The Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne ("Research and Study Group for European Civilization"), better known as GRECE, is a French
ethnonationalist
Ethnic nationalism, also known as ethnonationalism, is a form of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity, with emphasis on an ethnocentric (and in some cases an ethnocratic) approach to various politi ...
think tank
A think tank, or policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most think tanks are non-governmenta ...
founded in 1968 to promote the ideas of the
Nouvelle Droite
The Nouvelle Droite (; en, "New Right"), sometimes shortened to the initialism ND, is a far-right political movement which emerged in France during the late 1960s. The Nouvelle Droite is at the origin of the wider European New Right (ENR). Vario ...
("New Right"). GRECE founding member
Alain de Benoist
Alain de Benoist (; ; born 11 December 1943) – also known as Fabrice Laroche, Robert de Herte, David Barney, and other pen names – is a French journalist and political philosopher, a founding member of the Nouvelle Droite ("New Right"), and ...
has been described as its leader and "most authoritative spokesman". Prominent former members include
Guillaume Faye
Guillaume Faye (; 7 November 1949 – 6 March 2019) was a French journalist, writer, and leading member of the French New Right. Earlier in his career, anti-Zionism permeated his work; later on, criticism of Islam became prominent in his writin ...
and
Jean-Yves Le Gallou
Jean-Yves Le Gallou (born 4 October 1948) is a French politician. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 1999, representing the National Front. Since 2022, he has been a member of Reconquête.
Career
Le Gallou began ...
.
GRECE is deeply opposed to
multiculturalism
The term multiculturalism has a range of meanings within the contexts of sociology, political philosophy, and colloquial use. In sociology and in everyday usage, it is a synonym for "Pluralism (political theory), ethnic pluralism", with the tw ...
,
liberal democracy
Liberal democracy is the combination of a liberal political ideology that operates under an indirect democratic form of government. It is characterized by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into diff ...
,
capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for Profit (economics), profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, pric ...
, and distinguishes itself from other
national-conservative
National conservatism is a nationalist variant of conservatism that concentrates on upholding national and cultural identity. National conservatives usually combine nationalism with conservative stances promoting traditional cultural values, ...
organizations in its specific
rejection of Christianity and endorsement of
neopaganism
Modern paganism, also known as contemporary paganism and neopaganism, is a term for a religion or family of religions influenced by the various Paganism, historical pre-Christian beliefs of pre-modern peoples in Europe and adjacent areas of No ...
. The group defends a nonreactionary "
conservative revolution
The Conservative Revolution (german: Konservative Revolution), also known as the German neoconservative movement or new nationalism, was a German national-conservative movement prominent during the Weimar Republic, in the years 1918–1933 (betw ...
" aiming at the rejuvenation of a
pan-European identity
Pan-European identity is the sense of personal identification with Europe, in a cultural or political sense. The concept is discussed in the context of European integration, historically in connection with hypothetical proposals, but since th ...
and
nationalism
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a in-group and out-group, group of peo ...
, while supporting the preservation and separation of ethnic groups and cultures at the worldwide level. GRECE members have coined and promoted influential concepts in the Western far right, such as "
ethnopluralism
Ethnopluralism or ethno-pluralism, also known as ethno-differentialism, is a political concept which relies on preserving and mutually respecting separate and bordered ethno-cultural regions. Among the key components are the "right to difference" ( ...
" and "
archeofuturism
Guillaume Faye (; 7 November 1949 – 6 March 2019) was a French journalist, writer, and leading member of the French New Right. Earlier in his career, anti-Zionism permeated his work; later on, criticism of Islam became prominent in his writi ...
".
History
Background
The dissolution of the neo-fascist organization
Jeune Nation
Jeune Nation (; English: Young Nation) was a French nationalist, neo-Pétainist and neo-fascist far-right movement founded in 1949 by Pierre Sidos and his brothers. Inspired by Fascist Italy and Vichy France, the group attracted support from many ...
in 1958 and the disappearance of the pro-colonial paramilitary group
Organisation Armée Secrète
The ''Organisation Armée Secrète'' (OAS, "Secret Armed Organisation") was a far-right French dissident paramilitary organisation during the Algerian War. The OAS carried out terrorist attacks, including bombings and assassinations, in an att ...
(OAS) in 1962, as well as the failures of far-right candidate
Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour
Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour (12 October 1907 – 29 September 1989) was a French lawyer and far-right politician. Elected to the National Assembly in 1936, he initially collaborated with the Vichy regime before leaving for Tunisia in 1941. After ...
in the
1965 presidential election and of the
European Rally for Liberty
The European Rally for Liberty (French: Rassemblement Européen pour la Liberté, REL), also translated as European Assembly for Liberty, was a far-right, white nationalist and euro-nationalist party active in France between 1966 and 1968, and t ...
(REL) in the
1967 legislative election, are cited as events conducive to the foundation of GRECE and the development of its
meta-political strategy.
The philosophy of GRECE drew inspiration from earlier essays and theories developed by the white nationalist magazine ''
Europe-Action
''Europe-Action'' was a far-right white nationalist and euro-nationalist magazine and movement, founded by Dominique Venner in 1963 and active until 1966. Distancing itself from pre-WWII fascist ideas such as anti-intellectualism, anti-parliame ...
'' (1963–66)—headed by
Dominique Venner
Dominique Venner (; 16 April 1935 – 21 May 2013) was a French historian, journalist and essayist. Venner was a member of the Organisation armée secrète and later became a European nationalist, founding ''Europe-Action'', before wi ...
and in which
Alain de Benoist
Alain de Benoist (; ; born 11 December 1943) – also known as Fabrice Laroche, Robert de Herte, David Barney, and other pen names – is a French journalist and political philosopher, a founding member of the Nouvelle Droite ("New Right"), and ...
worked as a journalist—, most notably Venner's manifesto ''Pour une critique positive'' ("Towards a positive criticism"), written while imprisoned in 1962. Abandoning the myth of the ''
coup de force'' (putsch), Venner asserted that far-right movements had to be at the origin of a cultural and non-violent revolution, via the diffusion of nationalist ideas in society until they reach
cultural dominance. Another influence can be found in the "Manifesto of the Class of '60", published in 1960 by the initiators of the
Federation of Nationalist Students
The Federation of Nationalist Students (''french: Fédération des Étudiants Nationalistes'', FEN) was a French far-right student society active between 1960 and 1967, founded by François d'Orcival and others, soon joined by Alain de Benoist as ...
