François-Marie Luzel
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François-Marie Luzel (6 June 1821 – 26 February 1895), often known by his Breton name ''Fañch an Uhel'',He signed his name as ''Francès-Mary an Uhel'' in the ''Les Chants de l'épée'' (1856), although Joseph Ollivier, in his 1943 preface to ''Ma C'horn-Bro'' made precise that his family was known by the name ''An Uhel'' and that he himself used many different forms of his name for different poems. was a French folklorist and Breton-language poet.


Biography


Early years

Luzel was born in the manor of Keramborgne, which then formed part of the commune of Plouaret (which, nowadays, is part of the commune of Le Vieux-Marché,
Côtes-d'Armor The Côtes-d'Armor (, ; ; br, Aodoù-an-Arvor, ), formerly known as Côtes-du-Nord ( br, Aodoù-an-Hanternoz, link=no, ), are a department in the north of Brittany, in northwestern France. In 2019, it had a population of 600,582.
. His father, François, and his mother, Rosalie le Gac, were peasants, but Luzel had a peaceful childhood in his home town, making friends (including the future painter Yan Dargent, and attending many veillées, which were traditional parties held after dark where the villagepeople would assemble and pass the long winter nights in one another's company, often listening to ancestral stories. Thanks to his uncle, Julien-Marie Huërou, he was able to go to the Royal College of Rennes, where Huërou taught.


School and a change of direction

There, he met the future historian
Arthur de La Borderie Arthur Le Moyne de La Borderie, (5 October 1827, Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine – 17 February 1901, Vitré) was a Breton historian, regarded as a father of Brittany's historiography. Life He came from ''La Borderie'', which was an estate in the comm ...
, and Émile Grimaud, who became the sub-editor of the ''Revue de Bretagne et de Vendée''. As a young man, he aspired to be a naval doctor, and went to study to such an end in
Brest Brest may refer to: Places *Brest, Belarus **Brest Region **Brest Airport **Brest Fortress * Brest, Kyustendil Province, Bulgaria * Břest, Czech Republic *Brest, France ** Arrondissement of Brest **Brest Bretagne Airport ** Château de Brest *Br ...
. Instead of becoming a naval doctor, he went down a different route towards being a professor, but could not find a fixed post, which made his life rather nomadic. An encounter with Adolphe Orain, a folklorist of
Upper Brittany Upper Brittany (french: Haute-Bretagne; br, Breizh-Uhel; Gallo: ''Haùtt-Bertaèyn'') is the eastern part of Brittany, France, which is predominantly of a Romance culture and is associated with the Gallo language. The name is in counterpoint to ...
, gave him some direction, and, with the support of Ernest Renan, he managed to obtain from the Minister for State Education the means to go search for old literary texts in Basse-Bretagne. He succeeded in collecting a huge corpus of songs, tales, legends and plays, enough to make several books. The majority of the contents of this abundant collection came from
Tréguier Tréguier (; br, Landreger) is a port town in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany in northwestern France. It is the capital of the province of Trégor. Geography Tréguier is located 36 m. N.W. of Saint-Brieuc by road. The port is situ ...
and the province of Brittany that surrounds it, Trégor. Marguerite Philippe (in Breton, Marc'harit Fulup) is amongst most known of the people whose folklore Luzel collected. After publishing a book including some of his own poetry in 1865, entitled Bepred Breizad, he published in 1868 a selection of the works that he collected, under the name ''Chants et chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne (Melodies and Songs from Low-Brittany.) There were several volumes of this work, including a volume dedicated to ''Gwerziou'' (Laments) and ''Soniou'' (Songs.) A year later, a follow-up of sorts appeared, entitled ''Contes et Récits populaires des Bretons armoricains'' (Popular Tales and Stories of the
Armorica Armorica or Aremorica (Gaulish: ; br, Arvorig, ) is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul between the Seine and the Loire that includes the Brittany Peninsula, extending inland to an indeterminate point and down the Atlantic Coast ...
n Bretons).


Quarrel over ''Barzaz Breiz''

At the 1872 Congress of the Breton Association at Saint-Brieuc, Luzel read a text that he had prepared, in which he raised suspicions about the authenticity of the songs included in the '' Barzaz Breiz'', which was published by Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué 33 years earlier. A public controversy ensued and his speech, which was rejected by the Breton Association, was heavily edited. The controversy surrounding ''Barzaz Breiz'' would last for more than a century. In 1960, the Breton scholar Francis Gourvil wrote a doctorate thesis in which he maintained that Luzel was right. In 1989, the musician and linguist Donatien Laurent demonstrated, in a thesis based on the manuscripts of La Villemarqué, that even if the author had revised the lyrics, he still nearly always relied upon the versions that he himself had collected or transcribed.


Journalist, justice, and archivist

Luzel's career trajectory changed yet again in 1874, when he started writing
political Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that stud ...
editorials for the Republican newspaper, l'Avenir de Morlaix, where he would work until 1880. He was later made a justice of the peace in Daoulas. In 1881, he found stable work as a curator of Quimper's Departmental Archives of Finistère. There, he encountered
Anatole Le Braz Anatole le Braz, the "Bard of Brittany" (2 April 1859 – 20 March 1926), was a Breton poet, folklore collector and translator. He was highly regarded amongst both European and American scholars, and known for his warmth and charm. Biography Le B ...
, who would become his disciple of sorts and would continue his work in finding stories and making an inventory of pieces of Ancient Breton theatre. Luzel was elected as a
Republican Republican can refer to: Political ideology * An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law. ** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...
to the municipal council of Quimper, and was later, in 1883, made Vice-President of the Archeological Society of Finistère, a group in which he participated for quite some time, and which La Villemarqué founded.


