''Galaxy Science Fiction'' was an American
digest-size science fiction magazine
A science fiction magazine is a publication that offers primarily science fiction, either in a hard-copy periodical format or on the Internet.
Science fiction magazines traditionally featured speculative fiction in short story, novelette, nove ...
, published in
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
from 1950 to 1980. It was founded by a French-Italian company, World Editions, which was looking to break into the American market. World Editions hired as editor
H. L. Gold, who rapidly made ''Galaxy'' the leading science fiction magazine of its time, focusing on stories about social issues rather than technology.
Gold published many notable stories during his tenure, including
Ray Bradbury
Ray Douglas Bradbury (; August 22, 1920June 5, 2012) was an American author and screenwriter. One of the most celebrated 20th-century American writers, he worked in a variety of modes, including fantasy, science fiction, horror, mystery fictio ...
's "The Fireman", later expanded as ''
Fahrenheit 451
''Fahrenheit 451'' is a 1953 dystopian novel by American writer Ray Bradbury. Often regarded as one of his best works, ''Fahrenheit 451'' presents an American society where books have been personified and outlawed and "firemen" burn any that ar ...
'';
Robert A. Heinlein
Robert Anson Heinlein (; July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was an American science fiction author, aeronautical engineer, and naval officer. Sometimes called the "dean of science fiction writers", he was among the first to emphasize scientific accu ...
's ''
The Puppet Masters
''The Puppet Masters'' is a 1951 science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, in which American secret agents battle parasitic invaders from outer space. It was originally serialized in ''Galaxy Science Fiction'' (September, Oc ...
''; and
Alfred Bester
Alfred Bester (December 18, 1913 – September 30, 1987) was an American science fiction author, TV and radio scriptwriter, magazine editor and scripter for comic strips and comic books. He is best remembered for his science fiction, incl ...
's ''
The Demolished Man
''The Demolished Man'' is a science fiction novel by American writer Alfred Bester, which was the first Hugo Award winner in 1953. An inverted detective story, it was first serialized in three parts, beginning with the January 1952 issue of '' G ...
''. In 1952, the magazine was acquired by Robert Guinn, its printer. By the late 1950s,
Frederik Pohl was helping Gold with most aspects of the magazine's production. When Gold's health worsened, Pohl took over as editor, starting officially at the end of 1961, though he had been doing the majority of the production work for some time.
Under Pohl ''Galaxy'' had continued success, regularly publishing fiction by writers such as
Cordwainer Smith
Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger (July 11, 1913 – August 6, 1966), better known by his pen-name Cordwainer Smith, was an American author known for his science fiction works. Linebarger was a US Army officer, a noted East Asia scholar, and a ...
,
Jack Vance
John Holbrook Vance (August 28, 1916 – May 26, 2013) was an American mystery, fantasy, and science fiction writer. Though most of his work has been published under the name Jack Vance, he also wrote several mystery novels under pen names.
...
,
Harlan Ellison, and
Robert Silverberg
Robert Silverberg (born January 15, 1935) is an American author and editor, best known for writing science fiction. He is a multiple winner of both Hugo and Nebula Awards, a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame, and a Gr ...
. Pohl never won the annual
Hugo Award for his stewardship of ''Galaxy'', winning three Hugos instead for its sister magazine, ''
If''. In 1969 Guinn sold ''Galaxy'' to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD) and Pohl resigned, to be replaced by
Ejler Jakobsson
Ejler Jakobsson (December 6, 1911 – October 5, 1984) was a Finnish-born science fiction editor.
Jakobsson moved to the United States in 1926 and began a career as an author in the 1930s. He married Edith Kane (1915–1997) in 1935. He worked ...
. Under Jakobsson the magazine declined in quality. It recovered under
James Baen, who took over in mid-1974, but when he left at the end of 1977 the deterioration resumed, and there were financial problems—writers were not paid on time and the schedule became erratic. By the end of the 1970s, the gaps between issues were lengthening, and the title was finally sold to ''
Galileo'' publisher Vincent McCaffrey, who brought out only a single issue in 1980. A brief revival as a semi-professional magazine followed in 1994, edited by H. L. Gold's son,
E. J. Gold; this lasted for eight bimonthly issues.
At its peak, ''Galaxy'' greatly influenced the science fiction genre. It was regarded as one of the leading science fiction magazines almost from the start, and its influence did not wane until Pohl's departure in 1969. Gold brought a "sophisticated intellectual subtlety" to magazine science fiction according to Pohl, who added that "after ''Galaxy'' it was impossible to go on being naive."
[ SF historian ]David Kyle
David A. Kyle (February 14, 1919 – September 18, 2016) was an American science fiction writer and member of science fiction fandom.
Professional career
Kyle served as a reporter in the Air Force Reserves with the rank of lieutenant colonel, ...
agreed, commenting that "of all the editors in and out of the post-war scene, the most influential beyond any doubt was H. L. Gold".[ Kyle suggested that the new direction Gold set "inevitably" led to the experimental New Wave, the defining science fiction literary movement of the 1960s.
]
Publication history
The first science fiction (sf) magazine, ''Amazing Stories
''Amazing Stories'' is an American science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsback's Experimenter Publishing. It was the first magazine devoted solely to science fiction. Science fiction stories had made regular appearances ...
'', appeared in 1926. By the end of the 1930s, the genre was flourishing in the United States,[Malcolm Edwards & Peter Nicholls, "SF Magazines" in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), p. 1068.] but World War II and its resulting paper shortages led to the demise of several magazines. In the late 1940s, the market began to recover.[ From a low of eight active US magazines in 1946, the field expanded to 20 just four years later.][Magazine publishing dates for the period are tabulated in Ashley, ''History of the Science Fiction Magazine Vol. 3'', pp. 323–325.] ''Galaxy'' appearance in 1950 was part of this boom. According to sf historian and critic Mike Ashley, its success was the main reason for a subsequent flood of new releases: 22 more science fiction magazines appeared by 1954, when the market dipped again as a side effect of US Senate hearings into the putative connection between comic books and juvenile delinquency.[
]
Origins and 1950s
H. L. Gold, ''Galaxy'' first editor, had worked at Standard Magazines in the early 1940s as an assistant editor, reading for Standard's three science fiction pulps: '' Startling Stories'', ''Thrilling Wonder
''Wonder Stories'' was an early American science fiction magazine which was published under several titles from 1929 to 1955. It was founded by Hugo Gernsback in 1929 after he had lost control of his first science fiction magazine, ''Amazing Stor ...
'', and '' Captain Future''.[Ashley, ''Transformations'', p. 25.] With the advent of the war, Gold left publishing and went into the army, but in late 1949 he was approached by Vera Cerutti, who had once worked for him. Cerutti was now working for a French-Italian publisher, Éditions Mondiales Del Duca founded by Cino Del Duca
Cino Del Duca (25 July 1899 – 24 May 1967) was an Italian-born businessman film producer and philanthropist who moved to France in 1923 where he made a fortune in the French publishing business.
Biography
Cino Del Duca Born in Montedinove in ...
, that had opened an office in New York as World Editions.[ She initially asked Gold for guidance on how to produce a magazine, which he provided. World Editions took a heavy loss on ''Fascination'', its first attempt to launch a US magazine, and Cerutti returned to Gold asking for recommendations for new titles.][Lawler, "Galaxy Science Fiction", pp. 290–309.][H. L. Gold, "Gold on Galaxy", in Pohl, Greenberg & Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', p. 2.] Gold knew about ''The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
''The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction'' (usually referred to as ''F&SF'') is a U.S. fantasy and science fiction magazine first published in 1949 by Mystery House, a subsidiary of Lawrence Spivak's Mercury Press. Editors Anthony Boucher ...
