Galeazzo da Sanseverino (French: Galéas de Saint-Séverin'
), known as the ''son of Fortuna'', (c. 1460 – 24 February 1525) was an Italian-French
condottiere
''Condottieri'' (; singular ''condottiero'' or ''condottiere'') were Italian captains in command of mercenary companies during the Middle Ages and of multinational armies during the early modern period. They notably served popes and other Europe ...
and
Grand Écuyer de France The Grand Écuyer de France or Grand Squire of France or Grand Equerry of France was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France and a member of the Maison du Roi ("King's Household") during the Ancien Régime. The name "écuyer", the French ...
; Marquis of
Bobbio
Bobbio ( Bobbiese: ; lij, Bêubbi; la, Bobium) is a small town and commune in the province of Piacenza in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy. It is located in the Trebbia River valley southwest of the town Piacenza. There is also an abbey and a dioc ...
, Count of
Caiazzo
Caiazzo (also Cajazzo) (Campanian: ) is a city and ''comune'' in the province of Caserta (Campania) in Italy. It is located on the right bank of the Volturnus, some northeast of Capua.
History
The ancient Caiatia was already in the hands of the ...
,
Castel San Giovanni
Castel San Giovanni ( Piacentino: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
History
The origins of the town are probably related to an ancient ''pieve'' called ''Olubra'' and a fortress called ''Castellus Mi ...
,
Val Tidone and
Voghera
The Castle of Voghera in a 19th-century etching.
Voghera ( Vogherese dialect of Emilian: ''Vughera''; Latin: ''Forum Iulii Iriensium'') is a town and ''comune'' in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy. The population was 39,374 ...
. He was first the favorite of
Ludovico il Moro
Ludovico Maria Sforza (; 27 July 1452 – 27 May 1508), also known as Ludovico il Moro (; "the Moor"). "Arbiter of Italy", according to the expression used by Guicciardini, and
Beatrice d'Este
Beatrice d'Este (29 June 1475 – 3 January 1497), was Duchess of Bari and Milan by marriage to Ludovico Sforza (known as "il Moro"). She was one of the most important personalities of the time and, despite her short life, she was a major play ...
, then of
Louis XII
Louis XII (27 June 14621 January 1515), was King of France from 1498 to 1515 and King of Naples from 1501 to 1504. The son of Charles, Duke of Orléans, and Maria of Cleves, he succeeded his 2nd cousin once removed and brother in law at the tim ...
and
Francis I of France
Francis I (french: François Ier; frm, Francoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. He succeeded his first cousin once ...
, as well as a sworn enemy of
Gian Giacomo Trivulzio
Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (1440 or 1441 – December 5, 1518) was an Italian aristocrat and '' condottiero'' who held several military commands during the Italian Wars.
Biography
Trivulzio was born in Milan, where he studied, among others, w ...
.
Life
He was the third son of the famous leader
Roberto Sanseverino, first Count of
Caiazzo
Caiazzo (also Cajazzo) (Campanian: ) is a city and ''comune'' in the province of Caserta (Campania) in Italy. It is located on the right bank of the Volturnus, some northeast of Capua.
History
The ancient Caiatia was already in the hands of the ...
and Giovanna da Correggio. The date of birth is not at all clear, to be placed around 1458-60 and perhaps in Milan, where his mother Giovanna was certainly in the years 1458-59, waiting for the return of her husband from his pilgrimage to the
Holy Land
The Holy Land; Arabic: or is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. The term "Holy ...
. It is not even known whether his brother Antonio Maria was born before or after, but certainly after his second son Gaspare, known as ''Fracasso'', who was already married in 1475.
He made his first military experiences in the company of his father Roberto and in 1475 he obtained, together with his brothers, his first conduct in the pay of Florence.
At the service of Milan
In June 1483, during the
Salt War, Galeazzo and his brother deserted the Venetian conduct of their father Roberto and entered the service of the Duke of Bari, then Duke of Milan,
Ludovico il Moro
Ludovico Maria Sforza (; 27 July 1452 – 27 May 1508), also known as Ludovico il Moro (; "the Moor"). "Arbiter of Italy", according to the expression used by Guicciardini, , despite the fact that his father was his bitter enemy. Shortly afterwards two of his half-brothers, Giorgio known as Faccenda and Ottaviano, also followed them. Two other brothers, and , remained faithful to their father, and only after Roberto's death, in 1489, they passed to Moro. The latter essentially gained in his service all the sons of the great enemy, esteemed among the best leaders of the peninsula.
Son-in-law del Moro
Galeazzo in particular immediately became the favorite of Ludovico, who certainly had to recognize his excellent courtesan qualities, and from this moment began for him a career in perpetual ascent, as well as to spread his fame. Of southern origins but without a homeland, the chronicler Andrea Prato alludes to him, when he reproaches Ludovico for his bad choices:
[''Cronache milanesi'', Volume 1, Gio. Pietro Vieusseux, 1842, pp. 256-257.]Already in 1486 King
Ferrante of Aragon
Ferdinando Trastámara d'Aragona, of the Naples branch, universally known as Ferrante and also called by his contemporaries Don Ferrando and Don Ferrante (2 June 1424, in Valencia – 25 January 1494, in Naples), was the only son, illegitimate, of ...
instructed his Milanese ambassador to greet Galeazzo on his part, telling him that he had heard "of his virtues, of his good bearings, and of the great affection that he brings us" and saying he was willing to gladly give him some benefit, if the opportunity had arisen.