Defence of Breton

In 1888, Luzel asked Ernest Renan to intervene in the Ministry of Public Instruction, so that his friend, Anatole Le Braz, could teach Breton at the Quimper Lycée outside school hours, which Le Braz offered to do for free. In his letter to Renan, he stated that he 'would like that, in all our primary schools that Breton children attend, an hour or two were consecrated to teach them Breton by heart and to sing Breton songs and pieces of poetry to instill patriotism in them.' Later in the letter, he referred to the Breton language as being 'the national language.' This request would be flatly refused by the Ministry. On 1 January 1890, Luzel was made knight of the
Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour (french: Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour ('), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil. Established in 1802 by Napoleon ...
, an accolade that he received from the hands of his old rival, La Villemarqué, in a ceremony that took place on 30 January. Seemingly reconciled, the pair later died in the same year, 1895.


About the songs collected

Unlike La Villemarqué, Luzel did not collect or transcribe the arias of the songs he collected. It was
Maurice Duhamel Maurice Duhamel (23 February 1884 – 5 February 1940) was the pen-name of Maurice Bourgeaux, a Breton musician, writer and activist who was a leading figure in Breton nationalism and federalist politics in the years before World War II. Early life ...
who undertook this task between 1909 and 1912, but with different singers. These arias, as well as those collected by François Vallée on wax rolls, were published in Musique bretonne by Maurice Duhamel in 1913.


Bibliography

* ''Sainte-Tryphine et le roi Arthur'', Quimperlé, Clairet (1863) * ''Bepred Breizad. Toujours Breton'', Poésies bretonnes, Morlaix, Haslé (1865). * ''Chants et chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne'', Soniou (2 volumes) et Gwerziou (2 volumes) (1868–1890). These 4 volumes were re-released in 1971 with an introduction by Donatien Laurent (mais sans aucun texte de D. Laurent à l'intérieur des volumes). * ''Contes et Récits populaires des Bretons armoricains'' (1869), nouvelle édition : PUR, Terre de Brume (1996), text edited and introduced by Françoise Morvan, preface by Nicole Belmont, * ''De l'authenticité des chants du Barzaz-Breiz de M. de La Villemarqué'' Saint-Brieuc, Guyon (1872) * ''Chants et chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne'', Gwerziou II (1874) * ''Veillées bretonnes'' (1979) (new edition : PUR et Terre de Brume, 2002, texte edited and introduced by Françoise Morvan). * ''Légendes chrétiennes de Basse-Bretagne'' Paris, Maisonneuve (1881) (nouvelle édition :PUR et Terre de Brume, 2001, texte présenté et établi par Françoise Morvan) *
Contes populaires de Basse-Bretagne
' Paris, Maisonneuve & Ch. Leclerc (1887) 3 Vol. with a preface and annotations by the author. * ''La Vie de Saint Gwennolé'', Quimper, Cotonnec (1889) * ''Chants et chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne'', Soniou (1890)


Posthumous works

* ''Kontadennou ar Bobl e Breiz-Izel'' Quimper, Le Goaziou (1939) * ''Ma C'horn-Bro. Soniou ha gwerziou'' Quimper, Le Goaziou (1943). *''Gwerzioù kozh Breizh'', col. “Studi ha dudi”, Al Liamm, 1970. *''Kontadennou ar Bobl'' (5 volumes), Al Liamm, (1984–1994) *''Contes traditionnels de Bretagne'', 6 volumes (1994–1995), An Here-Hor Yezh-Mouladurioù Hor Yezh * ''Journal de route et lettres de mission'', Presses universitaires de Rennes et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1994) * Contes bretons, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1994), texte établi et présenté par Françoise Morvan. * ''Contes inédits Tome I'', PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1994), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan * ''Contes du boulanger'', PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan * ''Contes inédits Tome II'', PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan * ''Contes retrouvés Tome I'', PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan * ', PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan * ''Nouvelles Veillées bretonnes'', PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995) (Françoise Morvan edition) * ''Contes inédits Tome III, Carnets de collectage'', PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1996), translation by Françoise Morvan by Marthe Vassallo, critical analysis by Françoise Morvan. *''En Basse-Bretagne (impressions et notes de voyage)'', Hor Yezh, 1996, * "Notes de voyage en Basse-Bretagne", PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1997), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan * ''Contes retrouvés Tome II'', PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1999), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan * ''Sainte Tryphine et le roi Arthur '', PUR et Terre de Brume (2002, preface by Françoise Morvan. *''Santez Trifin hag ar roue Arzur'', Emgleo Breiz. *''Yezh ar vuhez''. A selection of poems by Luzel, edited by Per Denez, extracts from the above works. *''Contes de Basse-Bretagne'', selected by Françoise Morvan, Ouest-France (2007)


Notes and references


See also

* P. Batany, ''Luzel, poète et folkloriste breton''. 1821–1895. Rennes, Simon (1941) *Joseph Ollivier, ''Les contes de Luzel'' (Preface by Per Denez, followed by a postface about “Breton Stories” Pur-Terre de Brume, 1994), Hor Yezh, 1995 * Françoise Morvan, ''François-Marie Luzel, biographie'', Terre de Brume et PUR, Rennes (1999) *


External links



*
Légendes Bretonnes
This site has undertaken the online
publication To publish is to make content available to the general public.Berne Conve ...
of the three volumes of ''Contes populaires de Basse-Bretagne (Popular Tales of Lower Brittany)'', after the edition by Maisonneuve & Ch Leclerc, published in 1887. {{DEFAULTSORT:Luzel, Francois-Marie 1821 births 1895 deaths People from Côtes-d'Armor Writers from Brittany Poets from Brittany Breton-language writers Collectors of fairy tales French male poets 19th-century poets 19th-century French male writers