(FEN), a far-right and pro-colonial students' organization. Committing themselves to "action of profound consequence", the authors sought to break with the "sterile activism" of violent insurrection previously espoused by Jeune Nation (1949–58). Venner and de Benoist had been previously active in Jeune Nation and the FEN, respectively.
![20110402 De Benoist](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/20110402_De_Benoist.png)
Following the electoral failure of the European Rally for Liberty (1966–1969), some of its members – among them de Benoist, helped by an informal group of FEN militants – decided to found a cultural association to promote their ideas. In the 1960s, de Benoist had contributed as a writer and journalist to develop Venner's thesis on
European nationalism
European nationalism (sometimes called pan-European nationalism) is a form of nationalism based on a pan-European identity. It is considered minor since the National Party of Europe disintegrated in the 1970s.
History
The former British Union o ...
, which served as an ideological basis for GRECE. Their theory was founded on a 'pan-racial' rather than
ethnic
An ethnic group or an ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include common sets of traditions, ancestry, language, history, ...
or
civic
Civic is something related to a city or municipality. It also can refer to multiple other things:
General
*Civics, the science of comparative government
*Civic engagement, the connection one feels with their larger community
*Civic center, a comm ...
conception of nationalism: the
nation-states
A nation state is a political unit where the state and nation are congruent. It is a more precise concept than "country", since a country does not need to have a predominant ethnic group.
A nation, in the sense of a common ethnicity, may i ...
had to be dissolved for the peoples of the "Occident"—or the "white race"—to unite within a common European empire, on the grounds that they are the inheritors of a single civilization.
Creation and development: 1968–1977
GRECE was founded in
Nice
Nice ( , ; Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative c ...
,
Provence
Provence (, , , , ; oc, Provença or ''Prouvènço'' , ) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the Italian border to the east; it is bor ...
in January 1968 by European – mostly French – nationalist activists, and officially launched on 17 January 1969. Among the 40 founders were
Alain de Benoist
Alain de Benoist (; ; born 11 December 1943) – also known as Fabrice Laroche, Robert de Herte, David Barney, and other pen names – is a French journalist and political philosopher, a founding member of the Nouvelle Droite ("New Right"), and ...
,
Dominique Venner
Dominique Venner (; 16 April 1935 – 21 May 2013) was a French historian, journalist and essayist. Venner was a member of the Organisation armée secrète and later became a European nationalist, founding ''Europe-Action'', before wi ...
,
Giorgio Locchi
Giorgio Locchi (1923 – 25 October 1992) was an Italian journalist and writer. He was among the founders of GRECE.
Life
Also known by the pseudonym Hans-Jürgen Nigra, he was for a long time the Paris correspondent for the Italian newspaper '' ...
,
Maurice Rollet
Maurice Rollet (30 January 1933 – 21 January 2014) was a French poet, activist and medical doctor. He sometimes used the pseudonym ''François Le Cap''.
Biography
In the 1960s, he was involved as a far right-wing activist with Jeune Nation, ...
(who became its first president),
Pierre Vial
Pierre Vial (born 25 December 1942) is an academic medievalist tied to the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3. A Nouvelle Droite leader, he is the founder of the Identitarian association Terre et Peuple.
Biography
Pierre Vial was born on 25 Decembe ...
, and
Jean-Claude Valla
Jean-Claude Valla (16 May 1944 – 25 February 2010) was a French journalist and a prominent figure of the Nouvelle Droite.
Biography
Early life
Jean-Claude Valla was born on 16 May 1944 in Roanne, Loire. Between 1962 and 1965, he was the le ...
. Their aim was to establish a
meta-political "laboratory of ideas" that would influence mainstream right-wing parties and the French society at large. In May 1969, they circulated an internal document advising their members not to employ "outdated language" that might associate the group with
fascism
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy an ...
, and to socialize with Europe's most important decision-makers in order to influence their policies.
In 1969,
Jean-Yves Le Gallou
Jean-Yves Le Gallou (born 4 October 1948) is a French politician. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 1999, representing the National Front. Since 2022, he has been a member of Reconquête.
Career
Le Gallou began ...
became a member of the
Cercle Pareto
The Carrefour de l'Horloge (literally ''The Clock Crossroad''), formerly Club de l'Horloge (1974–2015), is a French far-right national liberal think tank founded in 1974 and presided by Henry de Lesquen. The organization promotes an "integral n ...
, a students' club established in
Science Po
, motto_lang = fr
, mottoeng = Roots of the Future
, type = Public research university''Grande école''
, established =
, founder = Émile Boutmy
, accreditation ...
at the end of 1968 by
Yvan Blot
Yvan Blot (29 June 1948 – 10 October 2018) was a French conservative politician. A founding member of the GRECE, he was also the co-creator and president of the Club de l'Horloge.
Biography
Born on 29 June 1948 in Saint-Mandé, Yvan Blot was ...
and closely linked to GRECE. They were joined by
Guillaume Faye
Guillaume Faye (; 7 November 1949 – 6 March 2019) was a French journalist, writer, and leading member of the French New Right. Earlier in his career, anti-Zionism permeated his work; later on, criticism of Islam became prominent in his writin ...
in 1970. GRECE launched its own review, ''
Nouvelle École
''Nouvelle École'' ( French: ''New School'') is an annual political and philosophy magazine which was established by an ethno-nationalist think tank, GRECE. The publication is one of the significant media outlets of the New Right political appr ...
'', in February–March 1968. Initially distributed exclusively among its members to hold debates in a semi-academic style, the review became public in 1969. From 1970 to 1982, Alain de Benoist worked has a journalist for the media outlets of
Raymond Bourgine
Raymond Bourgine (9 March 1925 – 29 November 1990) was a French journalist and politician. He served as editor-in-chief of '' Valeurs Actuelles'' from 1966 to 1990 and as French Senator from 1977 to 1990.Michel GurfinkielRaymond Bourgine dans l ...