In 1488 Galeazzo was sent to the rescue of
Caterina Sforza
Caterina Sforza (1463 – 28 May 1509) was an Italian noblewoman, the Countess of Forlì and Lady of Imola, firstly with her husband Girolamo Riario, and after his death as a regent of her son Ottaviano. Caterina was a noblewoman who lived a li ...
barricaded in the Rocca di Ravaldino following the conspiracy of the Bears. After liberating the city, returning to Milan, he was appointed captain general of the Sforza army.
Bernardino Corio
Bernardino Corio (born 1459 in Milan; died ca.1519) was an Italian humanist and historian of the Renaissance. He wrote ''Historia di Milano'' circa 1500.
Biography
Bernardino Corio came from a renowned Milanese family that had served the Sforza ...
, L'Historia di Milano, Giorgio de' Cavalli, 1565, p. 1025. This prevarication attracted to him and Ludovico the relentless hatred of
Gian Giacomo Trivulzio
Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (1440 or 1441 – December 5, 1518) was an Italian aristocrat and '' condottiero'' who held several military commands during the Italian Wars.
Biography
Trivulzio was born in Milan, where he studied, among others, w ...
, and more generally the envy of the other brothers.
He also had a strong enmity with the Marquis of Mantua
Francesco Gonzaga, always for the same reasons: the Milanese conduct of the Marquis, in fact, ended at the very beginning of 1489, shortly after Galeazzo had obtained the title of captain general. Floriano Dolfo probably alludes to the latter, in a letter full of vulgarity written in 1496, when he tells the Marquis Francesco to praise his decision, taken years earlier, to pass to the service of the Lordship of Venice, as a "cerse - that is, a genital organ - of a horse that spurs neither fears, nor lashes" had dissolved the parental bond that bound Francesco al Moro, being in fact the two brothers-in-law. Covered with benefits and often in charge of very delicate missions by the Moro, who trusted him blindly, in 1489 he married Ludovico's illegitimate daughter- legitimized for the occasion:
Bianca Giovanna. The latter was at the time a seven-year-old girl, so the marriage was purely nominal, becoming effective only in 1496, when the girl turned fourteen. With the marriage he was invested with the possessions of the counties of Bobbio, Castel San Giovanni, Val Tidone and Voghera. In the same years he was given the castle of Mirabello.
The new duchess
When in 1491, after ten years of engagement, Ludovico finally decided to take
Beatrice d'Este
Beatrice d'Este (29 June 1475 – 3 January 1497), was Duchess of Bari and Milan by marriage to Ludovico Sforza (known as "il Moro"). She was one of the most important personalities of the time and, despite her short life, she was a major play ...
as his wife, Galeazzo knew with his affability and his natural charm to earn the favor of the new duchess, becoming his most faithful servant in perpetuity. Not infrequently they are found together in the daily entertainment of the court, as well as in matters of greater importance.
[.]
Thus, for example, in 1491, Beatrice wrote to her sister: "every day the illustrious Messer Galeazzo and I, with some other of these courtiers, take pleasure in the game of ball at the mallet after lunch".
«Beatrice immediately began a life of violent entertainment mostly in the company of the very elegant Galeazzo Sanseverino, spending February and March in sometimes risky hunts and games in the surrounding castles.»
(Achille Dina, Isabella of Aragon Duchess of Milan and Bari.)
The uncertainty of the name
In his letters Galeazzo used to sign himself with the triple surname ''Sfortia Vicecomes de Sancto Severino'', or because through his marriage with Bianca Giovanna he had been "adopted" within the Sforza family or because of his descent from
Muzio Attendolo
Muzio Attendolo Sforza (28 May 1369 – 4 January 1424), was an Italian ''condottiero''. Founder of the Sforza dynasty, he led a Bolognese-Florentine army at the Battle of Casalecchio.
He was the father of Francesco Sforza, who ruled Milan f ...
.
A series of letters written in this period to the Marquise
Isabella d'Este
Isabella d'Este (19 May 1474 – 13 February 1539) was Marchioness of Mantua and one of the leading women of the Italian Renaissance as a major cultural and political figure. She was a patron of the arts as well as a leader of fashion, whos ...
contain a curious and interminable dispute about who was the best paladin: Orlando or Rinaldo, as well as the story of a trip made by Beatrice d'Este to
Cusago
Cusago ( lmo, Cusagh ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy
Lombardy ( it, Lombardia, Lombard language, Lombard: ''Lombardia'' or ''Lumbardia' '') is an administrative regions of Italy, r ...
and the many amusements of the new duchess. These letters, however, contain only the signature ''Galeaz Sfortia Vicecomes armorum capitaneus'' appears.
This generated some confusion among historians, since there was at least one other Galeazzo Visconti his contemporary, also called "messer Vesconte", also a courtier friend of the dukes, who figures as
podestà
Podestà (, English: Potestate, Podesta) was the name given to the holder of the highest civil office in the government of the cities of Central and Northern Italy during the Late Middle Ages. Sometimes, it meant the chief magistrate of a city ...
of
Annone in 1484, advisor to Duke
Gian Galeazzo
Gian Galeazzo Sforza (20 June 1469 – 21 October 1494), also known as Giovan Galeazzo Sforza, was the sixth Duke of Milan.