'', a digest launched in the fall of 1949, but felt that there was still room in the market for another serious science fiction magazine.[ He sent a prospectus to World Editions that included a proposal for a series of paperback sf novels as well as a periodical,][H. L. Gold, "Gold on Galaxy", in Pohl, Greenberg & Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', p. 4.][ and proposed paying three cents a word, an impressively high rate, given that most competing magazines were paying only one cent a word. World Editions agreed, hired Gold as the editor, and the first issue appeared in October 1950.][ The novel series subsequently appeared as '']Galaxy Science Fiction Novels
''Galaxy novels'', sometimes titled ''Galaxy Science Fiction Novels'', were a series of mostly reprint American science fiction novels published between 1950 and 1961.
The series was started by H.L. Gold, the editor of ''Galaxy Science Fiction'', ...
''.[
Gold initially suggested two titles for the magazine, ''If'' and ''Galaxy''. Gold's art director, Washington Irving van der Poel, mocked up multiple layouts and Gold invited hundreds of writers, editors, artists, and fans to view them and vote for their favorite; the vote was strongly for ''Galaxy'' as the title.][ For the first issue, Gold obtained stories by several well-known authors, including Isaac Asimov, ]Fritz Leiber
Fritz Reuter Leiber Jr. ( ; December 24, 1910 – September 5, 1992) was an American writer of fantasy, horror, and science fiction. He was also a poet, actor in theater and films, playwright, and chess expert. With writers such as Rober ...
, and Theodore Sturgeon
Theodore Sturgeon (; born Edward Hamilton Waldo, February 26, 1918 – May 8, 1985) was an American fiction author of primarily fantasy, science fiction and horror, as well as a critic. He wrote approximately 400 reviews and more than 120 sh ...
, as well as part one of ''Time Quarry'' by Clifford D. Simak
Clifford Donald Simak (; August 3, 1904 – April 25, 1988) was an American science fiction writer. He won three Hugo Awards and one Nebula Award. The Science Fiction Writers of America made him its third SFWA Grand Master, and the Horror W ...
(later published in book form as ''Time and Again''). Along with an essay by Gold, ''Galaxy'' premiere issue introduced a book review column by anthologist Groff Conklin
Edward Groff Conklin (September 6, 1904 – July 19, 1968) was an American science fiction anthologist. He edited 40 anthologies of science fiction, one of mystery stories (co-edited with physician Noah Fabricant), wrote books on home improvemen ...
, which ran until 1955, and a Willy Ley
Willy or Willie is a masculine, male given name, often a diminutive form of William or Wilhelm, and occasionally a nickname. It may refer to:
People Given name or nickname
* Willie Aames (born 1960), American actor, television director, and scr ...
science column. Gold sought to implement high-quality printing techniques, though the quality of the available paper was insufficient for the full benefits to be seen.[ Within months, the outbreak of the Korean War led to paper shortages that forced Gold to find a new printer, Robert M. Guinn. The new paper was of even lower quality, a disappointment to Gold.][ According to Gold, the magazine was profitable within five issues: an "incredible" achievement, in his words.][
In the summer of 1951, disagreements within World Editions led to attempts to disrupt ''Galaxy'' distribution.][Ashley, ''Transformations'', p. 32.] According to Gold, the circulation director and the head of the American office stockpiled many issues instead of distributing them, and made sure that the ones that did get distributed went to areas of the United States, such as the South, where there was little or no audience for the magazine. The head of the French office of World Editions came to the United States to find out what the problem was, and recommended that the magazine be sold to the two Americans, for $3,000—a very low price. They tried to recruit Gold, but he contacted the Italian office, which rejected the sale and eventually agreed to sell ''Galaxy'' to the printer, Robert M. Guinn. It was only after the sale was complete that the sabotaged distribution came to light; World Editions wanted to buy back the magazine, but Guinn quoted a price four times as high as he had paid. In Gold's words, "he, Guinn, knew what he was buying, whereas World Editions hadn't known what they were selling".[H. L. Gold, "Gold on Gold", in Gold, ''"What Will They Think Of Last?"'', p. 151.]
Guinn's new company was named Galaxy Publishing Corporation, and it took over beginning with the October 1951 issue. Gold remained as editor, but lost the assistance of staff at World Editions, relying instead on help from Jerome Bixby, Algis Budrys
Algirdas Jonas "Algis" Budrys (January 9, 1931 – June 9, 2008) was a Lithuanian-American science fiction author, editor, and critic. He was also known under the pen names Frank Mason, Alger Rome (in collaboration with Jerome Bixby), Jo ...
, Theodore Sturgeon
Theodore Sturgeon (; born Edward Hamilton Waldo, February 26, 1918 – May 8, 1985) was an American fiction author of primarily fantasy, science fiction and horror, as well as a critic. He wrote approximately 400 reviews and more than 120 sh ...
, and Gold's wife, Evelyn Paige. Science fiction author Frederik Pohl, then working as a literary agent, was also helpful in connecting writers with Gold.[
By the late 1950s, the science fiction magazine boom was over, and the relatively low circulation of the magazines did not endear them to distributors, the middlemen who transported magazines from the publishers to the newsstands and other outlets. Gold changed the title from ''Galaxy Science Fiction'' to ''Galaxy Magazine'' with the September 1958 issue, commenting that the term ''science fiction'' "scares many people away from buying". ''Galaxy'' circulation, at about 90,000, was the highest of the science fiction magazines, but Guinn decided to cut costs, and in 1959 raised the cover price and changed the magazine to a bimonthly schedule, while increasing the page count. Guinn also cut the rates paid to authors from three (and occasionally four) cents a word to one and a half cents a word. These changes saved ''Galaxy'' over $12,000 a year. The result was a fall in circulation to about 80,000 within two years, but this was sustainable because of the savings from the fiction budget.][Ashley, ''Transformations'', pp. 198–200.]
1960s
Guinn acquired '' If'', another science fiction magazine, in 1959, and gave it to Gold to edit as well. The July 1959 issue of ''If'' was the first under Gold's editorship. ''Galaxy'' shift to a bimonthly schedule had been intended to help reduce the workload on Gold, who was not in good health; he was able to take on ''If'' as well because the two magazines alternated months of publication.[Ashley, ''Transformations'', p. 197.] Towards the end of the 1950s Frederik Pohl began to help Gold, occasionally to the extent of performing all the editorial duties, including writing the editorials and blurbs and working with the printer. Gold, who was agoraphobic, was making efforts at this time to leave his apartment, but in 1960 he was seriously injured in a taxi accident, and proved unable to continue as editor. Pohl took over at some point in early 1961, though he was not listed on the masthead as editor until the December 1961 issue.[Ashley, ''Transformations'', p. 205.]
Pohl attempted to persuade Guinn to double the pay rate of one and a half cents a word back to the former level of three. Guinn refused, but Pohl was able to find enough material that he could purchase at a low rate to allow him to offer some authors three cents per word. The strategy was successful in improving circulation, and Guinn eventually acceded to the rate increase.
Pohl also tried hard to persuade Guinn and Sol Cohen, whom Guinn had hired to help with the publishing duties, to switch both ''Galaxy'' and ''If'' to monthly schedules. In late 1962, they agreed, but soon changed their minds and decided to start a third science fiction magazine instead. This was ''Worlds of Tomorrow
''Worlds of Tomorrow'' is an anthology of science fiction stories edited by American writer August Derleth. It was first published by Pellegrini & Cudahy in 1953. Many of the stories had originally appeared in the magazines '' Worlds Beyond'', ...
'', which was launched in April 1963 and lasted until mid-1967 (it was briefly revived in 1970–71). Another companion magazine, '' International Science Fiction'', was tried in late 1967, but lasted only two issues; it showcased stories translated from other languages, and sales were very weak.[Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', pp. 355–356] Finally, in 1968 Guinn launched '' Worlds of Fantasy'', edited initially by Lester del Rey
Lester del Rey (June 2, 1915 – May 10, 1993) was an American science fiction author and editor. He was the author of many books in the juvenile Winston Science Fiction series, and the editor at Del Rey Books, the fantasy and scienc ...