, ''
Le Spectacle du Monde
''Le Spectacle du Monde'' is a French language magazine published in France. Although it was closed in 2014, the magazine was restarted in 2019.
Overview
''Le Spectacle du Monde'' was launched by Raymond Bourgine in 1962. The magazine was publis ...
'' and ''
Valeurs Actuelles''. Until its heyday in the late 1970s, however, the group remained mostly unknown to the general public. Its members were focusing on the organization of conferences to influence the elites, with ''cercles de réflexion'' ("thinking groups") emerging in many cities of France and even abroad: the "Cercle Pareto" in
Science Po Paris, "Galillée" in
Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of t ...
, "Critique Réaliste" in
Nantes
Nantes (, , ; Gallo: or ; ) is a city in Loire-Atlantique on the Loire, from the Atlantic coast. The city is the sixth largest in France, with a population of 314,138 in Nantes proper and a metropolitan area of nearly 1 million inhabita ...
, "Jean Médecin" in
Nice
Nice ( , ; Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative c ...
, "Bertrand Russel" in Toulon, "Pythéas" in Marseille, "Erwin-de-Steinbach" and "Wimpfeling" in Strasbourg, "Stamkunde" in Lilles, "Henry de Montherland" in
Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefectur ...
, "Erasme" in
Brussels
Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...
, and "Villebois-Mareuil" in
Johannesburg
Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu and xh, eGoli ), colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, or "The City of Gold", is the largest city in South Africa, classified as a megacity, and is one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world. According to Demo ...
.
![Jean-Yves Le Gallou - Academia Christiana](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou_-_Academia_Christiana.jpg)
In September 1973, the magazine ''
Éléments'', which had been serving as the internal bulletin of GRECE until then, began its public circulation as the general public showcase of the think tank. Frustrated with GRECE's long-term meta-political strategy, several members including
Jean-Yves Le Gallou
Jean-Yves Le Gallou (born 4 October 1948) is a French politician. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 1999, representing the National Front. Since 2022, he has been a member of Reconquête.
Career
Le Gallou began ...
and
Yvan Blot
Yvan Blot (29 June 1948 – 10 October 2018) was a French conservative politician. A founding member of the GRECE, he was also the co-creator and president of the Club de l'Horloge.
Biography
Born on 29 June 1948 in Saint-Mandé, Yvan Blot was ...
established with
Henry de Lesquen
Henry de Lesquen (born 1 January 1949) is a French politician. A retired official and former radio host, de Lesquen has been the president of the Carrefour de l'Horloge, a national liberal think tank, since 1985. A blogger and YouTuber since the ...
a group named
Club de l'Horloge
The Carrefour de l'Horloge (literally ''The Clock Crossroad''), formerly Club de l'Horloge (1974–2015), is a French far-right national liberal think tank founded in 1974 and presided by Henry de Lesquen. The organization promotes an "integral n ...
in 1974 to serve as an elite
think tank
A think tank, or policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most think tanks are non-governmenta ...
seeking to adopt a more direct strategy, "entryism", that is the infiltration of political parties and senior public offices. Several of them joined mainstream right-ring parties like the
Rally for the Republic
The Rally for the Republic (french: Rassemblement pour la République ; RPR ), was a Gaullist and conservative political party in France. Originating from the Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR), it was founded by Jacques Chirac in 1976 a ...
and the
Union for French Democracy
The Union for French Democracy (french: Union pour la démocratie française, UDF) was a centre to centre-right political party in France. It was founded in 1978 as an electoral alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in order to c ...
.
In one of its few direct metapolitical interventions, GRECE called for the election of centre-right candidate
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Valéry René Marie Georges Giscard d'Estaing (, , ; 2 February 19262 December 2020), also known as Giscard or VGE, was a French politician who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981.
After serving as Minister of Finance under prime ...
to the
presidency in 1974. In 1975 and 1976, the organization created CLOSOR, a committee seeking to influence France's high-ranking military personnel, and GENE, intended for the teaching professionals. Each of them had its own special bulletin: ''Nation Armée'' and ''Nouvelle Éducation'', respectively. In September 1976, GRECE founded the publishing company Copernic to propagate the Nouvelle Droite worldview to a larger European audience. The following year, it published de Benoist's essay ''Vu de droite'' ("See from right"), which was awarded the ''
Prix de l'Essai The Prix de l'essai is an annual French essay prize awarded by the Académie française. It was created in 1971 by the Fondation Broquette-Gonin. It is awarded for an individual essay or for the collected works of an essayist. The prize sum was 1000 ...
'' of the prestigious
Académie Française
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, secondary or tertiary education, tertiary higher education, higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membershi ...
in 1978.
Growth and opposition: 1978–1993
Building of the structure of influence they had established in the early 1970s – including reviews, conferences, publishing houses, and ''cercles'' –, GRECE members began to get public attention and influence from the late 1970s onward. After his nomination as the cultural director of ''
Le Figaro
''Le Figaro'' () is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826. It is headquartered on Boulevard Haussmann in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. The oldest national newspaper in France, ''Le Figaro'' is one of three French newspapers of reco ...
'' in 1977,
Louis Pauwels
Louis Pauwels (; 2 August 1920 – 28 January 1997) was a French journalist and writer.
Born in Paris, France, he wrote in many monthly literary French magazines as early as 1946 (including ''Esprit'' and ''Variété'') until the 1950s. He partic ...
decided to found the weekly ''
Figaro Magazine'', recruiting many GRECE members to the project: Alain de Benoist,
Patrice de Plunkett
Patrice de Plunkett (born 9 January 1947 in Paris) is a French journalist and essayist who specializes in analyzing social issues. He was the editor of ''Le Figaro Magazine'', one of the major French weekly magazines. After leaving this magazine ...
