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François-Xavier Garneau (June 15, 1809 – February 2 or February 3, 1866) was a nineteenth-century
French Canadian French Canadians (referred to as Canadiens mainly before the twentieth century; french: Canadiens français, ; feminine form: , ), or Franco-Canadians (french: Franco-Canadiens), refers to either an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to Fre ...
notary, poet, civil servant and liberal who wrote a three-volume history of the French Canadian nation entitled ''Histoire du Canada'' between 1845 and 1848.


Biography

Garneau was born in
Quebec City Quebec City ( or ; french: Ville de Québec), officially Québec (), is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec. As of July 2021, the city had a population of 549,459, and the metropolitan area had a population of 839,311. It is t ...
and in 1821 he entered a school which had been opened in the basement of the chapel of the Congrégation des Hommes de la Haute Ville. Then Garneau educated at Quebec seminary, studied law, and was admitted as a notary in 1830. Subsequently, he became clerk of the legislative assembly, member of the council of public instruction, and city clerk of Quebec, which office he held from 1845 until his death on February 2 or February 3, 1866. Garneau was an honorary member of literary and historical societies in the United States and Canada, and for several years president of the Institut Canadien of Quebec.


''Histoire du Canada''

Garneau argued that the Conquest was a tragedy, the consequence of which was a perpetual struggle against the forces of
English Canada Canada comprises that part of the population within Canada, whether of British origin or otherwise, that speaks English. The term ''English Canada'' can also be used for one of the following: #Describing all the provinces of Canada tha ...
for the French Canadian nation; this struggle would continue into the future as long as French Canadians were under the oppressive reign of the
British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...
. The book was originally written as a response to the
Durham Durham most commonly refers to: *Durham, England, a cathedral city and the county town of County Durham *County Durham, an English county * Durham County, North Carolina, a county in North Carolina, United States *Durham, North Carolina, a city in N ...
report A report is a document that presents information in an organized format for a specific audience and purpose. Although summaries of reports may be delivered orally, complete reports are almost always in the form of written documents. Usage In ...
, which claimed that French Canadian culture was stagnant and that it would be best served through Anglophone assimilation. It was first translated in 1866 and by then "the accepted national history" of French Canadians.


Legacy


François-Xavier Garneau Medal

The François-Xavier Garneau Medal is the highest award given by the Canadian Historical Association and is given once every five years for an outstanding Canadian contribution to historical research. Recipients were: Louise Dechêne (1980),
Michael Bliss John William Michael Bliss (1941–2017) was a Canadian historian and author. Though his early works focused on business and political history, he subsequently authored several important medical biographies, including of Sir William Osler. Blis ...
(1985), John M. Beattie (1990), Joy Parr (1995),
Gérard Bouchard Gérard Bouchard (born 1943) is a Canadian historian and sociologist affiliated with the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. Born on 26 December 1943 in Jonquière, Quebec, he obtained his master's degree in sociology from Université Laval i ...
(2000), Timothy Brook (2005), John C. Weaver (2010) and Bettina Bradbury (2015).


2010 Winter Olympics

Canadian actor
Donald Sutherland Donald McNichol Sutherland (born 17 July 1935) is a Canadian actor whose film career spans over six decades. He has been nominated for nine Golden Globe Awards, winning two for his performances in the television films '' Citizen X'' (1995) a ...
narrated the following quote from one of his poems at the opening ceremonies of the
2010 Winter Olympics )'' , nations = 82 , athletes = 2,626 , events = 86 in 7 sports (15 disciplines) , opening = February 12, 2010 , closing = February 28, 2010 , opened_by = Governor General Michaëlle Jean , cauldron = Catriona Le May DoanNancy Greene Wayne G ...
in
Vancouver Vancouver ( ) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the city, up from 631,486 in 2016. ...
. :''In what other climate does the Queen of Silence'' :''Show us more splendour?'' :''I love, Oh Canada, night, the vast plain'' :''Shining with whiteness!''


