The
GMC CCKW, also known as "Jimmy", or the
by its Ordnance Supply Catalog nr, was a highly successful series of
off-road capable,
2-ton, 6×6 trucks, built in large numbers to a standardized design (from 1941 to 1945) for the
U.S. Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cl ...
, that saw heavy service, predominantly as cargo trucks, in both
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
and the
Korean War
, date = {{Ubl, 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 (''de facto'')({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=6, day1=25, year1=1950, month2=7, day2=27, year2=1953), 25 June 1950 – present (''de jure'')({{Age in years, months, weeks a ...
. The original "Deuce and a Half", it formed the backbone of the famed
Red Ball Express
The Red Ball Express was a famed truck convoy system that supplied Allied forces moving quickly through Europe after breaking out from the D-Day beaches in Normandy in 1944. To expedite cargo shipment to the front, trucks emblazoned with red ...
that kept
Allied
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
armies supplied as they pushed eastward after the
Normandy invasion
Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 (D-Day) with the Norma ...
.
The CCKW came in many variants, including open or closed cab, long wheelbase (LWB) CCKW-353 and short (SWB) CCKW-352, and over a score of specialized models, but the bulk were standard, general purpose, cargo models. A large minority were built with a front mounted winch, and one in four of the cabs had a machine-gun mounting ring above the co-driver's position.
Of the almost 2.4 million trucks that the U.S. Army bought between 1939 and December 1945, across all payload weight classes, some 812,000, or just over one third, were -ton trucks.
GMC's total production of the CCKW and its variants, including the 2-ton, 6x6, amphibian
DUKW
The DUKW (colloquially known as Duck) is a six-wheel-drive amphibious modification of the -ton CCKW trucks used by the U.S. military during World War II and the Korean War.
Designed by a partnership under military auspices of Sparkman & Step ...
, and the 6×4, 5-ton (on-road) CCW-353, amounted to some 572,500 units – almost a quarter of the total WW II U.S. truck production, and 70 percent of the total -ton trucks. GMC's total of ~550,000 purely 6×6 models, including the DUKW, formed the overwhelming majority of the ~675,000 six by six -ton trucks, and came in less than 100,000 shy of the almost 650,000
World War II jeeps.
[ Additionally, GM built over 150,000 units of the CCKW's smaller brother, the -ton, 4×4 ]Chevrolet G506
The G-506 trucks, -ton, 4x4, produced as the Chevrolet G7100 (and originally G4100) models, were a series of (light) medium four wheel drive trucks used by the United States Army and its allies during and after World War II. This series came in s ...
, at the same factory.
The GMC CCKW began to be phased out, once the M35 series trucks were first deployed in the 1950s, but remained in active U.S. service until the mid-1960s. Eventually, the M35 series, originally developed by REO Motors, succeeded the CCKW as the U.S. Army's standard -ton, 6×6 cargo truck.
Etymology
The name CCKW comes from GMC model nomenclature
Nomenclature (, ) is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences. The principles of naming vary from the relatively informal naming conventions, conventions of everyday speech to the i ...
:
*"C", designed in 1941
*"C", conventional cab
*"K", all-wheel drive
*"W", dual rear axles
*"X", experimental chassis / non-standard wheelbase (first 13,188 units )
History
In 1939-1940 the US Army Ordnance Corps was developing load-rated 6×6 tactical trucks that could operate off-road in all weather. General Motors, already supplying modified commercial trucks to the Army, modified the 1939 ACKWXbuilt for the French Armyinto the CCKW. The General Motors design was chosen by the Army and went into production at GM'S Yellow Truck and Coach division's Pontiac, Michigan plant alongside 6×4 CCWs. Later they were also manufactured at GM's St. Louis, Missouri Chevrolet plant.
Production numbers
Sources do not precisely agree on the total numbers of CCKWs built by the end of production in 1945. Ware (2010) lists one single number of 562,750 of CCKW trucks, built across all variants—presumably including the amphibian DUKW. More clearly specified numbers are provided by Sunderlin in ''Army Motors'' magazine, and by Jackson, using the numbers found in the 1946 revision of the U.S. military's ''Summary Report of Acceptances, Tank-Automotive Materiel''. Sunderlin reports a total of 528,829 of -ton 6×6 units (excluding the DUKW) produced by GMC—versus a total of 527,168 accepted by the U.S. Army. Jackson's tabulation of the 1946 U.S. acceptances numbers adds up to 524,873 units, excluding the DUKWs and the ACKWX predecessor models. Both of these numbers still include the cab-over engine AFKWX-353 models—leaving a total of some 518,000–519,000 actual CCKW-352 and CCKW-353 units. In addition, GMC serial numbers indicate a production of 23,500 of the same bodied 6x4 CCW models, versus 23,649 units accepted by U.S. ordnance.
In any case, GM / GMC built a total of -ton, 6-wheeled trucks that was second only to the WW II "Jeep" —and neither Ford nor Willys individually built as many jeeps during the war.
Specifications
Engine and drive-line
The CCKW was equipped with the GMC 270 engine, an overhead valve inline-6 with or at 2750rpm, and at 1400rpm. A bore by stroke gave a displacement. This (gasoline) engine was designed for commercial trucks, and was reliable in service.