, ''Galaxy'' managing editor; only four issues appeared.[Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', pp. 771–773] In the middle of 1968, ''Galaxy'' was restored to a monthly schedule.[
]
1970s and after
In 1969, Guinn sold ''Galaxy'' to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD). Pohl was in Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a ...
at a World Science Fiction Symposium when the sale went through; he heard the news when he returned to the ''Galaxy'' office afterwards and within a few days decided to resign. He remained on the masthead as "editor emeritus", a post invented to keep Pohl from moving to one of the other sf magazines, and went back to his writing career.[ His place was taken by ]Ejler Jakobsson
Ejler Jakobsson (December 6, 1911 – October 5, 1984) was a Finnish-born science fiction editor.
Jakobsson moved to the United States in 1926 and began a career as an author in the 1930s. He married Edith Kane (1915–1997) in 1935. He worked ...
, who was working in UPD's book department. Lester del Rey stayed on as features editor, and Judy-Lynn Benjamin took his place as managing editor.[Ashley, ''Transformations'', pp. 281–282.] Jack Gaughan
John Brian Francis "Jack" Gaughan, pronounced like 'gone' (September 24, 1930 – July 21, 1985) was an American science fiction artist and illustrator who won the Hugo Award several times. Working primarily with Donald A. Wollheim at Ace Book ...
was made art editor.[Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', p. 36.]
''Galaxy'' circulation had held relatively steady in the mid-1960s, ranging between 73,000 and 78,000, but the UPD acquisition coincided with a precipitous drop—from 75,300 for the year ended October 1968, circulation fell to 51,479 just one year later. Difficulties with distribution also cut into income, and Arnold Abramson, UPD's owner, decided to cut costs and maximize profits. ''Galaxy'' went bimonthly in August 1970, ending a two-year spell of monthly scheduling (though a couple of months had been missed). The page count, which had been cut from 196 to 160 when UPD bought it, was increased again, and the price was raised from 60 cents to 75 cents. A British edition began in May 1972, published by Tandem Books, which was owned by UPD. The net effect of all these changes was a substantial increase in profitability. Circulation in 1972 also rose by about 6,000 issues, though it is possible that this was solely due to the new British edition.[Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', pp. 54–56.]
UPD began to have financial difficulties in the early 1970s, and when Judy-Lynn del Rey (formerly Judy-Lynn Benjamin) left in May 1973 to work at Ballantine Books, Jakobsson's workload increased greatly. He resigned less than a year later, citing overwork and other issues, and was replaced by James Baen, who took over with the June 1974 issue after Pohl declined the post.[Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', pp. 56–59.] Baen also took over the editorship of ''If'', but rising paper costs forced the closure of ''If'' at the end of 1974, and the title was merged with ''Galaxy''.[Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', pp. 59–62.] The magazine had returned to a monthly schedule in September 1973, but it was only patchily adhered to, with at least a couple of issues missed every year except 1974. Baen was successful at increasing circulation again, bringing it from 47,789 when he took over to 81,035 when he left. The magazine was profitable for UPD, but the financial pressure on the parent company took its toll and Baen left in late 1977 to work for Ace Books—the October issue was his last.[Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', pp. 68–69.]
Baen was replaced by John J. Pierce, but the situation only worsened. Pierce resigned within a year: the company was in increasing debt, and his office assistant recalls that the office appeared inefficiently run, though he commented that Pierce "clearly loved what he did and knew what he was talking about". Pierce's replacement was Hank Stine, who took over in late 1978, though because of ''Galaxy'' irregular schedule Pierce's last issue was March–April 1979. Stine managed to produce only two more issues, June–July 1979 and September–October 1979, before UPD's financial problems spelled the end. Rights to the title were transferred to a new company, Galaxy Magazine, Inc., owned by Vincent McCaffrey, proprietor of Avenue Victor Hugo, a second-hand book store in Boston; UPD retained a ten percent interest in order to receive income from future sales to pay off their debts. Stine had compiled two more issues, but neither ever appeared; McCaffrey, who had also launched a separate magazine, ''Galileo'', had cash-flow problems that prevented him from distributing the magazine as he had planned. One more issue did finally appear from McCaffrey, in July 1980, in a large format; it was edited by Floyd Kemske. A subsequent issue, to be dated October 1980, was assembled, but never distributed.[Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', p. 309.][Ashley, ''Gateways to Forever'', pp. 317–322.]
The last few years of ''Galaxy'' life were marked by stories of unpaid contributors. John Varley, for example, reported that he was still owed money for his stories five years after they appeared. Submissions from well-known writers fell away, and the lack of financial support from UPD meant that the pay rate was an unattractive one cent per word. Higher postal rates, higher paper costs, and continuing competition from the paperback science fiction market all added to the pressure on ''Galaxy''. These problems were not resolved by the sale to McCaffrey, who did not even have enough money to pay for circulation postage, with the result that not every ''Galaxy'' subscriber received a copy of the final issue.[ Frederik Pohl places the blame for ''Galaxy'' demise on Arnie Abramson, who, Pohl contends, "simply did not perform hebasic functions of a publisher": paying the authors, ensuring subscribers received copies, and meeting other obligations.][Frederik Pohl, "Foreword", in Rosheim, ''Galaxy Magazine'', p. xv.]
In 1994, the magazine reappeared briefly as a semi-professional publication under the editorship of E. J. Gold, son of H. L. Gold. E. J. Gold produced eight issues on a regular bimonthly schedule, starting with the January–February 1994 issue, and ending with March–April 1995.[See the individual issues. For convenience, an online index is available at ]
Contents and reception
Early years
Gold intended ''Galaxy'' to publish stories of sufficient literary quality to attract readers of the slick magazines, as well as those who came to ''Galaxy'' already familiar with genre science fiction.[Ashley, ''History of SF Magazine Vol. 3'', p. 57] His editorial policy was broader than that of John W. Campbell
John Wood Campbell Jr. (June 8, 1910 – July 11, 1971) was an American science fiction writer and editor. He was editor of ''Astounding Science Fiction'' (later called '' Analog Science Fiction and Fact'') from late 1937 until his death ...
, the editor of the leading magazine in the field, '' Astounding Science Fiction'': Gold was interested in sociology, psychology, and other "soft" sciences, and was also willing to publish humorous and satirical stories.[Malcolm Edwards & Peter Nicholls, "Galaxy Science Fiction", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), pp. 462–464] Gold managed to persuade the publisher to let him offer three to four cents a word, which exceeded the highest rates paid in the field at that time.[ In addition to the high rates, ''Galaxy'' was an attractive market for writers because Gold bought only first magazine rights, unlike the other leading magazines.][ ''Galaxy'' was quickly established as one of the three leading science fiction magazines, along with Campbell's ''Astounding'' and '']The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction
''The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction'' (usually referred to as ''F&SF'') is a U.S. fantasy and science fiction magazine first published in 1949 by Mystery House, a subsidiary of Lawrence Spivak's Mercury Press. Editors Anthony Boucher ...
'' (usually abbreviated to ''F&SF'').[ Campbell had been enormously influential over the previous decade, but the appearance of ''Galaxy'' and ''F&SF'', launched just a year before, marked the end of his dominance of the genre.][Malcolm Edwards, "John Wood Campbell, Jr.", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), pp. 187–188]
The cover for the first issue was by David Stone, depicting a scene from Simak's ''Time Quarry''. The image was muted, in contrast to the sensational art typically found on the covers of the sf pulps; the intention was that ''Galaxy'' should look like an sf magazine, but one "that you were not embarrassed to hold", in the words of Mike Ashley.[ The early artwork was generally unremarkable, though ]Ed Emshwiller
Edmund Alexander Emshwiller (February 16, 1925 – July 27, 1990) was an American visual artist notable for his science fiction illustrations and his pioneering experimental films. He usually signed his illustrations as Emsh but sometimes used E ...