Works

* ''Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu'à nos jours'', 1845–52, 1st ed. (
BAnQ In the English language, banq and banc are coined words pronounced identically to the word "bank". Both terms have been adopted by financial services companies and others to satisfy legal restrictions on the usage of the word ''bank''. The comp ...

vol. 1234
, 1852, 2d ed., 1859, 3rd ed., 1882, 4th ed.( IA
vol. 1234
* ''Voyage en Angleterre et en France, dans les années 1831, 1832 et 1833'', 1855. (BAnQ
online
* ''Abrégé de l'histoire du Canada, depuis sa découverte jusqu'à 1840 : à l'usage des maisons d'éducation'', 1858 (IA
online
* ''History of Canada: From the Time of its Discovery Till the Union Year'', 1860 (IA
vol. 123
* ''Additions à l'histoire du Canada'', 1864 (BAnQ
online


References


Notes


English

* Savard, Pierre.
Garneau, François-Xavier
, in ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'', Historica Fondation. 2008 * Savard, Pierre and Paul Wyczienski.
Garneau, François-Xavier
, in ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'', University of Toronto and Université Laval, 2000


French

* Brunet, Berthelot.
Dossier François-Xavier Garneau
, in ''L'Encyclopédie de l'Agora'', updated May 25, 2006 * Gallichan, Gilles, Kenneth Landry and Denis Saint-Jacques (1998). ''François-Xavier Garneau, une figure nationale'', Québec: Éditions Nota bene, 39 p. () * Bergeron, Gérard (1994). ''Lire François-Xavier Garneau, 1809-1866 : historien national'', Québec: Institut québécois de recherche sur la culture, 244 p. * Garneau, François-Xavier (1968). ''Voyage en Angleterre et en France dans les années 1831, 1832 et 1833'', Ottawa, Éditions de l'Université d'Ottawa, 379 p. Collection «Présence». (critical edition
Paul Wyczynski Paul Wyczynski, OC, FRSC (June 29, 1921 – November 27, 2008) was a Polish-born Canadian literature scholar who pioneered the study of French Canadian literature. A specialist of the work of Émile Nelligan, he spent his academic career at the ...
) * Wyczynski, Paul (1966). ''François-Xavier Garneau : aspects littéraires de son oeuvre'', Ottawa : Éditions de l'Université d'Ottawa, 207 p. * Lanctot, Gustave (1946). ''Garneau, historien national'', Montréal: Fides, 1946, 205 p. * Robitaille, Georges (1966). ''Études sur Garneau : critique historique'', Montréal: Librairie d'Action canadienne-française ltée, 1929, 253 p. * Casgrain, Henri-Raymond (1926). ''F.-X. Garneau et Francis Parkman'', Montréal: Librairie Beauchemin, limitée, 123 p. * Casgrain, Henri-Raymond (1924). ''De Gaspé et Garneau'', Montréal: Librairie Beauchemin, limitée, 123 p. * Lanctot, Gustave (1923). ''François Xavier Garneau'', Toronto: Ryerson, 1923, 197 p. * Casgrain, Henri-Raymond (1912). ''F.X. Garneau et Francis Parkman'', Montréal: Librairie Beauchemin, limitée, 139 p. * Casgrain, Henri-Raymond (1866). ''Biographie de F.X. Garneau'', Montréal: Beauchemin & Valois, libraires-imprimeurs, 115 p. * Chauveau, Pierre-Joseph-Olivier (1883). ''François-Xavier Garneau : sa vie et ses oeuvres'', Montréal: Beauchemin & Valois, libraires-imprimeurs
online
* Casgrain, Henri-Raymond (1866). ''F.X. Garneau'', Québec: J.N. Duquet, éditeur, 135 p.
online


External links

* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Garneau, Francois-Xavier 1809 births 1866 deaths French Quebecers 19th-century Canadian poets Canadian male poets Historians from Quebec Pre-Confederation Quebec people Canadian poets in French Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Canadian male non-fiction writers 19th-century Canadian historians 19th-century Canadian male writers