Fuerte San Miguel (Uruguay)
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Fuerte de San Miguel is a military fortification in the small town of Dieciocho de Julio in the
Rocha Department Rocha () is a department in the east of Uruguay. Its capital is the city of Rocha. It borders Maldonado Department to its west, Lavalleja Department to its northwest, Treinta y Tres Department to its north, while to its northeast Laguna Merín f ...
of eastern
Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...
. It was erected in 1737 by the Portuguese, having abandoned the attempt at building a fort in Maldonado. It was constructed of large, heavy stones to create the tall towers (four bastions), thick walls and sturdy ramparts to withstand the onslaught of wars fought against the Spanish invaders which was instrumental in Uruguay evolving as an independent nation.


Geography

The fort is located on Route 19, south of the
Laguna Merin Lagoon Mirim (Portuguese, ) or Merín (Spanish, ) is a large estuarine lagoon which extends from southern Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil into eastern Uruguay. Lagoa Mirim is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by a sandy, partially barren isthm ...
, and west of
Chuy Chuy () is a city in the extreme east of Uruguay, in the Rocha Department, northeast of Montevideo. It lies on the border with Brazil, separated from its Brazilian sister town of Chuí only by a shared avenue that serves as the border, and by th ...
. Visible after passing Paso de Punta Segra, it is situated on top of the Sierra de San Miguel, thirty-five metres high, in an area of mostly large and extensive valleys. At the foot of the mountain runs the San Miguel River, though it is out of sight of the fortress. In the distance are mountains forming the boundary with Brazil.


History

With a garrison of 100 men, the fort was used by the Portuguese as an observation post of the movements of the Spanish forces. Article XVIII of the Treaty of Madrid (1750) decided that Portugal would keep the line of Castillos Grande, and could strengthen it. Before the signing of the
Treaty of El Pardo (1761) The Treaty of El Pardo was signed on 12 February 1761 between representatives of the Spanish and Portuguese empires. Based on the terms of the treaty, all aspects of the Treaty of Madrid in 1750 were repealed. The reasons for this were the diffic ...
, the governor and captain-general of the captaincy of Rio de Janeiro,
Gomes Freire de Andrade Gomes Freire de Andrade, ComC (27 January 1757, in Vienna – 18 October 1817) was a field marshal and officer of the Portuguese army who served France at the end of his military career. History Early life Gomes Freire de Andrade was the so ...
, anticipated the consequences for the South and ordered the governor of the Colony of Rio Grande de São Pedro, Colonel Elói Madureira, to immediately dispatch troops to the Laguna region. The Portuguese strategy was to quickly build a fortified defensive line, south of Fort San Miguel, to stop the Spanish invasion in progress, after the conquest of
Colonia del Sacramento , settlement_type = Capital city , image_skyline = Basilica del Sanctísimo Sacramento.jpg , imagesize = , image_caption = Basílica del Santísimo Sacramento , pushpin_map = Uruguay , subdivisio ...
in October 1762 by Governor
Pedro de Cevallos Pedro Antonio de Cevallos Cortés y Calderón, also spelled Ceballos (29 June 1715 – 26 December 1778), was a Spanish military Governor of Buenos Aires between 1757 and 1766, and the first Viceroy of the Río de la Plata in 1776. Biography ...
of
Buenos Aires Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South ...
. In October 1762, construction of the Fortaleza de Santa Teresa began nearby to surpass San Miguel as the main Portuguese stronghold. In April 1763, Ceballos took San Miguel and the Spanish improved it considerably into a fully functioning fort. In 1775 engineer
Bernardo Lecocq Bernardo Lecocq (10 Feb 1734 – 7 Dec 1820) was a Spanish military engineer. He was born in La Coruña to a Flemish father and an Irish mother. He went to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1770 settling in the Banda Oriental del Uruguay ...
made reinforcement works to the structure of the fort, with a British invasion imminent. With the Treaty of San Ildefonso (1777), the Spanish were legally confirmed as being in possession of the fort. In 1797, the fort reached its peak as a stronghold when it was strengthened further, again in anticipation of war. After Uruguayan independence in 1828, the fort was deactivated and abandoned, becoming a ruin over time. By 1891, the fort was covered with plants, forming cracks; in one corner, a mountain palm (''Cocos australis'') was growing.


Architecture

Initially designed as a simple defence base, building started on 17 October 1737 by the Portuguese (although the monument itself implies it was built between 1734 and 1737), attributing its construction to the military engineer Brigadier José da Silva Pais and the Portuguese military architect Manuel Gomes Pereira, later replaced by Captain Antonio Teixeira Carvalho. The fort is of smaller proportions than the neighbouring Fortaleza de Santa Teresa, being of lesser quality and irregular finishing due to the lack of granite stones available. The initial plan had the shape of a rectangular stone polygon with two pentagonal bastions on the shorter sides at the corners, separated by curtains, and topped by watchtowers. By 1740, the base had developed, featuring a star format with four bastions pentagonal vertices in Vauban style, with internal walls and service buildings erected in irregular stonework. There was a chapel on the mound, and on one of its sides, there is a deep well. The perimeter of the walls total . ;Grounds Access to the fort was by a drawbridge over a flooded moat. In one of the slopes of the hill that is covered with living vegetation, there is a notable outpost; facing to the east, it includes a wall with a small window, but its appearance is natural, like a cave or animal shelter. ;Reconstruction However, over the years after the independence of Uruguay, the fort's walls started crumbling as it remained untended. Uruguayans, proud of the historical heritage of the fort of more than 300 years for the founding of Uruguay as an independent nation, decided to get the hill top fort restored in 1927. The history and structure of the fort were thus rescued by a committee composed of Gen. Alfredo R. Campos, General
Alfredo Baldomir Alfredo Baldomir Ferrari (August 27, 1884 – February 25, 1948) was a Uruguayan soldier, architect and politician. He served as President of Uruguay from 1938 to 1943 and is most notable for leading Uruguay to support the Allies during World ...
and historian Horacio Arredondo, which began operating in 1927. In 1933, the fort was rebuilt according to original plans, using the techniques of the time, restoring the premises of the Command House, the Parliament House, the chapel, kitchen and Troop Barracks. The fort was declared a National Monument of Uruguay in 1937, thereafter to promote the recovery process. As a protected area, the diverse natural ecosystems has also been retained where native wildlife of Monkeys, birds,
capybara The capybaraAlso called capivara (in Brazil), capiguara (in Bolivia), chigüire, chigüiro, or fercho (in Colombia and Venezuela), carpincho (in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay) and ronsoco (in Peru). or greater capybara (''Hydrochoerus hydro ...
s and guazubira are seen in the forests and marshland.


Features

Under the administration of the Army, the structure is permanently open to visitors, harbouring a Museum of Military History, which highlights the collection of historical uniforms of the garrison, and the sample of the historical evolution of Army uniforms. A series of watercolors by artist Emilio Regalía are on display. Near the fort is the inn, Hosteria Fortin de San Miguel, a 1945 building built in the Spanish colonial style with 20 rooms and a ballroom that can accommodate 150 people.


Gallery

File:Fuerte San Miguel 1.jpg, File:Fuerte San Miguel 2.jpg, File:Fuerte San Miguel 06.jpg, File:Fuerte San Miguel 5.jpg, File:Fuerte San Miguel 3.jpg,


References


External links


Fuerte de San MiguelFortín de San Miguel
{{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire, state=collapsed Forts in Uruguay Infrastructure completed in 1737 Buildings and structures in Rocha Department Military and war museums in Uruguay 1737 establishments in the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonial architecture in Uruguay