's humorous cover for the June 1951 issue, his first professional sale as an artist, was a positive sign. "Emsh", as he was known to science fiction readers, soon became a regular contributor.[Ortiz, ''Emshwiller'', p. 31] The relatively expensive production processes that Gold had insisted on enabled more sophisticated internal artwork, which could be integrated with type in ways not possible with cheaper letterpress printing
Letterpress printing is a technique of relief printing. Using a printing press, the process allows many copies to be produced by repeated direct impression of an inked, raised surface against sheets or a continuous roll of paper. A worker com ...
.[Frederik Pohl, "Introduction", in Pohl, Greenberg & Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', p. xiv.]
On the rear cover of the first issue, Gold ran a feature called "You'll Never See It In ''Galaxy''!", with two paragraphs side by side—one a parody of the introduction to a space western, the other the same story translated to become a true western, with spaceships replaced by horses. A sample: "He cut out his super-hyper-drive for the landing ... and at that point, a tall, lean spaceman stepped out of the tail assembly, proton gun-blaster in a space-tanned hand" became "He spurred hard for a low overhang of rimrock ... and at that point a tall, lean wrangler stepped out from behind a high boulder, six-shooter in a sun-tanned hand".[ The feature drew much attention, though ]James Blish
James Benjamin Blish () was an American science fiction and fantasy writer. He is best known for his '' Cities in Flight'' novels and his series of ''Star Trek'' novelizations written with his wife, J. A. Lawrence. His novel '' A Case of Conscie ...
commented that ''Galaxy'' did not always avoid printing the kind of fiction it parodied.[Rosheim, ''Galaxy Magazine'', p. 9.][Blish, ''More Issues At Hand'', p. 111.]
In the first issue, Gold asked for reader feedback on what should be included in the magazine—letters, editorials, book reviews, or other features. The response was against a letter column, but the readers wanted editorials, and short book reviews with recommendations that would help them identify what books to buy, as opposed to in-depth criticism.[Ashley, ''Transformations'', p. 27.] Gold was also concerned that harsh critical reviews would scare away new authors who might otherwise submit their work.[Atheling, ''More Issues At Hand'', p. 19.] Groff Conklin began a book review column, called "''Galaxy'' Five Star Shelf", in the first issue;[ Floyd Gale took it over with the November 1955 issue—Gale was in fact Gold's brother, using a slightly modified surname.][Rosheim, ''Galaxy Magazine'', pp. 77–78.] The inaugural issue also included a competition for readers to explain UFOs in under 200 words, the first of many contests Gold would run.[Ashley, ''History of the SF Magazine Vol. 3'', p. 57.]
The first six issues contained stories by well-known authors, including some that became highly regarded such as Fritz Leiber's "Coming Attraction", Damon Knight
Damon Francis Knight (September 19, 1922 – April 15, 2002) was an American science fiction author, editor, and critic. He is the author of " To Serve Man", a 1950 short story adapted for ''The Twilight Zone''.Stanyard, ''Dimensions Behind t ...
's " To Serve Man", and Ray Bradbury
Ray Douglas Bradbury (; August 22, 1920June 5, 2012) was an American author and screenwriter. One of the most celebrated 20th-century American writers, he worked in a variety of modes, including fantasy, science fiction, horror, mystery fictio ...
's "The Fireman", later expanded as ''Fahrenheit 451
''Fahrenheit 451'' is a 1953 dystopian novel by American writer Ray Bradbury. Often regarded as one of his best works, ''Fahrenheit 451'' presents an American society where books have been personified and outlawed and "firemen" burn any that ar ...
''.[ Gold considered these early issues exploratory, and some of the material by major names was clearly lesser work.][Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', pp. 294–295.] With its second volume, beginning in April 1951, ''Galaxy'' achieved consistently high quality, with virtually every issue featuring a story that would have a lasting reputation, including C. M. Kornbluth's "The Marching Morons
"The Marching Morons" is a science fiction story by American writer Cyril M. Kornbluth, originally published in '' Galaxy'' in April 1951. It was included in ''The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two'' after being voted one of the best nov ...
", Wyman Guin's "Beyond Bedlam", and Robert Heinlein
Robert Anson Heinlein (; July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was an American science fiction author, aeronautical engineer, and naval officer. Sometimes called the "dean of science fiction writers", he was among the first to emphasize scientific accu ...
's ''The Puppet Masters
''The Puppet Masters'' is a 1951 science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, in which American secret agents battle parasitic invaders from outer space. It was originally serialized in ''Galaxy Science Fiction'' (September, Oc ...
'', whose serialization overlapped volumes 2 and 3.[ Early feedback from readers had been opposed to serialized novels, but here Gold did not follow their opinion, and ''Galaxy'' is remembered for featuring some very successful serials.][ A contemporary anthology of science fiction stories, E. F. Bleiler and T. E. Dikty's ''The Best Science Fiction Stories: 1951'', commented in an editorial that Gold's work "will succeed in placing science-fiction on an equal basis with any other field of modern literature". With a circulation of over 100,000 in its second year, ''Galaxy'' surpassed ''Astounding''.][Ashley, ''Transformations'', pp. 32–33.]
Mid- and late 1950s
Gold maintained ''Galaxy'' high standards for most of the 1950s. Alfred Bester
Alfred Bester (December 18, 1913 – September 30, 1987) was an American science fiction author, TV and radio scriptwriter, magazine editor and scripter for comic strips and comic books. He is best remembered for his science fiction, incl ...
's ''The Demolished Man
''The Demolished Man'' is a science fiction novel by American writer Alfred Bester, which was the first Hugo Award winner in 1953. An inverted detective story, it was first serialized in three parts, beginning with the January 1952 issue of '' G ...
''—according to critic Peter Nicholls, "among the few genuine classics of genre sf"—was serialized in early 1952.[ Pohl and Kornbluth's '']The Space Merchants
''The Space Merchants'' is a 1952 science fiction novel by American writers Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth. Originally published in ''Galaxy Science Fiction'' magazine as a serial entitled ''Gravy Planet'', the novel was first published ...
'' followed a few months later, serialized as ''Gravy Planet''; Brian Aldiss
Brian Wilson Aldiss (; 18 August 1925 – 19 August 2017) was an English writer, artist, and anthology editor, best known for science fiction novels and short stories. His byline reads either Brian W. Aldiss or simply Brian Aldiss, except for o ...
, in his critical genre study ''Trillion Year Spree ''Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction'', commonly referred to as ''Trillion Year Spree,'' is a book by Brian W. Aldiss and David Wingrove published in 1986.
The book is an expanded version of Aldiss's 1973 ''Billion Year Spree: The ...
'', calls it "one of the most famous books in SF".[Aldiss and Wingrove, '']Trillion Year Spree ''Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction'', commonly referred to as ''Trillion Year Spree,'' is a book by Brian W. Aldiss and David Wingrove published in 1986.
The book is an expanded version of Aldiss's 1973 ''Billion Year Spree: The ...
'', p. 405. James Blish's " Surface Tension" and Theodore Sturgeon's "Baby is Three", both widely acclaimed, also appeared in 1952.[Nicholls, "James Blish", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of SF'' (1993), p. 135.][Clute, "Theodore Sturgeon", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of SF'' (1993), p. 1176.] Readers had expressed support for science articles, and in March 1952, Willy Ley, who had contributed occasional essays since the first issue, began a column, "For Your Information", in which he replied to readers' scientific questions. Running uninterrupted until Ley's death in 1969,[Tuck, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, Vol. 3'', pp. 565–567.][ Frederik Pohl describes it as "the most popular single feature ''Galaxy'' ever had".][Pohl, "Foreword", in Rosheim, ''Galaxy Magazine'', p. xii.] The Hugo Awards
The Hugo Award is an annual literary award for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year, given at the World Science Fiction Convention and chosen by its members. The Hugo is widely considered the premier ...
were inaugurated the following year: ''The Demolished Man'' won the first Hugo for Best Novel and ''Galaxy'' shared the first Hugo for Best Magazine with ''Astounding''.[
Gold published a wide range of material, and ''Galaxy'' became known for irony and satire; the work of authors able to adopt the wry style he favored, such as Knight and ]Robert Sheckley
Robert Sheckley (July 16, 1928 – December 9, 2005) was an American writer. First published in the science-fiction magazines of the 1950s, his many quick-witted stories and novels were famously unpredictable, absurdist, and broadly comical.
