Frances Barkman (March 1885 - 28 September 1946) was a Jewish

Australian Australian(s) may refer to: Australia * Australia, a country * Australians, citizens of the Commonwealth of Australia ** European Australians ** Anglo-Celtic Australians, Australians descended principally from British colonists ** Aboriginal Au ...

schoolteacher and community worker. Born in

Kiev Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the List of European cities by populat ...

, in the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

, she emigrated to Australia in 1891, with her parents, who were fleeing the

pogroms A pogrom () is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews. The term entered the English language from Russian to describe 19th- and 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russian ...

. She was raised in

Melbourne Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...

, and became a French language teacher at the

Melbourne Continuation School The Melbourne Continuation School was Victoria's first state secondary school, established in 1905, from the initiative of Director of Education, Frank Tate. The school was founded on the old National Model School in Spring Street, with princip ...

, and later the

MacRobertson Girls High School , motto_translation = Mastery of self , established = , type = Government-funded single-sex selective secondary day school , principal = Sue Harrap , location = South Melbourne, Victoria , country = Australia , coordi ...

. Outside of teaching, she was active in charity work with the Victorian branch of the Australian Jewish Welfare Society. During World War II, she played a vital role in providing assistance to Jewish

refugees A refugee, conventionally speaking, is a displaced person who has crossed national borders and who cannot or is unwilling to return home due to well-founded fear of persecution.

arriving in Melbourne, particularly children. She led efforts to establish a children's home for orphans and unaccompanied refugee children, which was renamed the Frances Barkman Home after her death.

Early life

Frances Barkman was born in Kiev in the Russian Empire in March 1885. Her parents were Joseph and Anna Barkman, a Jewish couple who later fled Kiev to escape the pogroms, a wave of violence perpetrated against Jews in the Russia empire in the 1890s. They arrived in Melbourne in 1891, where Joseph Barkman found a position teaching Hebrew at

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, which was non-sectarian in its admissions, and open to students from all religions. For secondary education, Barkman attended the Rathdowne Street State school, in the Melbourne suburb of

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, Victoria. She then decided to pursue teaching as a career, one of the few professions open to women at the time. She attended the Training Institute, later renamed the Melbourne Teachers College. After completing her studies, she began teaching in the Victorian Education Department. While teaching, she continued her education, earning a

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from the

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in 1905. In 1912, she completed a

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, also at the University of Melbourne.

Career

Teaching

Barkman's teaching career began in suburban state (or public) schools. In 1911, she began teaching French at the public high school in Melbourne, known then as the Continuation School. The school was composed of departments for boys and girls; the boys high school was relocated in 1927, and the girls high school was moved in 1931, and renamed the MacRobertson Girls' High School. Barkman taught at the Continuation School and then at the MacRobertson school, until her sudden death in 1947. In addition to teaching French, Barkman also produced numerous plays for the high school students, as well as for the Lyceum Club outside of school. Barkman's dedication to promoting French language and culture was recognized by the French government, which bestowed two awards on her in the 1930s. She also sat on the University French Standing Committee, served as an examiner in French for the university public examinations, and was an active member of the Victorian

Alliance Française An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

. During World War II, she served as the inaugural president for the women's auxiliary within the Australian

Free France Free France (french: France Libre) was a political entity that claimed to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic. Led by French general , Free France was established as a government-in-exile ...

movement, and oversaw war relief efforts at her school.

Community volunteer work

Outside of her professional life, Barkman was very active as a volunteer in charitable works through Jewish agencies. She was the honorary secretary of the Victorian branch of the Australian Jewish Welfare Society, and took a leadership role in the organization's efforts to help refugees from Europe who arrived in Victoria. In her obituary in the Australian Jewish Herald, it was noted that Barkman had organized concerts for refugees during the war because they were not able to listen to music on the radio, due to restrictions on the use of "wireless sets". Barkman was particularly concerned for the welfare of refugee children, and at her initiative, in 1939 the Australian Jewish Welfare Society petitioned the Australian government during World War II to issue visas for unaccompanied Jewish minors fleeing the

Holocaust The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; a ...

. The government agreed to allocate 250 visas a year for unaccompanied children as part of the overall three-years total for Jewish visas, which they capped at 15,000. To provide support and housing for these children, Barkman led efforts to establish a home for refugee children at Larino, an estate and mansion in

Balwyn Balwyn () is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 10 km east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Boroondara local government area. Balwyn recorded a population of 13,495 at the 2021 census. Whitehor ...

. The home opened in 1939, under the management of the Victorian branch of the Australian Jewish Welfare Society, and continued as an orphanage until 1964.

Death and legacy

After battling cancer, Barkman died in hospital on 28 September 1946. Her memorial service was held at St. Kilda's synagogue. In her will, she left money for a scholarship fund to assist students in the Jewish Refugee Children's Home; the fund was named the Frances Barkman Memorial Fund. It provided financial support for a students who would otherwise not have the means to pay for university courses. Barkman also left money to the University of Melbourne and the Australian Jewish Welfare Society. In 1948, the Larino Home was renamed the Frances Barkman House. When it was sold in 1965, three Frances Barkman Homes were established as family group homes, in Caufield. These closed in the early 1990s.

References