(chosen as the assistant chief editor),
Jean-Claude Valla
Jean-Claude Valla (16 May 1944 – 25 February 2010) was a French journalist and a prominent figure of the Nouvelle Droite.
Biography
Early life
Jean-Claude Valla was born on 16 May 1944 in Roanne, Loire. Between 1962 and 1965, he was the le ...
, Yves Christen, Christian Durante,
Michel Marmin
Michel Marmin (born 18 November 1943) is a French journalist and film critic.
Biography
Born 18 November 1943, Michel Marmin was a member of the non-religious scouting association Éclaireurs de France in the 1950s. He attended the Institut d ...
, Grégory Pons.' Although they were not able to gain enough control to transform the ''Figaro Magazine'' into a real organ of propaganda, the ethno-nationalist think tank conserved a large influence on the magazine until 1981. According to political scientist Harvey Simmons, "from the early 1970s to the early 1980s, the doctrine of GRECE had a major impact on the ideology of the entire right" in France.
![Guillaume Faye par Claude Truong-Ngoc février 2015](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Guillaume_Faye_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_f%C3%A9vrier_2015.jpg)
However, the growth of GRECE and the Nouvelle Droite was raising concerns in many liberal and leftist intellectual circles, which led to a violent media campaign against the ''Nouvelle Droite'' and ''Le Figaro'' in 1979, the year ending with a fight between the Jewish Defence Organization (OJD) and GRECE members in December. Pauwels began to distance himself from the movement and ''Le Figaro'' withdrew its patronage. From 1982 to 1992, de Benoist was confined to the redaction of the ''Figaro Magazine'' 'videos' section. Now deprived of a popular platform, the Nouvelle Droite accelerated away from biological racism and toward the concept of "
ethnopluralism
Ethnopluralism or ethno-pluralism, also known as ethno-differentialism, is a political concept which relies on preserving and mutually respecting separate and bordered ethno-cultural regions. Among the key components are the "right to difference" ( ...
", that is the claim that different ethno-cultural groups should be kept separate in order to preserve their historical and cultural differences.
In 1980,
Pierre Krebs
__NOTOC__
The Thule-Seminar is a far-right nationalist organization with strong Neopaganist roots based in Kassel, Germany. It was founded in 1980 by Pierre Krebs, essentially as the German branch of GRECE. Sometimes described as a think tank o ...
established the
Thule-Seminar
__NOTOC__
The Thule-Seminar is a Far-right politics, far-right nationalist organization with strong Neopaganist roots based in Kassel, Germany. It was founded in 1980 by Pierre Krebs, essentially as the German branch of Groupement de recherche et ...
to operate as a branch of GRECE in Germany.
The same year, a group of scholars linked with GRECE,
Jean Varenne
Jean Varenne (12 June 1926 – 12 July 1997) was a French Indologist and a prominent figure of the Nouvelle Droite. He taught Sanskrit at the Aix-Marseille University, then at Jean Moulin University Lyon 3, where he was eventually nominated profes ...
,
Jean Haudry
Jean Haudry (born 28 May 1934) is a French linguist and Indo-Europeanist. Haudry is generally regarded as a distinguished linguist by other scholars, although he has also been criticized for his political proximity with the far-right. Haudry's ''L ...
and Jean-Paul Allard, founded the "Institute of Indo-European Studies" (IEIE) at the
Jean Moulin University Lyon 3
The Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 (french: link=no, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3), also referred to as Lyon 3, is one of the three public universities of Lyon, France. It is named after the French Resistance fighter Jean Moulin and specialises i ...
in
Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of t ...
. In 1988
Pierre Vial
Pierre Vial (born 25 December 1942) is an academic medievalist tied to the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3. A Nouvelle Droite leader, he is the founder of the Identitarian association Terre et Peuple.
Biography
Pierre Vial was born on 25 Decembe ...
obtained a teaching position at the same university, as did and , leading to the emergence of a GRECE "nucleus" exerting a certain influence in Lyon 3 during the 1980–1990s.
Le Gallou grew in importance and served as a link between GRECE ideas and
Front National
The National Rally (french: Rassemblement National, ; RN), until 2018 known as the National Front (french: link=no, Front National, ; FN), is a far-rightAbridged list of reliable sources that refer to National Rally as far-right:
Academic:
...
(FN) after he joined the FN in 1985. The party was influenced by GRECE's ideas and slogans, adopting the same emphasis on "ethno-cultural differentialism", although the Catholic faction in the FN rejected GRECE for their support of
paganism
Paganism (from classical Latin ''pāgānus'' "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christianity, early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions ot ...
. Since the years 1979–1980, however, the Club de l'Horloge has distanced itself from GRECE's anti-Christian, anti-American and anti-capitalist positions, promoting instead an "integral neo-
Darwinist
Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations tha ...
" philosophy characterized by a form of
economic liberalism
Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production. Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism ...
strongly tainted with
ethnic nationalism
Ethnic nationalism, also known as ethnonationalism, is a form of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity, with emphasis on an ethnocentric (and in some cases an ethnocratic) approach to various politi ...
. GRECE and
European New Right
The European New Right (ENR) is a far-right movement which originated in France as the Nouvelle Droite in the late 1960s. Its proponents are involved in a global "anti-structural revolt" against modernity and post-modernity, largely in the form of ...
activists have criticized the Club de l'Horloge for simultaneously promoting economic neoliberalism and
cultural conservatism
Cultural conservatism is described as the protection of the cultural heritage of a nation state, or of a culture not defined by state boundaries. It is usually associated with criticism of multiculturalism, and opposition to immigration. Cultu ...
, which are in their views contradictory positions.
Recent developments: 1994–present
![Pierre-Vial-AMI-DR-1024x565 (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Pierre-Vial-AMI-DR-1024x565_%28cropped%29.png)
In 1995 Pierre Vial,
Jean Mabire
Jean Mabire (8 February 1927—29 March 2006) was a French journalist and essayist. A neo-pagan and nordicist, Mabire is known for the regionalist and euronationalist ideas that he developed in both ''Europe-Action'' and GRECE, as well as his c ...
and
Jean Haudry
Jean Haudry (born 28 May 1934) is a French linguist and Indo-Europeanist. Haudry is generally regarded as a distinguished linguist by other scholars, although he has also been criticized for his political proximity with the far-right. Haudry's ''L ...
co-founded the
nativist movement
Terre et Peuple
Terre et Peuple (English: "Land and People"; abbreviated T&P or TP) is a far-right and neo-pagan cultural association in France founded by Pierre Vial and launched in 1995. Its positions are close to the Identitarian movement, although it precede ...