...
, appeared regularly in the magazine[ and were obvious commentaries on contemporary society.] In 1953, with McCarthyism at its height, Gold refused to publish "The Liberation of Earth
"The Liberation of Earth" is a science fiction short story by American author William Tenn, written in 1950, first published in 1953, and reprinted several times in various anthologies, including 1955 collection ''Of all Possible Worlds'' and 19 ...
", a story by William Tenn satirizing both the Russian and American sides in the Korean War. Tenn quotes Gold, an ex-radical, as saying the idea made him "sweat green", though the year before he had published Isaac Asimov's "The Martian Way", a thinly veiled anti- McCarthy story.[Ortiz, ''Emshwiller'', p. 35][William Tenn, "From a Cave", in Pohl, Greenberg and Olander, ''Galaxy'', p. 33.]
L. Sprague de Camp commented that Gold "sets an extremely high standard of literary excellence for his writers", and observed that he often demanded multiple revisions and rewrites.[ Gold was also infamous for making sweeping changes to the stories he printed.][Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p. 292] In meetings and in phone calls he became well known as a difficult editor whose determination to achieve perfection sometimes alienated his writers.[ He was unapologetic, declaring, "I worked hard with writers, and they didn't always enjoy it".][ The results were often very positive: some successful stories are said to have begun with an idea he provided to one of his authors. In the case of ''The Demolished Man'', his involvement extended almost to the point of collaboration.][Peter Nicholls, "Alfred Bester", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), p. 113.][Alfred Bester, "Horace, Galaxyca", in Pohl, Greenberg & Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', pp. 423–424.] Gold was agoraphobic, and rarely left his apartment, but writers often visited him,[ and he held regular parties and weekly poker games; in addition to the members of the science fiction community, the ]avant-garde
The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or ' vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretical ...
composer John Cage often attended.[Ortiz, ''Emshwiller'', p. 34.]
In March 1953 Gold announced a novel-writing contest, but it failed to attract any usable submissions. He asked Pohl and Kornbluth if they would be willing to allow him to print ''Gladiator-at-Law'', which they had just completed, under a pseudonym, so he could claim that the contest had found a new talent. They refused, but shortly afterwards Pohl and Lester del Rey agreed to let Gold take their recently completed novel ''Preferred Risk'' and publish it as the winner, under the pseudonym Edson McCann.[ Pohl and del Rey constructed a fake identity for McCann, but the news leaked out and Gold never ran another fiction competition.][Ashley, ''Transformations'', pp. 119–120.] In July 1953, he launched a companion magazine, '' Beyond Fantasy Fiction'', dedicated to fantasy material, which ''Galaxy'' editorial policy did not favor. It lasted for ten bimonthly issues, with the final one appearing in January 1955.[ After it failed, Gold opened ''Galaxy'' to more fantasy, publishing writers such as ]Cordwainer Smith
Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger (July 11, 1913 – August 6, 1966), better known by his pen-name Cordwainer Smith, was an American author known for his science fiction works. Linebarger was a US Army officer, a noted East Asia scholar, and a ...
.[Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p. 297]
The ABC radio series ''Tales of Tomorrow
''Tales of Tomorrow'' is an American anthology science fiction series that was performed and broadcast live on ABC from 1951 to 1953. The series covered such stories as ''Frankenstein'' starring Lon Chaney Jr., '' 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' ...
'', which began in 1952 as an offshoot of the TV series of the same name, used stories from ''Galaxy''; the connection was announced at the start of each of its fifteen episodes. On April 24, 1955, another radio series, NBC
The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network. The flagship property of the NBC Entertainment division of NBCUniversal, a division of Comcast, its headquarters are l ...
's ''X Minus One
''X Minus One'' is an American half-hour science fiction radio drama series that was broadcast from April 24, 1955, to January 9, 1958, in various timeslots on NBC. Known for high production values in adapting stories from the leading American a ...
'', started a much longer run of 125 episodes, lasting until January 1958. From February 1956 onwards the scripts were adapted exclusively from stories in ''Galaxy'', and from the April 1956 issue ''Galaxy'' ran advertisements for the series, which included work by Pohl, Sturgeon, and Philip K. Dick.[Ashley, ''Transformations'', p. 176.]
Through the 1950s, ''Galaxy'' contributors routinely dominated the Hugo ballots, but neither the magazine nor the fiction it published won many awards, despite what sf historian Donald Lawler describes as its "deserved reputation for excellence".[ After several years of being shut out of the Hugos, ''Galaxy'' published two works in 1958 that won the honor: Fritz Leiber's novel '' The Big Time'' and ]Avram Davidson
Abraham, ; ar, , , name=, group= (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaism, he is the founding father of the special relationship between the Jews ...
's short story " Or All the Seas with Oysters".
1960s
When Pohl took over as editor in 1961, he broadened the magazine's scope, including more fantasy material. Regular contributors in the 1960s included Jack Vance
John Holbrook Vance (August 28, 1916 – May 26, 2013) was an American mystery, fantasy, and science fiction writer. Though most of his work has been published under the name Jack Vance, he also wrote several mystery novels under pen names.
...
, Larry Niven
Laurence van Cott Niven (; born April 30, 1938) is an American science fiction writer. His best-known works are '' Ringworld'' (1970), which received Hugo, Locus, Ditmar, and Nebula awards, and, with Jerry Pournelle, '' The Mote in God's E ...
, Frank Herbert, Robert Silverberg
Robert Silverberg (born January 15, 1935) is an American author and editor, best known for writing science fiction. He is a multiple winner of both Hugo and Nebula Awards, a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame, and a Gr ...
, and Cordwainer Smith. ''Galaxy'' stories from this era that won awards include Vance's ''The Dragon Masters'' and "The Last Castle"; Clifford Simak's ''Way Station'', serialized as ''Here Gather the Stars''; Harlan Ellison's "'Repent, Harlequin,' Said the Ticktockman" and "The Beast That Shouted Love at the Heart of the World"; and Silverberg's "Nightwings". Pohl never succeeded in winning a Hugo Award as editor of ''Galaxy'', although he won the award three consecutive times from 1966 to 1968 as editor of '' If'', ''Galaxy'' sister magazine, and in theory the junior of the two publications.[
The quality of fiction in ''Galaxy'' had dipped towards the end of Gold's editorship, and Pohl worked hard to restore the magazine's high standards. Gold's difficult editorial personality had driven away some of his contributors, but Pohl, who had worked as an agent in the 1950s, was a central figure in the sf community and was able to attract submissions from the star writers of his day.][Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p. 299.] In the case of one of these stars, he offered an unusual arrangement: Robert Silverberg could write whatever he wished and Pohl promised that he would almost invariably buy it. Silverberg, who had been a high-volume producer of competent but unremarkable science fiction, began writing more ambitious work as a result, much of which was published in ''Galaxy'' throughout the 1960s.[Robert Silverberg, "Sounding Brass, Tinkling Cymbal", in Aldiss and Harrison, "Hell's Cartographers", p. 28.]
In February 1965, Pohl brought in Algis Budrys as book reviewer, after a year in which no review column had appeared. Budrys's insightful reviews drew much praise, and editor David Hartwell has ranked him as one of the best sf critics of his generation.[Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p. 298.][John Clute, "Algis Budrys" in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), p. 170.][David Hartwell, "Algis Budrys", in Hartwell, ''The Science Fiction Century, Vol. 1'', p. 245.]