Early life
Born in Abbiategrasso, he was only seven years old when in 1476 his father, Galeazzo Maria Sforza, was assa ...
, invested by the latter in 1488 of the county of
Busto Arsizio
Busto Arsizio (; lmo, label= Bustocco, Büsti Grandi) is an Italian city and ''comune'' in the south-easternmost part of the Province of Varese, in the region of Lombardy, in Northern Italy, north of Milan. The economy of Busto Arsizio is main ...
, ambassador to
Charles VIII in 1492 and military commissar of Duke Ludovico in 1495; after the expulsion of the Moro he also passed to the French side.
The name appears several times in the chronicles and letters and it is not possible to establish whether it was always the same person or different, nor above all if it corresponds to the homonymous court poet Galeazzo Visconti. The uncertainty lies in the variability of the names with which at the time it was possible to indicate the same person: Ludovico Sforza himself is sometimes mentioned as "Ludovico Vesconte" and it was not mandatory in the letters to sign with the full surname. However, it is clear that Galeazzo Sanseverino and Galeazzo Visconti were not the same person, as they were mentioned separately in the same context. Doubts remain about the identity of the sender of the letters to the Marquise, however it does not appear that this Galeazzo Visconti also bore the surname ''Sfortia'', also the references in them to the days of leisure spent in the company of the two sisters d'Este and to the great familiarity with the Duchess Beatrice, as well as to a brother named "Gasparo" who could correspond to , lead to believe that the sender was in fact Galeazzo Sanseverino.
He tells of having accompanied the Duchess Beatrice on holiday in Cusago and being mounted with her in a cart, where during the journey they sang more than twenty-five songs, "doing a lot of crazy things", then fished, hunted and played ball with many other amusements, returning to Milan after sunset, so much so that - he adds jokingly - in the star behind Beatrice he had almost gone crazy:
He also enjoyed the rare privilege of free access to the ducal apartments, if at the end of the letter he reminds the Marquise Isabella of those times when, entering Beatrice's private dressing room, he found the ladies still undressed and intent on styling their hair:
Son of Fortune
There was no meeting, public or private, at which Galeazzo was not present. He was a participant in all the secrets of the ducal family and, as long as he lived in Milan, he kept in the castle almost a court of his own. In the regency committee, composed of only three members, which - in the event of Ludovico's sudden death - would take over the government, he was in second place immediately after Duchess Beatrice and immediately before Cardinal Ascanio, Moro's brother.
As proof of the very close relationships existing between the three, consider that, in the period of mourning for the death of her mother, Beatrice used to eat meals with the sole company of her husband and son-in-law Galeazzo, and that the latter was very close to her even when, in 1492, a sudden attack of malarial fevers put her first pregnancy at risk.For the exceptional social climb that, from Roberto's unknown son, had led him to be almost a second duke in Milan, Galeazzo was called "the son of Fortune".
Philippe de Commines
Philippe de Commines (or de Commynes or "Philippe de Comines"; Latin: ''Philippus Cominaeus''; 1447 – 18 October 1511) was a writer and diplomat in the courts of Burgundy and France. He has been called "the first truly modern writer" (Charles ...
in his ''Memoirs'' justifies the fact by saying that Ludovico "kept him as a son, as he did not yet have any adults".
On the other hand, a link of a sexual nature should not be excluded, if - as Achille Dina, a twentieth-century historian, recalled - this was referred to by that accusation of
Francesco Guicciardini
Francesco Guicciardini (; 6 March 1483 – 22 May 1540) was an Italian historian and statesman. A friend and critic of Niccolò Machiavelli, he is considered one of the major political writers of the Italian Renaissance. In his masterpiece, ''The ...
, who said of Ludovico: "he was dishonest in the sin of
sodomy
Sodomy () or buggery (British English) is generally anal or oral sex between people, or sexual activity between a person and a non-human animal ( bestiality), but it may also mean any non- procreative sexual activity. Originally, the term ''sodo ...
and, as many say, still as an old man no less patient than agent".
[Archivio Storico Lombardo, serie quinta, anno XLVIII, Achille Dina, Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari, pp. 331-332]
Achille Dina, however, insists on the strong "intimacy" that Galeazzo had rather with the Duchess Beatrice and insinuates - but without adducing any concrete evidence to support this hypothesis - that the two were lovers, arguing that "some intimate remorse" was due to her deep sorrow for the death of her stepdaughter:Although it is true that Beatrice wanted him next to her wherever she went and that, a bit like everyone, she probably suffered the fascination, however, none of the contemporaries insinuated any suspicious behavior between the two, and Beatrice demonstrated on several occasions to be "in superlative shameful"
[.] and, if not directly in love,
[.] at least fond of her husband,
[.] as well as praised for his "modest mind".
She was also herself to inform her family of the amusements taken with Galeazzo, and none of this would have been possible without the consent of Ludovico, who had gladly encouraged him. More easily one would look at their relationship as the classic one between knight and lady, as his biographer interprets it and as Galeazzo himself declares in one of his letters, referring to his eternal and absolute servitude to Beatrice.