.
Guillaume Faye
Guillaume Faye (; 7 November 1949 – 6 March 2019) was a French journalist, writer, and leading member of the French New Right. Earlier in his career, anti-Zionism permeated his work; later on, criticism of Islam became prominent in his writin ...
had temporarily left political activism in 1987 and worked for the hip-hop radio station
Skyrock Skyrock may refer to:
*Skyrock (social network site), a French social network site
*Skyrock (radio)
Skyrock is a French radio station based in Paris created in 1986, and is mainly dedicated to mainstream rap music
Rapping (also rhyming, s ...
in the 1990s. He joined GRECE again in 1997 to introduce his concept of "archeofuturism". After the publication of his book ''The Colonization of Europe'' in 2000, which earned him a criminal conviction for incitement to racial hatred, he was expelled from GRECE at the request of de Benoist.
Influence
Prominent personalities have collaborated with GRECE, notably via the membership to the patronage committee of its journal ''
Nouvelle École
''Nouvelle École'' ( French: ''New School'') is an annual political and philosophy magazine which was established by an ethno-nationalist think tank, GRECE. The publication is one of the significant media outlets of the New Right political appr ...
'', including
Raymond Abellio
Georges Soulès (11 November 1907 – 26 August 1986), known by his pen name Raymond Abellio, was a French writer.
Life
Abellio went to the École Polytechnique and then took part in the X-Crise Group. He advocated far-left ideas, but like many o ...
,
Franz Altheim
Franz Altheim (6 October 1898 – 17 October 1976) was a German classical philologist and historian who specialized in the history of classical antiquity. During the 1930s and 1940s, Altheim served the Nazi state as a member of Ahnenerbe, a ...
,
Maurice Bardèche
Maurice Bardèche (1 October 1907 – 30 July 1998) was a French art critic and journalist, better known as one of the leading exponents of neo-fascism in post–World War II Europe. Bardèche was also the brother-in-law of the collaborationist ...
,
Anthony Burgess
John Anthony Burgess Wilson, (; 25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993), who published under the name Anthony Burgess, was an English writer and composer.
Although Burgess was primarily a comic writer, his Utopian and dystopian fiction, d ...
,
Jean Cau,
C. D. Darlington
Cyril Dean Darlington (19 December 1903 – 26 March 1981) was an English biologist, cytologist, geneticist and eugenicist, who discovered the mechanics of chromosomal crossover, its role in inheritance, and therefore its importance to evoluti ...
,
Pierre Debray-Ritzen
Pierre Debray-Ritzen (27 February 1922 – 7 July 1993) was a French psychiatrist.
He was a member of the Club de l'horloge.
Publications
* ''L'Odeur du temps'', roman, Casterman, 1963
* ''Le Défi aux étoiles'', Plon, 1964
* ''Les Nervures d ...
,
Jacques de Mahieu
Jacques de Mahieu, whose real name was Jacques Girault, (31 October 1915 – 4 October 1990) was a French Argentine anthropologist and Peronist.
He wrote several books on esoterism, which he mixed with anthropological theories inspired by sci ...
,
Mircea Eliade
Mircea Eliade (; – April 22, 1986) was a Romanians, Romanian History of religion, historian of religion, fiction writer, philosopher, and professor at the University of Chicago. He was a leading interpreter of religious experience, who establ ...
,
Hans Eysenck
Hans Jürgen Eysenck (; 4 March 1916 – 4 September 1997) was a German-born British psychologist who spent his professional career in Great Britain. He is best remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, although he worked on other ...
,
Julien Freund,
Robert Gayre
George Robert Gayre of Gayre and Nigg (6 August 1907St. Martin's Press Staff (2001). ''Who Was Who 1996–2000 Volume X: A Companion to WHO'S WHO – Containing the Biographies of Those Who Died During the Period 1996–2000.'' Palgrave Macmillan, ...
,
Jean Haudry
Jean Haudry (born 28 May 1934) is a French linguist and Indo-Europeanist. Haudry is generally regarded as a distinguished linguist by other scholars, although he has also been criticized for his political proximity with the far-right. Haudry's ''L ...
,
Arthur Koestler
Arthur Koestler, (, ; ; hu, Kösztler Artúr; 5 September 1905 – 1 March 1983) was a Hungarian-born author and journalist. Koestler was born in Budapest and, apart from his early school years, was educated in Austria. In 1931, Koestler join ...
,
Manfred Mayrhofer
Manfred Mayrhofer (26 September 1926 – 31 October 2011) was an Austrian Indo-Europeanist who specialized in Indo-Iranian languages. Mayrhofer served as professor emeritus at the University of Vienna. He is noted for his etymological dictionary ...
,
Edgar Polomé
Edgar is a commonly used English given name, from an Anglo-Saxon name ''Eadgar'' (composed of '' ead'' "rich, prosperous" and ''gar'' "spear").
Like most Anglo-Saxon names, it fell out of use by the later medieval period; it was, however, rev ...
,
Colin Renfrew
Andrew Colin Renfrew, Baron Renfrew of Kaimsthorn, (born 25 July 1937) is a British archaeologist, paleolinguist and Conservative peer noted for his work on radiocarbon dating, the prehistory of languages, archaeogenetics, neuroarchaeology, an ...
,
Marija Gimbutas
Marija Gimbutas ( lt, Marija Gimbutienė, ; January 23, 1921 – February 2, 1994) was a Lithuanian archaeologist and anthropologist known for her research into the Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of " Old Europe" and for her Kurgan hypothesis, ...