The transmission was a Warner T93 5-speed with a direct 4th gear and overdrive 5th gear. The transfer case had high and low gears, and engaged the front axle. Originally all axles were a Timken split type, later trucks also used GM "banjo" types.
Chassis
The CCKW had a ladder frame chassis with three driven beam axles, the front on leaf springs, the rear tandem on leaf springs with locating arms. There were two wheelbases, the short Model 352 and the long Model 353. The short, (Measurements are from the centerline of the front axle to the centerline of rear bogie) was used with a short cargo bed as an artillery prime mover for 75 mm and 105 mm howitzers. All other models used the long wheelbase. Tires were 7.50-20, brakes were hydraulic with vacuum assist.
Some were fitted with front-mounted winches. A winch added and .
Some open cab chassis were cut in half behind the cab for air transport. Each half was a load, at the vehicle's destination, the halves were bolted back together.
Versions
Initially, all versions used a modified commercial closed cab design having a metal roof and doors. By 1944 an open cab version, with a canvas roof and doors, was used. This was easier to build, and the roof could be removed to lower the shipping height. 1 in 4 of cabs had a machine gun mounting ring above the co-driver's position.
The CCKW provided a platform for the widest range of bodies on any U.S. military vehicle, with the cargo version being the most common. As steel was more heavily rationed during the course of the war, the steel cargo bed was replaced by a wooden one. Wooden beds proved unsatisfactory and a 'composite' bed with steel sides, framing, and wooden bottom slats was developed. However, the composite bed was still unsatisfactory and the bed design returned to all steel. Standard cargo models had beds with fixed sides and a drop tailgate, as well as folding troop seats.
A standard rectangular van configuration was used in communications, medical, workshop, and many other specialty roles. Special built vans were also used.
Specialized variants
Many specialized variants of the basic 6×6 CCKW were made, some in small numbers, including some converted in the field. These include:
*Air compressor
*Bomb service
*Chemical decontaminating
*Chemical handling
*Dental operating van
*Dump truck
*Fire engine
*Fuel & gas tankers ()
*Fuel & oil handling (), ()
*High lift
*K-53 radio equip. van
*K-60 radio equip. van
*Map reproduction van
*Ordnance maintenance van
*Pipeline equipment
*Ponton bolster
*Semi-trailer tractor
*Shop equipment GP repair van
*Surgical van
*Water purification van
*Water tanker ()
*Welder's truck
ACK-353
The ACK-353 (A for 1939 design, C for conventional cab, and K for all wheel drive) -ton 4×4 truck was the smaller brother of the ACKWX, and a predecessor to the Chevrolet G506
The G-506 trucks, -ton, 4x4, produced as the Chevrolet G7100 (and originally G4100) models, were a series of (light) medium four wheel drive trucks used by the United States Army and its allies during and after World War II. This series came in s ...
, competing with the Dodge / Fargo T-203 / VF-400 series, as GM was at that time also trying to clinch the lucrative contract for the standard World War II cargo trucks in the -ton 4×4 category.
The ACK-353 was equipped with the new for 1939 GMC 248 engine, an overhead valve, low-deck inline-six with a bore and stroke, resulting in a displacement, producing (net). Transmission was four-speed manual, combined with a two-speed transfer-case engaging the front axle for all-wheel drive operation.
The truck rode on a wheelbase, measuring long, wide, and tall – or with the rear top bows taken down. Tires were 7.50-20, and weight came in at . A special feature were the front hubs, designed to take dual wheels in especially challenging terrain.
Fitted with steel GS bodies with fixed sides and troop seats, the trucks were originally ordered under French contract, but ended up in use by the British Army,[ although some 2,000 units delivered to the French in early 1940 were used from June 1940 to reequip the infantry of the light mechanized divisions whose equipment had been lost at Dunkirk.] Some were kept in service by the Armistice Army
The Armistice Army or Vichy French Army (french: Armée de l'Armistice) was the common name for the armed forces of Vichy France permitted under the Armistice of 22 June 1940 after the French capitulation to Nazi Germany and Italy. It was off ...
and others likely fell into the hands of the Nazi Germany Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previous ...
.
ACKWX-353
The ACKWX-353 (A for 1939 design, C for conventional cab, K for all wheel drive, W for tandem rear axles, and X for non-standard chassis) three-ton 6x6 truck was the direct predecessor from which the CCKW was developed. Fitted with the same drivetrain as the ACK, the trucks weighed , and measured long, wide, and tall / or to cab.
Some 1,000 of the 3-ton 6x6 trucks were originally contracted by France, butjust like the 4×4 ACK trucksafter the defeat of the French, diverted to Britain in 1940. The British however, deemed the trucks unfavorable for use in the war, due to their long wheelbase and lacking power, and diverted them to Russia in turn, in 1941.[Engines of the Red Army in WW2 – GMC ACKWX-353]
/ref> A total of 2,466 ACKWX trucks were built — both according to GMC's serial numbers, as well as the U.S. Army's acceptance figures.[
]
AFKWX-353
The AFKWX (A for 1939 design, F for forward cab, K for all wheel drive, W for tandem rear axles, and X for non-standard chassis) 353, a cab over engine
Cab-over, also known as cab over engine (COE), cab forward (U.S.), flat nose (Canada), or forward control (UK), is a body style of truck, bus, or van that has a vertical front, "flat face" or a semi-hood, with the cab of the truck sitting ab ...