He represents in some ways the forerunner of the
cavalier servant, a figure that would arise only three centuries later.
A sexual metaphor could in fact be read in a passage by
Sanudo, who in 1499 wrote:
Antonio Perria instead hypothesizes a relationship with Duke
Gian Galeazzo
Gian Galeazzo Sforza (20 June 1469 – 21 October 1494), also known as Giovan Galeazzo Sforza, was the sixth Duke of Milan.
Early life
Born in Abbiategrasso, he was only seven years old when in 1476 his father, Galeazzo Maria Sforza, was assa ...
, because at the end of 1492 a scandal broke out for which Isabella of Aragon had tried to spread poison to this Rozone, favorite and lover of her husband Gian Galeazzo, as well as to Galeazzo Sanseverino himself. It is not known why, but it was probably out of jealousy of her husband. King Ferrante, informed on the matter, replied that it was impossible that Isabella had tried to poison Galeazzo, who was "loved by them as a son and always proved to be a good servant and relative"; as for Rozone, he said he was surprised that his niece "out of desperation" had not done worse.
But Isabella's retaliation against Galeazzo was perhaps due to the fact that he favored the duke in his betrayals, as did Ludovico who, rather than expelling Rozone from the state, granted him favors and attributions to please his nephew, in such a way that he had become "the first man he had beside him".
Probably Galeazzo was, a bit like most men of his time,
bisexual
Bisexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction or behavior toward both males and females, or to more than one gender. It may also be defined to include romantic or sexual attraction to people regardless of their sex or gender identity, whi ...
; in fact, as Sanudo assures us, while he was in Alessandria in 1499 Galeazzo took care, more than the army, of dressing elegantly and having fun with women: "this Signor Galeazzo is in Alessandria, waiting for dresses and ladies, it is said hurt him, and he was at odds with lord Alessandro Sforza".
The first descent of the French in Italy
In 1494 he was sent by the Moor to Lyon on a diplomatic visit to Charles VIII, to prove the king's intentions in the enterprise of the kingdom of Naples. The latter was greatly fascinated: he gave him his most beautiful lovers and wanted to create him knight of the
Order of St. Michael
, status = Abolished by decree of Louis XVI on 20 June 1790Reestablished by Louis XVIII on 16 November 1816Abolished in 1830 after the July RevolutionRecognised as a dynastic order of chivalry by the ICOC
, founder = Louis XI of France
, h ...
. Unbeatable champion of the rides, he was a perfect courtier, loved by women not only for his charm, elegance and well-groomed physique, but also for his culture and way of speaking, he was an esteemed friend of
Pacioli
Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (sometimes ''Paccioli'' or ''Paciolo''; 1447 – 19 June 1517) was an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and an early contributor to the field now known as accounting ...
, he knew Latin, French and German.
Ludovico, at first aligned with the French, later changed alliances, siding with the Holy League that had formed to drive the invaders from the peninsula.
During 1495 Galeazzo led the Milanese army - always as captain general of the Sforza armies - against the King of France and the Duke of Orleans, who last in June had seized Novara and threatened to besiege Milan itself. Since Galeazzo was sluggish, and there were rumors that his brother Fracasso was playing a double game with the king of France, Beatrice herself went to the military camp to urge him to move against the enemy.
On July 6, 1495, he took part – again as captain general of the Sforza armies – in the epochal
battle of Fornovo
The Battle of Fornovo took place 30 km (19 miles) southwest of the city of Parma on 6 July 1495. It was fought as King Charles VIII of France left Naples upon hearing the news of the grand coalition assembled against him. Despite the numerical ...
against the French who had invaded the Italian peninsula and was the only one who together with his brothers with the cavalrymen pursued the fugitives beyond the Taro river in an attempt to prevent them from continuing the march towards Lombardy, while the rest of the soldiers of the Holy League gave themselves to the looting of the camp French.
Death of Bianca Giovanna
![Profile of a Young Fiancee - da Vinci](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Profile_of_a_Young_Fiancee_-_da_Vinci.jpg)
On November 23, 1496, a few months after the ''transductio ad maritum,'' the young Bianca Giovanna died of a "stomach disease", or according to some for poisoning perpetrated by a certain Francesca Dal Verme, a woman who fiercely hated the Moro for personal reasons. Galeazzo was deeply saddened by it and remained locked up for many days in certain damp rooms of the castle of Milan that harmed his health, already debilitated by a recent illness.
Some courtiers of Ludovico, namely the castellan Bernardino da Corte, the first secretary Bartolomeo Calco and the Archbishop of Milan, very worried about his approval, then went to visit him and found him "so shocked and dejected
..full of tears and sobs so that he could hardly express the words of pain". A few days later they returned together with the bishop of Piacenza to convince Galeazzo to join his father-in-law Ludovico in Pavia, who in those days had to go to Parma to welcome the emperor Maximilian,since he had the desire to have his son-in-law with him in order to comfort each other, but Galeazzo refused saying that he was not able to leave the room for the greatness of his pain, and that if Ludovico had ordered it then he would have gone to him "with the tongue on the ground", a blatant act of penance. However, Bernardino da Corte managed to persuade him to leave the room to move to the healthiest country residence in
Abbiategrasso
Abbiategrasso, formerly written Abbiate Grasso. (local lmo, Biegrass ; lmo, label=Milanese, Biaa ), is a ''comune'' and town in the Metropolitan City of Milan, Lombardy, northern Italy, situated in the Po valley approximately from Milan and f ...
so that he would not get sick.