The difference between Pohl's approach and Gold's was apparent in the editorials Pohl wrote, which were informal, entertaining, and rooted in his deep familiarity with the genre.[Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p. 300.] With Pohl at the helm, ''Galaxy'' moved back toward the knowledgeable science fiction fan
Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community or fandom of people interested in science fiction in contact with one another based upon that interest. SF fandom has a life of its own, but not much in the way of formal organization (although ...
, and away from the mainstream market that Gold had targeted.[Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p. 301.] Pohl said that he tried to "cover the full spectrum of science fiction", however, unlike Gold's "specialist magazine" of the 1950s; his ''Galaxy'' published both Sheckley's "Mindswap" and Herbert's " Do I Wake or Dream?" when Gold would not have purchased the latter, Pohl said.
1970s
Ejler Jakobsson's tenure began with a large backlog of stories that Pohl had acquired, but within a year or two substantial changes were apparent. In the early 1970s, Jakobsson attempted to update ''Galaxy'' image, adding a comic strip, "Sunpot", by Vaughn Bodé
Vaughn may refer to:
Places in the United States
*Vaughn, California, former name of Bodfish, California
*Vaughn, Montana
* Vaughn, New Mexico
* Vaughn, Oregon
* Vaughn, Pennsylvania
* Vaughn, Virginia
* Vaughn, Washington
Name
*Vaughn (surname) ...
, for example.[ Theodore Sturgeon took over from Budrys as the regular book reviewer in January 1972 and held the post until mid-1975.][ Jakobsson did not manage to give ''Galaxy'' a new and distinctive character: "Sunpot" lasted only four issues, Sturgeon's reviews were undistinguished, and many of the new authors he published have been, in the words of Mike Ashley, "mercifully unknown ever since".][Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p. 302.] The paper quality and printing quality also dropped, and early cover designs were very weak. Jakobsson initially printed guest editorials rather than writing his own; when he took over the editorial page his work was unremarkable. He managed to attract some of the new writers who were becoming well known in the sf scene, including George R.R. Martin
George Raymond Richard Martin (born George Raymond Martin; September 20, 1948), also known as GRRM, is an American novelist, screenwriter, television producer and short story writer. He is the author of the series of epic fantasy novels '' A So ...
, Joe Haldeman
Joe William Haldeman (born June 9, 1943) is an American science fiction author. He is best known for his novel '' The Forever War'' (1974). That novel and other works, including '' The Hemingway Hoax'' (1991) and '' Forever Peace'' (1997), hav ...
, and Joanna Russ
Joanna Russ (February 22, 1937 – April 29, 2011) was an American writer, academic and feminist. She is the author of a number of works of science fiction, fantasy and feminist literary criticism such as ''How to Suppress Women's Writing'', as w ...
. Three novels published in Jakobsson's ''Galaxy'' won awards: Isaac Asimov's ''The Gods Themselves
''The Gods Themselves'' is a 1972 science fiction novel written by Isaac Asimov, and his first original work in the science fiction genre in fifteen years (not counting his 1966 novelization of '' Fantastic Voyage''). It won the Nebula Award for ...
'' and Arthur C. Clarke's ''Rendezvous with Rama
''Rendezvous with Rama'' is a science fiction novel by British writer Arthur C. Clarke first published in 1973. Set in the 2130s, the story involves a cylindrical alien starship that enters the Solar System. The story is told from the po ...
'' each won both the Hugo and Nebula awards, in 1972 and 1973 respectively, and Robert Silverberg's '' A Time of Changes'' won the Nebula in 1971. Sturgeon's short story " Slow Sculpture" won both the Hugo and the Nebula in 1970.[
A letter column was added at the end of 1971; this was the first time ''Galaxy'' had published reader's letters. ''Galaxy'' long-time science columnist, Willy Ley, died in 1969, and was replaced by ]Donald Menzel
Donald Howard Menzel (April 11, 1901 – December 14, 1976) was one of the first theoretical astronomers and astrophysicists in the United States. He discovered the physical properties of the solar chromosphere, the chemistry of stars, the atmos ...
. He was replaced in turn by Jerry Pournelle
Jerry Eugene Pournelle (; August 7, 1933 – September 8, 2017) was an American scientist in the area of operations research and human factors research, a science fiction writer, essayist, journalist, and one of the first bloggers. In the 1960s ...
in April 1974.[Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', pp. 302–303.]
Jakobsson's successor, James Baen, was able to publish some high-quality fiction, including material by Roger Zelazny
Roger Joseph Zelazny (May 13, 1937 – June 14, 1995) was an American poet and writer of fantasy and science fiction short stories and novels, best known for ''The Chronicles of Amber''. He won the Nebula Award three times (out of 14 nomin ...
, John Varley, Larry Niven, and Pohl, whose novel, ''Gateway'', won both the Hugo and Nebula awards.[ Baen raised the level of the magazine substantially, and Ashley refers to his editorship as ''Galaxy'' "Indian summer".][Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p. 304.] Under Baen the review columnist was Spider Robinson
Spider Robinson (born November 24, 1948) is an American-born Canadian science fiction author. He has won a number of awards for his hard science fiction and humorous stories, including the Hugo Award 1977 and 1983, and another Hugo with his co-a ...
, who won a Locus Award
The Locus Awards are an annual set of literary awards voted on by readers of the science fiction and fantasy magazine ''Locus'', a monthly magazine based in Oakland, California. The awards are presented at an annual banquet. In addition to the pl ...
in 1977, primarily for his work in ''Galaxy''.[ Baen also published a series of essays by authors discussing their own work. Apart from ''Gateway'', Baen published only one award-winning story: ]Ursula K. Le Guin
Ursula Kroeber Le Guin (; October 21, 1929 – January 22, 2018) was an American author best known for her works of speculative fiction, including science fiction works set in her Hainish universe, and the '' Earthsea'' fantasy series. She was ...
's "The Day Before the Revolution", which appeared in August 1974 and won the Nebula.[
Baen's successors, Pierce, Stine, and Kemske, were unable to maintain his standard. Pohl remained loyal to the magazine, but the serialization of his novel ''Jem'' exemplified ''Galaxy'' growing problems. Due to the magazine's increasingly erratic schedule, the serialization stretched from the last issue of 1978 into 1980, well after it had appeared in book form.][ In November 1977, Paul Walker took over the book column from Spider Robinson, and Jerry Pournelle left the science column at the end of 1978.][ The artwork quality dropped to an amateurish level, and despite the appearance of a few successful stories and novels, such as ]C. J. Cherryh
Carolyn Janice Cherry (born September 1, 1942), better known by the pen name C. J. Cherryh, is an American writer of speculative fiction. She has written more than 80 books since the mid-1970s, including the Hugo Award-winning novels '' Downbelo ...
's ''The Faded Sun: Kesrith'', the overall quality was dramatically worse than it had been under Baen.[Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p. 305.] ''Galaxy'' deterioration was largely due to the financial troubles of the publisher, Arnold Abramson, who reduced the pay rate (at a time of high inflation) to a penny a word. Even that low rate did not guarantee timely disbursement, and many writers stopped submitting because of ''Galaxy'' reputation for paying slowly, if at all. Costs were increasing for paper, postage, and production, and the paperback anthology market was booming, adding to the competition that ''Galaxy'' faced.[ Floyd Kemske's only issue never received newsstand distribution, doomed by the financial troubles of the magazine's publisher, Vincent McCaffrey.][Tymn & Ashley, ''Science Fiction, Fantasy and Weird Fiction Magazines'', p. 306.]
Cover layout and artwork
''Galaxy'' had a characteristic cover style in the 1950s with an inverted white "L" shape (Greek gamma) framing the cover art; this style was copied by several magazines, including ''Authentic Science Fiction
''Authentic Science Fiction'' was a British science fiction magazine published in the 1950s that ran for 85 issues under three editors: Gordon Landsborough, H.J. Campbell, and E.C. Tubb. The magazine was published by Hamilton and Co. in London ...