,
Marcel Le Glay Marcel Le Glay (7 May 1920, Arleux near Douai (Nord) – 14 August 1992.) was a 20th-century French historian and archaeologist, specializing in ancient Rome. His work focused in particular on Roman religion and North Africa during Antiquity, especi ...
,
Konrad Lorenz
Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (; 7 November 1903 – 27 February 1989) was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch. He is often regarded ...
,
Thierry Maulnier
Thierry Maulnier (born Jacques Talagrand; 1 October 1909, Alès – 9 January 1988, Marnes-la-Coquette) was a French journalist, essayist, dramatist, and literary critic. He was married to theatre director Marcelle Tassencourt.
Early years
A ...
,
Armin Mohler
Armin Mohler (12 April 1920 – 4 July 2003) was a Swiss far-right political philosopher and journalist, known for his works on the Conservative Revolution. He is widely seen as the father of the Neue Rechte (''New Right''), the German branch of ...
,
Louis Pauwels
Louis Pauwels (; 2 August 1920 – 28 January 1997) was a French journalist and writer.
Born in Paris, France, he wrote in many monthly literary French magazines as early as 1946 (including ''Esprit'' and ''Variété'') until the 1950s. He partic ...
,
Roger Pearson,
Stefan Thomas Possony
Stefan Thomas Possony (March 15, 1913 – April 26, 1995) was an Austrian-born US economist and military strategist and a Senior Fellow and director of International Studies at the Hoover Institution.
He conceived the US Strategic Defense Ini ...
, or
Louis Rougier
Louis Auguste Paul Rougier (; 10 April 1889 – 14 October 1982) was a French philosopher. Rougier made many important contributions to epistemology, philosophy of science, political philosophy and the history of Christianity.
Early life
Rougie ...
.
Although the extent of the relationship is debated by scholars, GRECE and the
Nouvelle Droite
The Nouvelle Droite (; en, "New Right"), sometimes shortened to the initialism ND, is a far-right political movement which emerged in France during the late 1960s. The Nouvelle Droite is at the origin of the wider European New Right (ENR). Vario ...
, and its German counterpart the
Neue Rechte
Neue Rechte (''New Right'') is the designation for a right-wing political movement in Germany. It was founded as an opposition to the New Left generation of the 1960s. Its intellectually oriented proponents distance themselves from Old Right Na ...
,
[Hentges, Gudrun, Gürcan Kökgiran, and Kristina Nottbohm. "Die Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD)–Bewegung oder virtuelles Phänomen." ''Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen'' 27, no. 3 (2014): 1-26]
Read online (pdf)
/ref> have influenced the ideological and political structure of the European Identitarian Movement
The Identitarian movement or Identitarianism is a pan-European nationalism, nationalist, far-right political ideology asserting the right of Ethnic groups in Europe, European ethnic groups and white peoples to Western culture and territories c ...
. Part of the alt-right
The alt-right, an abbreviation of alternative right, is a far-right, white nationalist movement. A largely online phenomenon, the alt-right originated in the United States during the late 2000s before increasing in popularity during the mid-2 ...
also claims to have been inspired by De Benoist's writings.
The (), co-founded in 2014 by Le Gallou, has been described by ''Le Monde
''Le Monde'' (; ) is a French daily afternoon newspaper. It is the main publication of Le Monde Group and reported an average circulation of 323,039 copies per issue in 2009, about 40,000 of which were sold abroad. It has had its own website si ...
'' as "the heir of GRECE".
Themes and ideas
The think tank initially borrowed several themes already present in ''Europe-Action
''Europe-Action'' was a far-right white nationalist and euro-nationalist magazine and movement, founded by Dominique Venner in 1963 and active until 1966. Distancing itself from pre-WWII fascist ideas such as anti-intellectualism, anti-parliame ...
'' : anti-Christianity and elitism, a pan-racial notion of European nationalism, and the seeds of a change from a biological to a cultural definition of alterity
Alterity is a philosophical and anthropological term meaning "otherness", that is, the "other of two" (Latin ''alter''). It is also increasingly being used in media to express something other than "sameness", or something outside of tradition or co ...
. Between 1962 and 1972, the core members of what would be GRECE embraced a Europeanism, which according to Taguieff and Griffin
The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Ancient Greek: , ''gryps''; Classical Latin: ''grȳps'' or ''grȳpus''; Late Latin, Late and Medieval Latin: ''gryphes'', ''grypho'' etc.; Old French: ''griffon'') is a legendary creature with the body, tail ...
, was "still in the key of biological Aryanism associated with the overtly neo-Nazi 'Message of Uppsala' and the publication of ''Europe-Action''." Between 1972 and 1987, under the influence of Armin Mohler
Armin Mohler (12 April 1920 – 4 July 2003) was a Swiss far-right political philosopher and journalist, known for his works on the Conservative Revolution. He is widely seen as the father of the Neue Rechte (''New Right''), the German branch of ...
and the Conservative Revolution
The Conservative Revolution (german: Konservative Revolution), also known as the German neoconservative movement or new nationalism, was a German national-conservative movement prominent during the Weimar Republic, in the years 1918–1933 (betw ...
, this discourse was progressively replaced with a cultural approach of alterity
Alterity is a philosophical and anthropological term meaning "otherness", that is, the "other of two" (Latin ''alter''). It is also increasingly being used in media to express something other than "sameness", or something outside of tradition or co ...
based upon a Nietzschean
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) developed his philosophy during the late 19th century. He owed the awakening of his philosophical interest to reading Arthur Schopenhauer's ''Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung'' (''The World as Will and Repres ...
rejection of egalitarianism
Egalitarianism (), or equalitarianism, is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds from the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people. Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all hu ...
and a call for a European palingenesis
Palingenesis (; also palingenesia) is a concept of rebirth or re-creation, used in various contexts in philosophy, theology, politics, and biology. Its meaning stems from Greek , meaning 'again', and , meaning 'birth'.
In biology, it is anothe ...
(heroic rebirth) via a return to the ancestral "Indo-European
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Some European languages of this family, English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Dutch ...
values". A third ideological phase, from 1984 to 1987, shifted towards third-worldism
Third-Worldism is a political concept and ideology that emerged in the late 1940s or early 1950s during the Cold War and tried to generate unity among the nations that did not want to take sides between the United States and the Soviet Union. The ...