![Bianca Giovanna Sforza](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Bianca_Giovanna_Sforza.jpg)
The death appeared suspicious, especially since the cause was not known, and that the young woman had been tormented several times in recent months by fevers and stomach pains. Since it was followed, a little more than a month later, by the death of The Duchess Beatrice herself, the historian Ludovico Antonio Muratori in his Estensi Antiquities, hints at the possibility that Bianca had fallen victim to a court intrigue:The passage, somewhat vague, received different interpretations over time. According to some, the Muratori overshadowed a murder by Beatrice's father, who would have poisoned his stepdaughter in revenge against Galeazzo, who offered his palace to the secret meetings between Ludovico and Lucrezia Crivelli, so that he would have taken revenge in the same way. This seems completely far-fetched, considering the intense affection that bound Beatrice to Bianca Giovanna, who claimed to have next to her at all times. In the same way it is not clear what reason Galeazzo could have had for wanting the death of his duchess, thus seriously damaging his father-in-law and the state. He himself had been ill with fevers in recent months.
[.][.]
Significant is finally the great pain that he showed for the loss of Beatrice: the Este ambassador Antonio Costabili, in describing to Duke Ercole the manifestations of mourning at the funeral of his daughter, showed himself particularly struck by the behavior of Galeazzo, who "in demonstrations, words and deeds did wondrous things as testimony to the affection he bore to her, extending himself to make known to everyone the virtues and goodness that reigned in that Most Illustrious Madonna".
![Fra' Luca Pacioli dona il suo libro a Ludovico il Moro](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Fra%27_Luca_Pacioli_dona_il_suo_libro_a_Ludovico_il_Moro.jpeg)
More likely, the Muratori wanted to imply that if the two young women met such a premature death within a month, evidently someone was looking for the ruin of the Moro, who in fact after the death of his wife was no longer able to take care of the state.
The mysterious Francesca dal Verme would however be an illegitimate daughter of Count Pietro dal Verme, a man who said he was poisoned by his wife Chiara Sforza on commission of the Moro, who took over the possessions at the expense of the count's children just to make a gift to the favorite Galeazzo. Bianca Giovanna, until then healthy, began to suffer from illness immediately after going to the counties of Bobbio and Voghera, where it was likely that she still lived aforementioned Francesca.
In 1498 he married again with Elisabetta Costanza del Carretto, called ''Madama la Grande,'' daughter of the Marquis del Finale, who was at the time a child and with whom he had no children.
The second fall of the French
Galeazzo fell prisoner of the French, together with his lord Ludovico Sforza, after the
battle of Novara Battle of Novara may refer to:
* Battle of Novara (1500), a battle between France and Milan during the Second Italian War
* Battle of Novara (1513), a battle between the Holy League and France, within the War of the League of Cambrai
* Battle of No ...
(1500), where, hit by a stone, he was wounded in the face. The valiant bearing of Galeazzo during this fateful battle was described by the Venetian Ercole Cinzio Rinucci in one of his compositions in octaves.
Marin Sanudo comments in this regard: "Trivulzio, seeing these prisoners, and above all Signor Lodovico, thinks, oh reader, what joy!!"
[Lodovico il Moro e sua cattura, pagine di storia patria, Di Antonio Rusconi, 1878, p. 73.]
Immediately, having led the duke to his presence, Gian Giacomo addressed to him - according to Andrea Prato - these contemptuous words:
Unlike Sforza, behind the mediation of his brother Cardinal
Federico Federico (; ) is a given name and surname. It is a form of Frederick, most commonly found in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian.
People with the given name Federico
Artists
* Federico Ágreda, Venezuelan composer and DJ.
* Federico Aguilar Alcuaz, r ...
and after the payment of a ransom paid by his brothers, he was released only a few months after his capture. He lost the counties and lordships of Bobbio, Castel San Giovanni, Val Tidone and Voghera reassigned by the French.
After these nefarious events he went to Innsbruck to the court of Emperor
Maximilian I Maximilian I may refer to:
*Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, reigned 1486/93–1519
*Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, reigned 1597–1651
*Maximilian I, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1636-1689)
*Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, reigned 1795 ...
, here the chronicles tell him sad melancholic, poor, little considered and always dressed in black as a sign of pain for the fate of his father-in-law.
Marin Sanudo adds that he had stopped cutting his hair, which had become length to the waist, and wore it dyed the same black. Then he went to Nuremberg, where thanks to his mutual friend Willibald Pirckheimer he befriended
Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Dürer (; ; hu, Ajtósi Adalbert; 21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528),Müller, Peter O. (1993) ''Substantiv-Derivation in Den Schriften Albrecht Dürers'', Walter de Gruyter. . sometimes spelled in English as Durer (without an umlaut) or Due ...
, who portrayed him in black dress in 1503.