'' and '' Startling Stories''. When ''Astounding'' followed suit in late 1951, Gold commented sarcastically in an editorial that ''Galaxy'' "would like to know when we may have it he formatback again".[Quoted in Rosheim, ''Galaxy Magazine'', p. 33.] The first variation came with the September 1956 issue, which widened the left hand strip of white to allow room to print story titles and author names. The December 1961 issue was the first to eliminate the strip on the left, and until July 1969 the magazine varied between this layout, the inverted "L", and a version with no white at all, first used on the August 1965 issue. Another change visible in that issue is the reversal of the title coloring to white lettering on a block of red; this was used from August 1963 to December 1965. In August 1969 the title was enlarged to fill the width of the magazine; this issue had the white inverted "L", but it was the last one to do so till 1980. After August 1969 the cover paintings spanned the entire cover, though with some minor variations in layout such as can be seen in the October 1976 issue. Then in September 1978 (undated on the cover, but numbered vol. 39 no. 7) the original typeface for "Galaxy" was abandoned for the last few issues. The final issue, edited by Kemske, returned to the previous layout and typeface, although with a magazine twice the size of the original digest. When E. J. Gold revived ''Galaxy'' in 1994, he restored the inverted "L" and employed a predominantly black-and-white look for the eight issues he published.[
Notable artists who contributed regularly to ''Galaxy'' included Ed Emshwiller, who won several Hugo Awards for his work,][Peter Nicholls, "Hugo", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), pp. 595–600.][Ashley, ''Transformations'', p. 31.] Hugo nominee Wallace Wood, and Jack Gaughan, who won three Hugos in the late 1960s, partly for his work in ''Galaxy''.[ Gaughan was commissioned by Pohl to provide the cover and interior art for Jack Vance's ''The Dragon Masters'' in 1962; the resulting illustrations made Gaughan immediately famous in the science fiction field.][di Fate, ''Infinite Worlds'', p. 182.] In the 1950s and 1960s, ''Galaxy'' retained the original artwork sent in by its artists, though Emshwiller, much of whose best color work appeared there, was able to negotiate an exception to this rule, retaining the art for his portfolios.[Ortiz, ''Emshwiller'', p. 42][di Fate, ''Infinite Worlds'', p. 160.] In 1972 much of this artwork—including both interior and cover illustrations—was sold off by Robert Guinn, who had kept it when he sold ''Galaxy'' to UPD in 1969.[Robert Guinn, advertisement, ''Galaxy'', January 1972, p. 157.]
Influence on the field
Isaac Asimov, in his memoirs, recalled being deeply impressed by the first issue of ''Galaxy'', and that many fans, including himself, believed that the magazine became the field's leader almost immediately.[Asimov, ''In Memory Yet Green'', p. 602.] In critic John Clute's assessment, ''Galaxy'' indeed swiftly supplanted ''Astounding'' and remained the leading magazine in the field until Pohl resigned as editor in 1969.[Clute, ''SF: The Illustrated Encyclopedia'', p. 102.] Science fiction historian and critic Mike Ashley regarded ''Galaxy'' success as the main reason for the subsequent boom in science fiction magazines,[ commenting that it "revolutionized the field overnight".][Ashley, ''Transformations'', p. 24.] Under Gold ''Galaxy'' provided a market for social science fiction stories that might not have been accepted by ''Astounding'' and ''Fantasy & Science Fiction'', the other leading magazines.
Pohl stated in 1965 that almost every major science fiction writer whose career began after 1950 primarily wrote for ''Galaxy'', and that others closely imitated Gold's magazine. He described ''Galaxy'' as where "the stunning new kinds of science fiction ... flowered, and changed everything in science fiction".[Frederik Pohl, "Introduction", in Pohl, Greenberg & Olander, ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction'', p. xii.] In his opinion, Gold's innovation was to ask writers to consider not just new technology, but the subsequent impact of that technology on society. He adds, "What ''Galaxy'' brought to magazine science fiction was a kind of sophisticated intellectual subtlety. ... After ''Galaxy'' it was impossible to go on being naive."[ Science fiction author ]Brian Stableford
Brian Michael Stableford (born 25 July 1948) is a British academic, critic and science fiction writer who has published more than 70 novels. His earlier books were published under the name Brian M. Stableford, but more recent ones have dropped ...
argues that ''Galaxy'' quickly usurped ''Astounding''s position as "pioneer of hardcore sf's progress" because it "embraced and gleefully pursued a new series of challenges to moral orthodoxy."[Stableford, ''Heterocosms'', p. 47.]
SF historian David Kyle ascribes ''Galaxy'' influence specifically to Gold, saying that "of all the editors in and out of the post-war scene, the most influential beyond any doubt was H. L. Gold" and that the new direction he set led, "inevitably", to the New Wave, the celebrated science fiction literary movement of the 1960s.[Kyle, ''A Pictorial History of Science Fiction'', pp. 119–120.] Kyle's assessment of Gold is echoed by writer Barry N. Malzberg, who calls Gold "perhaps the greatest editor in the history of all fields for the first half of his tenure". SF authors and historians Brian Aldiss and David Wingrove
David Wingrove (born September 1954) is a British science fiction writer. He is well known as the author of the '' Chung Kuo'' novels. He is also the co-author (with Rand and Robyn Miller) of the three ''Myst'' novels.
Biography
Wingrove worked ...
summarize ''Galaxy'' history by saying that it lasted for "thirty mainly glorious years":[Aldiss & Wingrove, '']Trillion Year Spree ''Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction'', commonly referred to as ''Trillion Year Spree,'' is a book by Brian W. Aldiss and David Wingrove published in 1986.
The book is an expanded version of Aldiss's 1973 ''Billion Year Spree: The ...
'', p. 228. it "brought into the sunlight a number of excellent satirists, comedians and ironists"[Aldiss & Wingrove, '']Trillion Year Spree ''Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction'', commonly referred to as ''Trillion Year Spree,'' is a book by Brian W. Aldiss and David Wingrove published in 1986.
The book is an expanded version of Aldiss's 1973 ''Billion Year Spree: The ...
'', p. 237. and, through the influence of its reduced focus on technology, played an important role in attracting women to write science fiction.[Aldiss & Wingrove, '']Trillion Year Spree ''Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction'', commonly referred to as ''Trillion Year Spree,'' is a book by Brian W. Aldiss and David Wingrove published in 1986.
The book is an expanded version of Aldiss's 1973 ''Billion Year Spree: The ...
'', p. 259.
Publication details
Editors
The list below, and the charts above, follow the mastheads in the magazines. Because of Gold's poor health, Pohl was acting as editor for some time before he officially took over the role at the end of 1961.[
* H. L. Gold (October 1950 – October 1961)
* Frederik Pohl (December 1961 – May 1969)
* Ejler Jakobsson (July 1969 – May 1974)
* James Baen (June 1974 – October 1977)
* John J. Pierce (November 1977 – March–April 1979)
* Hank Stine (June–July 1979 – September–October 1979)
* Floyd Kemske (Summer 1980)
]
Overseas editions
''Galaxy'' had multiple foreign editions. This was in part because the original publisher, World Editions, had a European base, which Gold had planned to take advantage of when the magazine launched. Overseas editions included:[Tuck, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, Vol. 3'', p. 533.][Tuck, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, Vol. 3'', pp. 564–567.]
*Argentina. Two magazines, ''Más Allá'' (June 1953 – June 1957) and ''Géminis'' (July 1965 – August 1965), reprinted stories primarily from ''Galaxy'', though they also published some original material and some stories reprinted from other sources.
*Finland. ''Aikamme tieteislukemisto'' (August 1958 – December 1958) was a Finnish edition of ''Galaxy'', edited by Mary A. Wuorio and published by Viikkosanomat Oy.