, the revival of the sacred, and ethnopluralism
Ethnopluralism or ethno-pluralism, also known as ethno-differentialism, is a political concept which relies on preserving and mutually respecting separate and bordered ethno-cultural regions. Among the key components are the "right to difference" ( ...
.
Ethnopluralism
The group exhibits a hostility to multicultural societies, viewed as a form of "ethnocide", and emphasizes the rights of groups over individuals. GRECE is against both immigration and "remigration
Remigration, or re-immigration, sometimes euphemized as "repatriation", is a far-right political concept referring to the forced or promoted return of non-ethnically European immigrants, often including their descendants, back to their place of ra ...
", favouring instead the separation of the different ethnic and cultural groups within France. Significant foreign cultural elements inside a group ought to be culturally assimilated in a process of cultural homogenization
Cultural homogenization is an aspect of cultural globalization, listed as one of its main characteristics, and refers to the reduction in cultural diversity through the popularization and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols—not only ...
.
Although it opposes liberal democracy
Liberal democracy is the combination of a liberal political ideology that operates under an indirect democratic form of government. It is characterized by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into diff ...
, GRECE is not inherently anti-democratic and calls for localized form of what it calls "organic democracy".
Metapolitics
Influenced by Marxist
Marxism is a Left-wing politics, left-wing to Far-left politics, far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a Materialism, materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand S ...
thinker Antonio Gramsci
Antonio Francesco Gramsci ( , , ; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosopher, journalist, linguist, writer, and politician. He wrote on philosophy, political theory, sociology, history, and linguistics. He was a ...
, GRECE aims at slowly infusing society with its ideas in the hope of achieving cultural hegemony, sometimes called "right-wing Gramscism". Metapolitics is defined by Guillaume Faye
Guillaume Faye (; 7 November 1949 – 6 March 2019) was a French journalist, writer, and leading member of the French New Right. Earlier in his career, anti-Zionism permeated his work; later on, criticism of Islam became prominent in his writin ...
as the "social diffusion of ideas and cultural values for the sake of provoking profound, long-term, political transformation", and by former GRECE president Jacques Marlaud as "any work of reflection or analysis, any diffusion of ideas, any cultural practice liable to influence political society over the long term. It is no longer a matter of taking power but of providing those in power with ideological, philosophical, and cultural nourishment that can shape (or contradict) their decisions."
In 1974, GRECE members Jean Mabire
Jean Mabire (8 February 1927—29 March 2006) was a French journalist and essayist. A neo-pagan and nordicist, Mabire is known for the regionalist and euronationalist ideas that he developed in both ''Europe-Action'' and GRECE, as well as his c ...
, Maurice Rollet
Maurice Rollet (30 January 1933 – 21 January 2014) was a French poet, activist and medical doctor. He sometimes used the pseudonym ''François Le Cap''.
Biography
In the 1960s, he was involved as a far right-wing activist with Jeune Nation, ...
, Jean-Claude Valla
Jean-Claude Valla (16 May 1944 – 25 February 2010) was a French journalist and a prominent figure of the Nouvelle Droite.
Biography
Early life
Jean-Claude Valla was born on 16 May 1944 in Roanne, Loire. Between 1962 and 1965, he was the le ...
and Pierre Vial
Pierre Vial (born 25 December 1942) is an academic medievalist tied to the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3. A Nouvelle Droite leader, he is the founder of the Identitarian association Terre et Peuple.
Biography
Pierre Vial was born on 25 Decembe ...
founded the scouting organization Europe-Jeunesse to diffuse Nouvelle Droite ideas and values to the youth.
Archeofuturism
Archeofuturism is a concept invented by Guillaume Faye
Guillaume Faye (; 7 November 1949 – 6 March 2019) was a French journalist, writer, and leading member of the French New Right. Earlier in his career, anti-Zionism permeated his work; later on, criticism of Islam became prominent in his writin ...
in 1998 and defined as the reconciliation of technology
Technology is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and reproducible way. The word ''technology'' may also mean the product of such an endeavor. The use of technology is widely prevalent in medicine, science, ...
and science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for ...
s with "archaic values". Faye described archeofuturism as a "vitalist
Vitalism is a belief that starts from the premise that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things." Wher ...
constructionism" and stated that "archaic" should be understood in the Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic peri ...
meaning of the word ''archè'', i.e. "the beginning" or "the foundation".
Notable members
Among the prominent figures of the European New Right who became members of GRECE were:
*Alain de Benoist
Alain de Benoist (; ; born 11 December 1943) – also known as Fabrice Laroche, Robert de Herte, David Barney, and other pen names – is a French journalist and political philosopher, a founding member of the Nouvelle Droite ("New Right"), and ...
(1968–present), co-founder.
*Pierre Vial
Pierre Vial (born 25 December 1942) is an academic medievalist tied to the Jean Moulin University Lyon 3. A Nouvelle Droite leader, he is the founder of the Identitarian association Terre et Peuple.
Biography
Pierre Vial was born on 25 Decembe ...
(1968–1986), co-founder, second director of ''Éléments''.
*Giorgio Locchi
Giorgio Locchi (1923 – 25 October 1992) was an Italian journalist and writer. He was among the founders of GRECE.
Life
Also known by the pseudonym Hans-Jürgen Nigra, he was for a long time the Paris correspondent for the Italian newspaper '' ...
(1968–?), co-founder.
*Maurice Rollet
Maurice Rollet (30 January 1933 – 21 January 2014) was a French poet, activist and medical doctor. He sometimes used the pseudonym ''François Le Cap''.
Biography
In the 1960s, he was involved as a far right-wing activist with Jeune Nation, ...
(1968–?), co-founder.
*Jean-Claude Valla
Jean-Claude Valla (16 May 1944 – 25 February 2010) was a French journalist and a prominent figure of the Nouvelle Droite.
Biography
Early life
Jean-Claude Valla was born on 16 May 1944 in Roanne, Loire. Between 1962 and 1965, he was the le ...
(1968–1986), co-founder.
*Dominique Venner
Dominique Venner (; 16 April 1935 – 21 May 2013) was a French historian, journalist and essayist. Venner was a member of the Organisation armée secrète and later became a European nationalist, founding ''Europe-Action'', before wi ...
(1968–1971).
*Yvan Blot
Yvan Blot (29 June 1948 – 10 October 2018) was a French conservative politician. A founding member of the GRECE, he was also the co-creator and president of the Club de l'Horloge.
Biography
Born on 29 June 1948 in Saint-Mandé, Yvan Blot was ...
(1968–1974), founder of the Cercle Pareto, founding member of the Carrefour de l'Horloge
The Carrefour de l'Horloge (literally ''The Clock Crossroad''), formerly Club de l'Horloge (1974–2015), is a French Far-right politics, far-right National liberalism, national liberal think tank founded in 1974 and presided by Henry de Lesquen. ...
.
*Jean-Yves Le Gallou
Jean-Yves Le Gallou (born 4 October 1948) is a French politician. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 1999, representing the National Front. Since 2022, he has been a member of Reconquête.
Career
Le Gallou began ...
(1969–1974), founding member of the Carrefour de l'Horloge
The Carrefour de l'Horloge (literally ''The Clock Crossroad''), formerly Club de l'Horloge (1974–2015), is a French Far-right politics, far-right National liberalism, national liberal think tank founded in 1974 and presided by Henry de Lesquen. ...
.
*Jean Mabire
Jean Mabire (8 February 1927—29 March 2006) was a French journalist and essayist. A neo-pagan and nordicist, Mabire is known for the regionalist and euronationalist ideas that he developed in both ''Europe-Action'' and GRECE, as well as his c ...
(1970–?), member of the "federal council" and "commission of traditions".
*Guillaume Faye
Guillaume Faye (; 7 November 1949 – 6 March 2019) was a French journalist, writer, and leading member of the French New Right. Earlier in his career, anti-Zionism permeated his work; later on, criticism of Islam became prominent in his writin ...
(1970–1987; 1997–2000).
*Michel Marmin
Michel Marmin (born 18 November 1943) is a French journalist and film critic.
Biography
Born 18 November 1943, Michel Marmin was a member of the non-religious scouting association Éclaireurs de France in the 1950s. He attended the Institut d ...
, first director of ''Éléments''.
*Jean Varenne
Jean Varenne (12 June 1926 – 12 July 1997) was a French Indologist and a prominent figure of the Nouvelle Droite. He taught Sanskrit at the Aix-Marseille University, then at Jean Moulin University Lyon 3, where he was eventually nominated profes ...
(1974–1986).
* Jacques Marlaud.
Organization
President:
* 1968–1974: Maurice Rollet.
* 1974–1984: Roger Lemoine.
* 1984–1986: Jean Varenne.
* 1987–1991: Jacques Marlaud.
* 1991–1992: Michel Marmin.
* 1992–2013: Jean-Claude Jacquard.
* 2013–present: Michel Thibault.
Secretary general:
* 1968–1974: Alain de Benoist.
* 1974–1978: Jean-Claude Valla.
* 1978–1984: Pierre Vial.
* 1984–1986: Jean-Claude Cariou.
* 1986–1991: Gilbert Sincyr.
* 1990–????:Xavier Marchand
Publications
GRECE edits two journals, '' Éléments'' and ''Nouvelle École
''Nouvelle École'' ( French: ''New School'') is an annual political and philosophy magazine which was established by an ethno-nationalist think tank, GRECE. The publication is one of the significant media outlets of the New Right political appr ...
''. William H. Tucker William Tucker may refer to:
* William Tooker or Tucker (1557/58–1621), English churchman
* William Tucker (musician) (1961–1999), guitar player
* William Tucker (politician) (1843–1919), member of the New Zealand Legislative Council
* Will ...
and Bruce Lincoln
Bruce Lincoln (born 1948) is Caroline E. Haskell Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of the History of Religions in the Divinity School of the University of Chicago, where he also holds positions in the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Com ...
have described ''Nouvelle École'' as the "French version of the ''Mankind Quarterly
''Mankind Quarterly'' is a peer-reviewed journal that has been described as a "cornerstone of the scientific racism establishment", a "white supremacist journal", and "a pseudo-scholarly outlet for promoting racial inequality". It covers phys ...
''", and historian James G. Shields as the equivalent of the German ''Neue Anthropologie
''Neue Anthropologie'' was a quarterly anthropology journal. It was published in Hamburg, West Germany by the , whose chairman, Jürgen Rieger, was also the journal's editor. It served as a platform for neo-Nazi psychological and anthropological ...
''.
See also
*Nouvelle Droite
The Nouvelle Droite (; en, "New Right"), sometimes shortened to the initialism ND, is a far-right political movement which emerged in France during the late 1960s. The Nouvelle Droite is at the origin of the wider European New Right (ENR). Vario ...
*Ethnopluralism
Ethnopluralism or ethno-pluralism, also known as ethno-differentialism, is a political concept which relies on preserving and mutually respecting separate and bordered ethno-cultural regions. Among the key components are the "right to difference" ( ...
*Carrefour de l'Horloge
The Carrefour de l'Horloge (literally ''The Clock Crossroad''), formerly Club de l'Horloge (1974–2015), is a French Far-right politics, far-right National liberalism, national liberal think tank founded in 1974 and presided by Henry de Lesquen. ...
Notes
References
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Groupement De Recherche Et D'etudes Pour La Civilisation Europeenne
Alt-right organizations
Anti-Christian sentiment in Europe
Anti-communism in France
Criticism of multiculturalism
Identitarian movement in France
Modern pagan organizations based in France
Nordicism
GRECE
The Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne ("Research and Study Group for European Civilization"), better known as GRECE, is a French ethnonationalist think tank founded in 1968 to promote the ideas of the Nouvelle ...
Political and economic think tanks based in France
Think tanks based in France
Pan-European nationalism
Modern pagan organizations established in the 1960s