In the same year, probably, he challenged the Marquis Francesco Gonzaga to a duel for their ancient enmity. Francesco did not accept the duel, but responded with a long letter full of insults and vulgarity, in which he essentially accused Galeazzo of being a recommended without art or part, of having always lived at the expense of others, without enjoying anything of his own, opposing him instead his own noble and deserved hereditary condition. He also accuses him of having been only the ruin of Ludovico Sforza, who "does not find himself hora fora of the kingdom he possesses captivated" if it had not been for his own cause, and of having earned everything he possesses only by prostituting himself, moreover through passive sodomy, while Francis proudly boasts of having practiced exclusively active sodomy. Among other things, he claims his military qualities and the merits acquired with weapons, reminding him vice versa of his shortcomings in this discipline, for which he accuses him of having been the cause of the ruin of all Italy:
He goes on to say that, even accepting the duel and winning, he would not bring back any glory, except that of having won "a prostitute, a female of ill repute, miserable, brazen and fugitive!"; conversely, if Galeazzo turns out to be the victor "by misfortune
..or by the fury of the heavens", he would obtain much greater gain than he. However, it appears clear from this that Francesco did not want to face him in a duel fearing to be defeated, and that the resentment was still alive in him for having seen himself repeatedly undermined by Galeazzo in the conduct with the Moro.
Francesco also commits the mistake, in order to insult the enemy, of offending even the memory of his father
Roberto
The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of '' Hruod'' ( non, Hróðr) "fame, glory, honou ...
, saying that he was "with little praise led to death", and putting his father
Federico Federico (; ) is a given name and surname. It is a form of Frederick, most commonly found in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian.
People with the given name Federico
Artists
* Federico Ágreda, Venezuelan composer and DJ.
* Federico Aguilar Alcuaz, r ...
before him,
when in truth the majority of historians and chroniclers agree in saying that Roberto Sanseverino died fighting valiantly and with honor,
[Diario ferrarese dall'anno 1476 sino al 1504, Bernardino Zambotti, pp. 188-189.] and was undoubtedly esteemed the first and most experienced among the Italian leaders of his time, a record that certainly did not belong to Federico Gonzaga. Francesco does not even recognize the merits of Galeazzo during the battle of Fornovo, and accuses him of having "cast out and persecuted as enemies" his own brothers, and of having turned his back on him,
when in truth it appears from the sources that several times Galeazzo had acted as a peacemaker between his brothers and Ludovico il Moro, making them regain the conduct and possessions they had lost after leaving.
A series of accusations, therefore, exaggerated and partially false, dictated by a visibly envious soul, which even blames Galeazzo for having made him lose his conduct with the
Lordship of Venice in 1497, when this actually happened due to ambiguous behavior of Francesco himself, as well as to put him in a bad light with the emperor
Maximilian I Maximilian I may refer to:
*Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, reigned 1486/93–1519
*Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, reigned 1597–1651
*Maximilian I, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1636-1689)
*Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, reigned 1795 ...
.
In the service of France
Thanks to the intervention of his brothers and Cardinal Federico Sanseverino, in 1504 he reconciled with
Louis XII
Louis XII (27 June 14621 January 1515), was King of France from 1498 to 1515 and King of Naples from 1501 to 1504. The son of Charles, Duke of Orléans, and Maria of Cleves, he succeeded his 2nd cousin once removed and brother in law at the tim ...
of France and followed him to
Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
, receiving the rank of councilor of state, chamberlain of the king and
grand écuyer de France. No Italian, indeed no foreigner, neither before nor after him received this honor. In 1505 he was given the castle of
Mehun-sur-Yèvre
Mehun-sur-Yèvre (, literally ''Mehun on Yèvre'') is a commune in the Cher department in central France.
Population
See also
*Communes of the Cher department
The following is a list of the 287 communes of the Cher department of France.
...
. Because of this, the hatred of Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, now Marshal of France, towards him grew fiercely, as Galeazzo, who had first stripped him of Ludovico's favors, now stripped him of those of the king.
His numerous attempts to mediate with King Louis XII the release of his friend and father-in-law Ludovico Sforza, who died a prisoner in Loches in 1508, were in vain. In Leonardo's last years spent in Amboise, Galeazzo Sanseverino was still close to his old friend with whom he shared pleasant memories of the Milanese time.
In 1516 the King of France granted him again Bobbio and all the fiefs, and with a second diploma he was also created Marquis of Bobbio. The marquisate of Bobbio was formed by the counties of Bobbio and Voghera, by the Malaspinian lordships of Oltrepò and Varzi and by the county of Tortona (together with the Bishopric). The restitution took place following the new expulsion of the Dal Verme counts, but did not regain the lordships of Castel San Giovanni and Val Tidone, already assigned by the French in 1504 to the Pallavicino, becoming the Piacenza territory and later passing to the Farnese.
In 1517 Galeazzo won a lawsuit against his enemy
Jacques de Trivulce
Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (1440 or 1441 – December 5, 1518) was an Italian aristocrat and ''condottiero'' who held several military commands during the Italian Wars.
Biography
Trivulzio was born in Milan, where he studied, among others, wi ...
,
Marshal of France
Marshal of France (french: Maréchal de France, plural ') is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1 ...
, regaining his properties in Milan which Trivulce had confiscated. The Trivulce, who therefore came into conflict with the king of France, even died of indignation.
He accompanied
Francis I of France
Francis I (french: François Ier; frm, Francoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. He succeeded his first cousin once ...
on
his encounter with
Henry VIII of England
Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disa ...
at Calais in 1520. He was made count of
Martigues
Martigues ( in classical norm, ''Lou Martegue'' in Mistralian norm) is a commune northwest of Marseille. It is part of the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region on the eastern end of the Canal de Caronte.