*France. There were two separate French editions of ''Galaxy'', both titled ''Galaxie''. The first ran from November 1953 to April 1959 (a total of 65 issues), and was published by Editions OPTA, Paris. The first 11 issues were edited by Irina Orloff, the next 16 by Jacqueline Boissy, and the remainder by Jeannine Courtillet. The stories were badly translated, and printed in shortened form. Poor sales led to the cancellation of this version. The second version ran for 158 issues, from May 1964 to August–September 1977, and was also published by Editions OPTA. The editor was Alain Dorémieux
Alain Dorémieux (born Paris, France 15 August 1933; died Paris, 26 July 1998) was a French writer, editor, translator, anthologist and critic of science fiction. He is best known as the editor for more than 20 years of ''Fiction'' (French edition ...
for the first 67 issues, and Michel Demuth thereafter. This version, which contained original French stories as well as translated material from ''Galaxy'', was much more successful and for a time outsold ''Fiction'', the leading French science fiction magazine. From November 1974, more French authors were included, but publication ceased three years later when sales fell.
*Germany. Fifteen issues of a German version, titled ''Galaxis'', was released from March 1958 to May 1959 by Moewig Verlag, Munich. The editor was Lothar Heinecke. Fourteen numbered paperbacks titled ''Galaxy'' appeared between 1965 and 1970, published by Heyne Verlag, Munich. The editor was Walter Ernsting
Walter Ernsting (13 June 1920 – 15 January 2005) was a German science fiction and fantasy author who mainly published under the pseudonym Clark Darlton. He grew up in Koblenz and was drafted into the German Wehrmacht shortly after the beginn ...
, with Thomas Schlück as co-editor for the last five issues. The contents were reprints from the American edition.
*Italy. An Italian reprint edition titled ''Galaxy'' ran from June 1958 to May 1964; there were 70 physical issues, with two issues containing double numbers, so that the last issue was numbered 72. The publisher was Editrice Due Mondi, Milan, for the first ten issues; the remaining issues were published by Casa Editrice La Tribuna, Piacenza. The editors were R. Valente (issues 1–26/27), Mario Vitali (28/29–39), and Lella Pollini Rambelli (40–72). The magazine included some stories by Italian authors in addition to translated material.
*Netherlands. Five issues, titled ''Galaxis'', appeared from October 1966 to February 1967, from Vector, Dordrecht. The editor was Theo Kemp. The translations were of poor quality.
*Norway. The Norwegian magazine ''Tempo-Magasinet'', published by Greens Forlag, printed translations from US science fiction, mostly from ''Galaxy''. It lasted for five issues, from November 1953 to March 1954. The editor was Arne Ernst.
*Sweden. A Swedish edition, titled ''Galaxy'', appeared from September 1958 to June 1960 (19 issues); the publisher is unknown, though it is known to be the same company that published the Swedish edition of '' Mad''. This version, which included some original Swedish stories, was edited by Henrik Rabe.
*UK. Several British editions of ''Galaxy'' were produced. From 1953 to 1962 Strato Publications published 94 numbered issues. The early issues were labeled vol. 3 no. 1 to no. 12. With the 13th issue the "vol. 3" was dropped. Until issue 72 (February 1959) they were shortened versions of the US edition, with one or more stories or features being cut. From no. 72 Strato reprinted the full US issue with a different title page, and from issue 80 the US edition was used with a variant cover. In 1967 a British edition appeared from Gold Star Publications; there were five bimonthly issues, identical to the US edition dated six months previously. The British issues were dated January–February 1967 through September–October 1967; the corresponding US issues were June, August, October, and December 1966, and February 1967. Universal-Tandem Publishing Co Ltd
Universal-Tandem Publishing Co Ltd was a United Kingdom paperback publishing company established in the early 1960s as Tandem Books.
History
The company's principal imprint was Tandem. The hyphenated name Universal-Tandem was adopted as a corpo ...
published 25 issues of ''Galaxy'' in the UK; the original US issues were May–June 1972 to January 1975. These were re-covered for UK distribution. The numbering was erratic: it ran 1–10, then 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, and finally 17–25.
Other bibliographic details
The following table shows which issues appeared from which publisher.[
The title changed multiple times, and was frequently inconsistently given between the cover, spine, indicia, and masthead.][
''Galaxy'' remained a digest-sized magazine from the beginning until 1979; the very last issue was published in pulp format, as were the semi-professional issues produced by E. J. Gold. The page count began at 160; it dropped to 144 in January 1955, but went up to 192 in February 1959. In July 1969 the count went back down to 160; it returned to 192 pages with the August–September 1970 issue and stayed there till May–June 1971, when it dropped to 176. From June 1974 to June–July 1979 it was back at 160 pages, and then went to 128 pages for the final digest issue, September–October 1979. The single 1980 issue was 72 pages long.][ The eight issues published in the 1990s all had 96 pages, except the first, January–February 1994, which had 56 pages.][ The initial price was 25 cents. Price changes were as follows: 35 cents from May 1958; 50 cents from February 1959; 60 cents from December 1964; 75 cents from August–September 1970; $1.00 from April 1975; 79 cents for the August 1975 issue; 95 cents from September 1975; $1.00 from May 1976; $1.25 from June 1977, and $1.50 for the final professional issue in 1980.][
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Derivative anthologies
Several anthologies of stories from ''Galaxy'' have been published. The following list does not include reprint editions though in some cases these varied in contents, as for example with the UK editions of some of the early volumes.[Malcolm Edwards, "H.L. Gold", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), p. 505.]
Related publications
Two series of companion novels were issued by the publishers. The first series, ''Galaxy Science Fiction Novels
''Galaxy novels'', sometimes titled ''Galaxy Science Fiction Novels'', were a series of mostly reprint American science fiction novels published between 1950 and 1961.
The series was started by H.L. Gold, the editor of ''Galaxy Science Fiction'', ...
'', began in 1950 with Eric Frank Russell
Eric Frank Russell (January 6, 1905 – February 28, 1978) was a British writer best known for his science fiction novels and short stories. Much of his work was first published in the United States, in John W. Campbell's ''Astounding Science F ...
's ''Sinister Barrier''; seven titles were released by World Editions, and a further twenty-eight by Guinn's Galaxy Publishing Corporation. The books were initially in digest format but this was changed to a standard paperback format for the last four titles. In 1959 the line was sold to Beacon Books, which produced another 11 volumes. Beacon specialized in softcore pornography, and changed the titles of most of the books they published to be more suggestive. The last title, ''Sin in Space'' (originally ''Outpost Mars''), by Cyril Judd (a pseudonym for Cyril Kornbluth and Judith Merril
Judith Josephine Grossman (January 21, 1923 – September 12, 1997), who took the pen-name Judith Merril around 1945, was an American and then Canadian science fiction writer, editor and political activist, and one of the first women to be wid ...
) appeared in 1961. Two years later a second series, Galaxy Magabooks, appeared; each of these consisted of two short novels, both by the same author, published in a single volume. Only three were released; the last, ''And My Fear Is Great/Baby Is Three'' by Theodore Sturgeon, appeared in 1964.[Brian Stableford, "Galaxy Science Fiction Novels", in Clute & Nicholls, ''Encyclopedia of Science Fiction'' (1993), p. 464.]
Notes
References
Sources
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*Hartwell, David (ed.) (2006). ''The Science Fiction Century: Volume One''. New York: Tor Books. .
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*Pohl, Frederik, Greenberg, Martin H., and Olander, Joseph D. (eds.) (1980). ''Galaxy: Thirty Years of Innovative Science Fiction''. Book Club edition.
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External links
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1950 establishments in the United States
Defunct digests
Defunct science fiction magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1950
Magazines disestablished in 1980
Magazines established in 1994
Magazines disestablished in 1995
Science fiction digests
Science fiction magazines established in the 1950s
Magazines published in Boston