, long cargo bed version of the CCKW, went into production alongside it in 1942 at Yellow's Pontiac plant and Chevrolet's in St. Louis. Otherwise mechanically identical, its compact cabin design allowed a , and later cargo bed to be fitted. Only the first 50 units produced had closed cabs, all others were open. None had a front-mounted winch. The cab over
Cab-over, also known as cab over engine (COE), cab forward (U.S.), flat nose (Canada), or forward control (UK), is a body style of truck, bus, or van that has a vertical front, "flat face" or a semi-hood, with the cab of the truck sitting a ...
design made engine maintenance difficult. As a result, only 7,235 were built, – 2,232 units with the body, and 5,000 of the version.[
]
CCW-353
The CCW-353 (C for 1941 design, C for conventional cab, and W for tandem rear axles) was a near identical version of the CCKW-353, that lacked its front-wheel drive, resulting in an officially purely on-road, and therefore 5-ton rated, 6×4 version of the same truck. A beam front axle was used, with the transfer case locked in high range. Of the ~118,000 -ton, 6x4 trucks the U.S. built in WW II, GMC contributed 23,649 units of the CCW-353 as standard cargo trucks without winch – almost all of them built in 1942.The American Automobile Industry in World War Two – GMC (2-1-2019)
/ref>
DUKW
The DUKW (D for 1942 design, U for utility, K for all wheel drive, and W for tandem rear axles) — popularly the "Duck" – was an amphibious truck that shared the CCKW's driveline, but had a totally different body and structure than all the other trucks. First produced at Yellow's Pontiac plant, as demand increased production was added to Chevrolet's St. Louis plant. The hull, designed by an America's Cup
The America's Cup, informally known as the Auld Mug, is a trophy awarded in the sport of sailing. It is the oldest international competition still operating in any sport. America's Cup match races are held between two sailing yachts: one f ...
winner, gave the truck respectable sea-keeping capability. A very successful design, 21,147 were built.
Gallery
File:CCKW-rhine.jpg, 80th Division crossing the Rhine near Mainz
File:Convoy Red Ball Express.jpg, Red Ball Express
The Red Ball Express was a famed truck convoy system that supplied Allied forces moving quickly through Europe after breaking out from the D-Day beaches in Normandy in 1944. To expedite cargo shipment to the front, trucks emblazoned with red ...
convoy, 1944
File:G-508 6x6 GMC CCKW-353-2 Air Compressor truck pic1.JPG, Restored maintenance vehicle
File:GMC Airportable3.JPG, Restored two part chassis for air transport
See also
* 2-ton, 6×6 truck (U.S. Army)
*DUKW
The DUKW (colloquially known as Duck) is a six-wheel-drive amphibious modification of the -ton CCKW trucks used by the U.S. military during World War II and the Korean War.
Designed by a partnership under military auspices of Sparkman & Step ...
2-ton, 6x6, amphibious truck
*Chevrolet G506
The G-506 trucks, -ton, 4x4, produced as the Chevrolet G7100 (and originally G4100) models, were a series of (light) medium four wheel drive trucks used by the United States Army and its allies during and after World War II. This series came in s ...
1-ton, 4×4 truck
* M35 ton cargo truck
* Studebaker US6 -ton 6×6 truck
*List of U.S. military vehicles by supply catalog designation
This is the Group G series List of the United States military vehicles by (Ordnance) supply catalog designation, — ''one'' of the alpha-numeric "Standard Nomenclature Lists" (SNL) that were part of the overall List of the United States Army w ...
/ G-508
*List of U.S. military vehicles by model number
The following is a (partial) listing of vehicle model numbers or M-numbers assigned by the United States Army. Some of these designations are also used by other agencies, services, and nationalities, although these various end users usually assig ...
*List of U.S. Signal Corps Vehicles
This is a list of vehicles used by the U.S. Army Signal Corps from World War I through World War II.
Designations
Vehicles specifically designed or adapted for the Signal Corps were initially designated by a "K" number. The K-number was later ph ...
*Red Ball Express
The Red Ball Express was a famed truck convoy system that supplied Allied forces moving quickly through Europe after breaking out from the D-Day beaches in Normandy in 1944. To expedite cargo shipment to the front, trucks emblazoned with red ...
Notes
References
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External links
*http://www.cckw.org/
*https://web.archive.org/web/20081028220440/http://www.transchool.eustis.army.mil/Museum/ExhibitsIndex.htm
CCKW at Olive-Drab.com
*
GMC CCKW
at U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gmc Cckw
Military trucks of the United States
CCKW
Soft-skinned vehicles
World War II military vehicles
World War II vehicles of the United States
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
Six-wheeled vehicles