A dir ...
in 1522. In the service of France, Galeazzo campaigned in the Italian Wars from 1509 until his death.
The heroic death
He died in 1525 during the famous
Battle of Pavia
The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521–1526 between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg empire of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as well as ruler of Spain, Au ...
, while attempting to defend King Francis I from capture, where the French cavalry was decimated by a force of 1,500 Basque arquebusiers. The day after the battle, his body was taken by his people to the Certosa di Pavia and, buried there, his tomb was never found.
King Francis I, still a prisoner at the Charterthus, mourned his dear friend who will never forget, later no Italian will ever hold the office of Grand Ecuyer of the king. Willibald Pirckheimer at the end of 1525 in a letter to Albrecht Dürer recalls Galeazzo Sanseverino, a close friend in common and mourns his death. His widow, Elisabetta Costanza del Carretto, retired to
Piacenza
Piacenza (; egl, label= Piacentino, Piaṡëinsa ; ) is a city and in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, and the capital of the eponymous province. As of 2022, Piacenza is the ninth largest city in the region by population, with over ...
, where she died in her palace on 3 January 1564.
Crescenzi claimed that Galeazzo had a daughter named Anna, but this according to other historians is to be excluded, as Galeazzo did not leave succession and his fiefs returned to the Dal Verme. His half-brother Giulio, in an attempt to recover them, filed a lawsuit against them, but without success.
Appearance and personality
Galeazzo was a good-looking man, unbeatable champion of the rides, loved by women not only for his charm, elegance and well-groomed physique, but also for his culture and way of speaking; he knew Latin, French and German. His reputation as a perfect courtier ran throughout Italy. He was educated by masters of arms and the scholar
Pietro del Monte :''You may be looking for Pierre de Monte''
Pietro del Monte (Petrus de Monte Brixensis) ( 1400 – 1457) was a Venetian jurist, canonist and humanist.
He studied at the University of Padua, as a student of Prodocimo de Conti and Giovan Francesco ...
.
Baldassare Castiglione
Baldassare Castiglione, Count of Casatico (; 6 December 1478 – 2 February 1529),Dates of birth and death, and cause of the latter, fro, ''Italica'', Rai International online. was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissanc ...
also in his book ''
Il Cortegiano
''The Book of the Courtier'' ( it, Il Cortegiano ) by Baldassare Castiglione is a lengthy philosophical dialogue on the topic of what constitutes an ideal courtier or (in the third chapter) court lady, worthy to befriend and advise a Prince or pol ...
'' cites Galeazzo Sanseverino as an example of a perfect nobleman, and it is also said that
Michelangelo
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (; 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known as Michelangelo (), was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. Born in the Republic of Florence, his work was insp ...
was inspired by him when he sculpted his famous
David
David (; , "beloved one") (traditional spelling), , ''Dāwūd''; grc-koi, Δαυΐδ, Dauíd; la, Davidus, David; gez , ዳዊት, ''Dawit''; xcl, Դաւիթ, ''Dawitʿ''; cu, Давíдъ, ''Davidŭ''; possibly meaning "beloved one". w ...
.It is not clear what his natural hair color was, since from a letter from Isabella d'Este we learn that sometimes he used to dye them black, as did other men in Milan. This was unusual for the time, where blond hair was fashionable. Judging by the letter, however, it was a non-permanent dye, indeed with a very limited duration, as Isabella recalls "having seen Count Francesco Sforza one day with black hair and the other with his naturals".
Although, as Rosmini would later say, among all the Sanseverino brothers he was "the least experienced in arms and military art the least learned", he could still count courage and fidelity among his virtues, and, to be most loved by Duke Ludovico and Duchess Beatrice, he had the title of captain general of the Sforza militias and kept it until the end. "Old man but worthy" says Johannes Agazzari on the occasion of the battle of Pavia.
Portraits
A portrait of him is found in an incunabulum of the Divine Comedy edited by the Franciscan Pietro da Figino and illuminated by Antonio Grifo, at folio 271 v. The original is kept in the library of Dante's House in Rome.
Two of his possible portraits are the so-called ''
Portrait of a Musician
The ''Portrait of a Musician''). It is sometimes known as the ''Portrait of a Young Man'', the ''Portrait of a Man with a Sheet of Music'' or the ''Musician''., group=n is an unfinished painting widely attributed to the Italian Renaissance art ...
'' by Leonardo da Vinci and "the pupil" in the ''
Portrait of Luca Pacioli
The ''Portrait of Luca Pacioli'' is a painting attributed to the Italian Renaissance artist Jacopo de' Barbari, dating to around 1500 and housed in the Capodimonte Museum, Naples, southern Italy. The painting portrays the Renaissance mathematician ...
'', in which recurring elements are noted, such as the thick curly hair and the central slit of the farsetto in the form of a spear.
The identification is also based on comparison with the known portraits of his father
Roberto
The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of '' Hruod'' ( non, Hróðr) "fame, glory, honou ...
, whose facial features show traits in common. In the first case, the identification had already been proposed at the end of the 19th century by German scholars such as Muller-Walde, having perhaps more familiarity with the features of Roberto, whose tombstone can be found in the
Cathedral of Trento.
In support of this thesis, Piero Misciatelli recalls that Galeazzo was in fact a great friend and protector of
Leonardo
Leonardo is a masculine given name, the Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese equivalent of the English, German, and Dutch name, Leonard
Leonard or ''Leo'' is a common English masculine given name and a surname.
The given name and surname originate ...
, who frequented his home in Milan, and fra'
Luca Pacioli
Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (sometimes ''Paccioli'' or ''Paciolo''; 1447 – 19 June 1517) was an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and an early contributor to the field now known as accounting ...
and that, just like Ludovico and Beatrice, he must certainly have been passionate about music.
Others, like Robert de la Sizèranne, also recognized the traits of their father Roberto.
Of little value from the physiognomic point of view is the miniature of the Missal Arcimboldi, which depicts him during the investiture of his father-in-law, however it constitutes a completely certain portrait thanks to the banner that we know he received from his father-in-law.
The so-called ''Profile of an Ancient Captain'' by
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, Drawing, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially res ...
deserves a special mention, depicting a helmet very similar to that worn by Galeazzo during the joust held on the occasion of the wedding between
Ludovico il Moro
Ludovico Maria Sforza (; 27 July 1452 – 27 May 1508), also known as Ludovico il Moro (; "the Moor"). "Arbiter of Italy", according to the expression used by Guicciardini, and
Beatrice d'Este
Beatrice d'Este (29 June 1475 – 3 January 1497), was Duchess of Bari and Milan by marriage to Ludovico Sforza (known as "il Moro"). She was one of the most important personalities of the time and, despite her short life, she was a major play ...
in 1491: "He wore a golden helmet all blond, but at the same time such as to instill fear, on the top of which a pair of twisted horns shone
..from the helmet a large winged snake protruding from its tail and paws covered the back of the horse". Since Galeazzo had entrusted Leonardo with the creation of wild costumes for himself and his men to be worn on the occasion of the aforementioned joust, some critics have hypothesized that it was a portrait of him,
which in this case would probably be a
caricature
A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings (compare to: cartoon). Caricatures can be either insulting or complimentary, a ...
; however some marble bas-reliefs, attributed to Verrocchio's workshop and dated 1480-90, show an almost identical figure of a leader, if not for the much more harmonious features of his face. It is not excluded, if the attribution is correct, that Leonardo may have drawn on his own experience in the master's workshop for the creation of Galeazzo's costume.
File:Il Condottiere.jpg, Il Condottiere or Profilo di capitano antico, Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, Drawing, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially res ...
.
File:Portrait of Alexander the Great.jpg, Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, wikt:Ἀλέξανδρος, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Maced ...
.
File:Andrea del verrocchio e francesco di simone ferrucci, alessandro magno, 1485 ca. (washington nga) 01.jpg, Alexander the Great.
File:Andrea del verrocchio e francesco di simone ferrucci, alessandro magno, 1485 ca. (washington nga) 02 elmo.jpg, Detail of dragon
File:Andrea del Verrocchio1.jpg, Scipion Africanus, 1465-1468. Paris, Louvre
Honours
In mass culture
Literature
Galeazzo appears as a character in several novels:
* ''The Duchess of Milan'', by Michael Ennis (1992), where he is the lover of
Isabella of Aragon and true father of the Duchy
Francesco
Francesco, the Italian (and original) version of the personal name " Francis", is the most common given name among males in Italy. Notable persons with that name include:
People with the given name Francesco
* Francesco I (disambiguation), sev ...
;
* ''The Swans of Leonardo'', by Karen Essex (2006);
* ''La misura dell'uomo'', by
Marco Malvaldi
Marco Malvaldi (born 27 January 1974, in Pisa) is an Italian crime writer.
Short biography
Marco Malvaldi is an Italian chemist and novelist, who began his writing career in 2007 with his first mystery story ''La briscola in cinque'' (''Game for ...
(2018);
* ''My name is Bianca, by'' Massimo Gregori Grgic (2020).
Television
In the 2021 Anglo-Italian television miniseries ''
Leonardo
Leonardo is a masculine given name, the Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese equivalent of the English, German, and Dutch name, Leonard
Leonard or ''Leo'' is a common English masculine given name and a surname.
The given name and surname originate ...
,'' Galeazzo is played by Italian actor Antonio De Matteo, but has little to do with the historical character..
References
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*Richard Clayton, Translation of
Tenhove's ''Memoirs of the House of Medici'',
The Monthly Review
''The Monthly Review'' (1749–1845) was an English periodical founded by Ralph Griffiths, a Nonconformist bookseller. The first periodical in England to offer reviews, it featured the novelist and poet Oliver Goldsmith as an early contributor ...
, 1798
p. 253
*''L'Histoire de la Republique de Venise'', vol. 33 of ''
Histoire universelle: depuis le commencement du monde jusqu'a present'', Arkstée & Merkus, 1771
292f
*Antoine Varillas
''Histoire de Charles VIII'' 1691.
*Paul L. Jacob
''Histoire du XVI siècle en France'' 1834.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanseverino, Galeazzo
Military leaders of the Italian Wars
1460s births
1525 deaths
Galeazzo
Grand Squires of France
15th-century condottieri
16th-century condottieri
People from Naples