922, by Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas. The summer dorsal pelage is grayish rufous, grayish brown, or tea brown in colour. The win ...

''Ochotona gloveri'' *

Himalayan pika The Himalayan pika (''Ochotona himalayana'') is a species of small mammal in the pika family (''Ochotonidae''). It is found at high altitudes in remote areas of Ladakh, Uttarakhand and possibly also in Nepal &Tibet. The IUCN has listed this spe ...

''Ochotona himalayana'' *

Large-eared pika The large-eared pika (''Ochotona macrotis'') is a species of small mammal in the family Ochotonidae. It is found in mountainous regions of Afghanistan, Tibet, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan and Tajikistan where it nests a ...

''Ochotona macrotis'' All of these subgroups and subgenera share the same general physical characteristics of the family Ochotonidae, including the Gaoligong pika. However, there are several distinct physical attributions that set the Gaoligong pika apart from the other subgroups.

Characteristics

The Gaoligong pika shares a range of general physical characteristics as those of the family Ochotonidae. Some of the general characteristics include the physical attribution of their small body. Among the many diverse groups of pikas, the Gaoligong pika has an egg-shaped body relatively small in size, which can range from in weight. They have prominent ears at the top of the head and share a common characteristic of no visible tail. One of the primary physical characteristics of the Gaoligong pika group is the display of a red-brown color crown around the neck and head of the pika, as well as a black shade of color in the back of the ears. Often the size of head-body length in pikas reaches an average of 285 mm (6- 10 inches in length), with ears around greater than 40 mm. Additionally, the Gaoligong pika has a palatal-incisive foramen that is violin-shaped. Other physical characteristics include: *Two upper premolars *Large bullae *Lack of vacuities at the anterior end of frontal bones *Fattened skull profile *Broad

condylar A condyle (;Entry "condyle"
in
Most often the physical characteristics of the Pika species are compared to the family Leporidae, which includes rabbits and hares. The comparisons of the family Ochotonidae with those of the family Leporidae are due to the very similar physical characteristics shared by Pikas, rabbits and hares. However, there is a distinction between each, including size of the body and skeletal structure of each family, as well as distinctive characteristics in the length of the ears. A skeletal distinction can be seen in the Gaoligong Pika which lacks a supraorbital process in the skull skeletal feature and have a long and broad posterior nasal bone.

Habitat and distribution

China is home to the Ochotona gaoligongensis, Gaoligong Pika, where it lives in a meadow-like habitat. Its locality includes,

Gaoligong Mountains The Gaoligong Mountains () are a mountainous sub-range of the southern Hengduan Mountain Range, located in the western Yunnan highlands and straddling the border of southwestern China and northern Myanmar (Burma). Geography The Gaoligong Mount ...

, located northwest of the

Yunnan Province Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the C ...

, China, where their name derives. Pikas primarily live in habitats which consist of leaves and grass. They are usually found in mountain terrains at high altitudes and in talus slopes and rock boulders. The Gaoligong Pika can be found at an elevation of about in the rocky and talus habitat of Mount Gaoligong. Primarily, due to this type of habitat of the Gaoligong pikas, there is a limited amount of information about their group. Within the family Ochotonidae however, there is a total of 24 species of pikas found also in China, generally in steppe and alpine environments. However, Ochotonids were once also found in a range of other locations, such as

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

and

northern Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in t ...

. The locations of Ochotonids have changed over the course of time and are now found primarily in Asia and North America. It is a rarely found, one of the six pika species

to central

, with no true population studies.

Behavior

Currently the behavior of Gaoligong pikas is unknown, however it has been compared to the ''Ochotona forresti'', Forrest's pika. The absences of information known about Gaoligong Pikas may be due to the range of access their habitat has to offer. The behavior of the Gaoligong Pika shares similar general behavioral traits of the pika family, including characteristics from the Asian meadow-dwelling Pika species. The meadow-dwelling species of pikas displays more social behavior amongst members of the same species group and their families. Unlike the Asian meadow-dwelling species, some pikas, such as the northern

American pika The American pika (''Ochotona princeps''), a diurnality, diurnal species of pika, is found in the mountains of western North America, usually in boulder fields at or above the tree line. They are herbivorous, smaller relatives of rabbits and ha ...

, are typically very defensive in regards to their habitat and communicate through vocal projections in a whistle-like manner. They are often found in a solitary state, except during mating periods. Because of the importance of keeping their habitat defended against other Pikas and predators, when one species of Pika encounters another or the same, it often leads to aggressive interactions. There is great diversity between the behaviors of some groups of Pikas than others. Each group of pikas ultimately behaves depending on the location and environmental factors that play into role in the geographical habitat they are located at. Generally Pikas are most active during the morning and late afternoon. They follow a diurnal pattern within their system, which makes them more energy efficient during some periods of the day. Additionally, Pikas do not

hibernate Hibernation is a state of minimal activity and metabolic depression undergone by some animal species. Hibernation is a seasonal heterothermy characterized by low body-temperature, slow breathing and heart-rate, and low metabolic rate. It most ...

during the winter, making them highly dependent on environmental and habitat factors. During the winter time, Pikas must use tunnels as means of targeting food during those periods of the seasons. Pikas store sun-dried summer harvest plants within the tunnels. This brings the mortality rate of the pika species higher than other animal species that do not hibernate during the winter season, due to the dependence of habitat and environmental factors for the supply of food.

Conservation

Information available about the Gaoligong pika group is restrictive and has therefore not been assigned to a threat category under

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biologi ...

. Currently the family Ochotonidae has been labeled as critically endangered. Factors that have contributed to the endangerment of pikas include: climate change,

loss of habitat Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species. The organisms that previously inhabited the site are displaced or dead, thereby ...

, as well as, on several occasions, poisoning. Because of the climate change, especially during warming summers, the mortality rate of Ochotonids has drastically increased over the years. The conservation status of the Gaoligong pika is yet to be determined, however based on information obtained about the overall pika species, the Gaoligong pika may be one of the many pika groups that are critically endangered.

Reproduction

There is no information in regards to the reproduction phase of the Gaoligong Pika group, due to the accessibility of their habitat, in order to be observed and studied further. However, it is considered to presumably follow similar reproductive characteristics of the family Ochotonidae. The family Ochotonidae has a

gestation period In mammals, pregnancy is the period of reproduction during which a female carries one or more live offspring from implantation in the uterus through gestation. It begins when a fertilized zygote implants in the female's uterus, and ends once it ...

of about 25–30 days. Female Pikas give birth after a month of gestation and stay with their young for the first month of their life. Pikas can carry from two to three litters of leverets every year, however because of their dependence on environmental factors and survival, especially during the winter, the survival of more than one litter is not probable. During the beginning of the spring season Pikas begin mating, once the winter season is over, marked by the melting of the snow. Pikas can begin mating at the age of one year and can live up to 3–4 years. However, Pikas do not spend much of their life mating, as mating does not occur till the spring season of each year. When Leverets are born they appear to have a minimal amount of fur and a full set of teeth. They remain with their eyes close up until the 9th day after their birth.

References

Notes

Bibliography

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q311582 Mammals of China Pikas Mammals described in 1988 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot