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A historical sovereign state is a Sovereign state, state that once existed, but has since been dissolved due to conflict, war, rebellion, annexation, or uprising. This page lists sovereign states, country, countries, nations, or empires that have ceased to exist as political entities, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature. The most recent sovereign states to cease to exist within each continent are: * Africa: The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which was overthrown in a civil war in 2011 to form the Libya, State of Libya. * Asia: The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, which was overthrown by the Taliban in 2021 after a War in Afghanistan (2001–2021), 20-year long armed conflict to form the Afghanistan, Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. * Europe: Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved in 2006, which later formed the modern separate countries of Montenegro and Serbia, as well as the partially recognized state of Kosovo since 2008, which is claimed by Serbia. Russia annexed Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, four oblasts of Ukraine following 2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine, disputed referendums in 2022. * North America: The Duvalier dynasty of Haiti, which was removed in 1986 to form the Haiti, Republic of Haiti. * South America: The Republic of Venezuela, which was reformed in 1999 into the Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.


Criteria for inclusion

The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to that of the list of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimed statehood and either: * had de facto control over a territory, a population, a government, a capacity to enter into relations with other states, or * have been recognised as a state by at least one other state. For purposes of this list, the cutoff between medieval and early modern states is the fall of Constantinople in 1453.


Ancient and medieval states

* Copper Age state societies, List of Copper Age states * List of Bronze Age states * List of Classical Age states * List of Iron Age states * List of states during Late Antiquity * List of states during the Middle Ages


Modern states and territories by geography


Africa


Morocco (Maghreb al-Aqsa)

* Idrisid dynasty (788–974) * Almoravid dynasty (1040–1147) * Almohad Caliphate (1121–1269) * Marinid Sultanate (1244–1465) * Wattasid dynasty (1472–1549) * Saadi Sultanate (1510–1649) * Republic of Salé (1627–1668) * 'Alawi dynasty (1631–1912) * Republic of the Rif (1921–1926)


Egypt, Sudan and Libya

* Kingdom of Kush (1070 BC–550 AD) * Makuria (5th century–Late 15th/16th century) * Alodia (6th century–) * Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1260a/1341) * Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517) * Egypt Eyalet (1517–1867) * Kingdom of Fazughli (–1685) * Sennar (sultanate), Sultanate of Sennar (1504–1821) * Sultanate of Darfur (1603–1874/1898–1916) * Mahdist State (1885–1899) * Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1922) * Tripolitanian Republic (1918–1922) * Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953) * Emirate of Cyrenaica (1949–1951) * Kingdom of Libya (1951–1969) * Republic of Egypt (1953–1958), Republic of Egypt (1953–1958) * Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969), Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969) * United Arab Republic (1958–1971) * Democratic Republic of the Sudan (1969–1985) * History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Libyan Arab Republic (1969-1977), Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977) * History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977-2011), Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011) * National Transitional Council (2011–2012)


Algeria (Central Maghreb)

* Emirate of Tlemcen (757-790) * Rustamid dynasty (761–909) * Aghlabids, Aghlabid dynasty (800–909) * Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171) * Zirid dynasty (972–1148) * Hafsid dynasty (1229–1574) * Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235–1556) * Kingdom of Kuku (1515–1638) * Kingdom of Beni Abbas (1510–1871) * Sultanate of Tuggurt (?–1871) * Ottoman Algeria, Regency of Algiers (1516–1830) * Emirate of Abdelkader (1832–1847)


Comoro Islands

* History of the Comoros#French Comoros, State of the Comoros (1963–1978) * Ali Soilih, Ali Soilih Regime (1976–1978) * Comoros#Independence (1975), Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros (1978–2001) * Anjouan, State of Anjouan (1997–2002), (2007–2008)


Madagascar

* Antankarana, Kingdom of Antankarana – made a French protectorate in 1843, annexed in 1895 * Maurice Benyovszky#First expedition to Madagascar, Kingdom of Antongil (1773–1786) * Boina Kingdom, Kingdom of Boina (–1840) * Menabe, Kingdom of Menabe (–1834) * Kingdom of Imerina (1540–1897) * Tamatave, Kingdom of Tamatave (1712–1828) * Tanibe, Kingdom of Tanibe (1822–1828) * Malagasy Republic (1958–1975) * Democratic Republic of Madagascar (1975–1992) * Third Republic of Madagascar (1992–2010)


Sub-Saharan Africa

* Kanem–Bornu Empire (–1380) * Bornu Empire (–1893) * Shilluk Kingdom (15th century–1861) * Wadai Empire (1501–1912) * Kingdom of Baguirmi (1480/1522–1897) * Central African Empire (1976–1979)


Horn of Africa

* Kingdom of Aksum ( BCE– CE) * Medri Bahri (–1879) * Adal Sultanate (1415–1559) * Imamate of Aussa (16th century–1750) * Aussa Sultanate (1734–1936) * Isaaq Sultanate (1750–1884) * Habr Yunis Sultanate (–1907) * Ajuran Sultanate (13th century–17th century) * Sultanate of Hobyo (1878–1925) * Majeerteen Sultanate (–1924) * Sultanate of the Geledi (17th century–1910) * Sultanate of Bale (13th century–c. 1320) * Kingdom of Simien * Kingdom of Kaffa (–1897) * Hadiya Sultanate (13th century–15th century) * List of rulers of Welayta, Welayta Kingdom (–1894) * Kingdom of Janjero (c.15th century–1894) * Kingdom of Gumma (–1902) * Kingdom of Gomma (– 1886) * Kingdom of Gera (–1887) * Kingdom of Jimma (1790–1932) * Ennarea (14th century–) * Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (1801–1891) * Emirate of Harar (1647–1887) * State of Somaliland (1960) * Somali Republic (1960–1969) * Somali Democratic Republic (1969–1991) * Ethiopian Empire (1270–1974) * Derg, Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (1974–1987) * People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1987–1991)


Western Africa

* Emirate of Trarza (1640–1902) * Emirate of Tagant * Emirate of Brakna * Mali Empire () * Bamana Empire (1712–1861) * Khasso (17th century–19th century) * Sultanate of Agadez (1449–1900) * Songhai Empire (–1591) * Mossi Kingdoms, Mossi States ** List of rulers of the Mossi state of Gurunsi, Gurunsi (–1899) ** Gwiriko, Gwiriko Kingdom (1714–1897) ** List of rulers of Liptako, Liptako (1718–1897, fully disestablished 1963) ** List of rulers of the Mossi state of Tenkodogo, Tenkodogo (–1897) ** List of rulers of the Mossi state of Wogodogo, Wogodogo (1182?–1897) ** List of rulers of the Mossi state of Yatenga, Yatenga (?–1895) ** List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilanga, Bilanga ** List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bilayanga, Bilayanga ** List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Bongandini, Bongandini ** List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Con, Con ** List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Macakoali, Macakoali ** List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Piela, Piela ** List of rulers of the Gurma Mossi state of Nungu, Nungu (1204–1895) * Zabarma Emirate (1860–1897) * Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903) * Sultanate of Damagaram (1731–1851) * Empire of Great Fulo (Denanke Kingdom) (1490–1776) * Imamate of Futa Toro (1725–1861) * Jolof Empire (1350–1549) * Kingdom of Jolof (1549–1875) * Kingdom of Sine (c. 1520–1867, fully disestablished 1969) * Saloum, Kingdom of Saloum (1494–1864, fully disestablished 1969) * Baol, Kingdom of Baol (1555–1895) * Cayor, Kingdom of Cayor (1549–1879) * Waalo, Kingdom of Waalo (1287–1855) * Bundu (state), Bundu (?–1858) * Kukoi Sanyang, National Revolutionary Council of the Gambia (30 July 1981 – 5 August 1981) * Kaabu (1537–1867) * Imamate of Futa Jallon (1725–1912) * Toucouleur Empire (1861–1890) * Wassoulou Empire (1878–1898) * Kong Empire (1710–1898) * Kingdom of Dagbon (–1899?) * Ashanti Empire (1670/1701–1902) * Bono state, Bonoman (11th century–20th century) * Gyaaman (–1895) * Denkyira (–1701) * Mankessim Kingdom (1252–1844) * Fante Confederacy (16th century–1873) * Kingdom of Whydah * Dahomey, Kingdom of Dahomey (–1904) * Oyo Empire (–1896) * Kingdom of Benin (1180–1897) * Kingdom of Nri (10th century?–1911) * Aro Confederacy (1690–1902) * Kwararafa () * Thomas Sankara's Burkina Faso government (1984–1987) * History of Guinea#Sékou Touré's rule (1958–1984), People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea (1979–1984) * Republic of Maryland (1854–1857) * Dominion of Ghana (1957–1960) * History of Ghana#Ghana's independence achieved in 1957, First Republic of Ghana (1960–1966) * History of Ghana (1966–79), Second Republic of Ghana (1966–1979) * History of Ghana#Rawlings era, Third Republic of Ghana (1979–1993) * Republic of Dahomey (1958–1975) * People's Republic of Benin (1975–1990) * Republic of Benin (1967), Republic of Benin (September 19, 1967 – September 20, 1967) * Biafra (1967–1970) * Federation of Nigeria (1960–1963) * First Nigerian Republic (1963–1966) * Nigerian military juntas of 1966–79 and 1983–99, Federal Republic of Nigeria (first junta) (1966–1979) * Second Nigerian Republic (1979–1983) * Nigerian military juntas of 1966–79 and 1983–99, Federal Republic of Nigeria (second junta) (1983–1999)


African Great Lakes

* Buganda (14th century–1894, still exists as traditional kingdom) * Bunyoro (13th century–1897, still exists as traditional kingdom) * Ankole (1478–1901, fully disestablished 1967) * Toro Kingdom (1830–1876, still exists as traditional kingdom) * Busoga (?–1906, still exists as traditional kingdom) * Kingdom of Rwanda (11th century–1885, fully disestablished 1962) * Kingdom of Burundi (1680–1890/1962–1966) * Kingdom of Karagwe * Uganda (1962–63), Uganda (monarchy in The Commonwealth) (1962–1963) * History of Uganda (1962–1971), First Republic of Uganda (1962–1971) * Second Republic of Uganda (1971–1979) * History of Uganda (1979–present), Third Republic of Uganda (1979–1986)


Eastern Africa

* List of rulers of Pate, Pate Sultanate (1203–1870) * Malindi Kingdom (9th century–15th century) * List of rulers of Mombasa, Mombasa Sultanate (1502–1887, fully disestablished 1963) * Wituland, Witu Sultanate (–1905/1923) * Kilwa Sultanate (957–1513) * Maravi, Kingdom of Maravi (–1891) * Sultanate of Zanzibar (pre–1503/4, 1856–1890, 1963–1964) * Kenya (1963–1964), Kenya (1963–1964) * People's Republic of Zanzibar (1964) * Tanganyika (1961–1964), Tanganyika (1961–1962) * People's Republic of Mozambique (1975–1990)


Central Africa

* Kingdom of Loango () * Yaka people#Exodus to Kwango Region and establishment of the Yaka kingdom, Yaka Kingdom (17th century–18th century) * Anziku Kingdom (?–19th century) * Kingdom of Kongo (1390–1914) * Kuba Kingdom (1625–1884) * Kingdom of Luba (1585–1889) * Kingdom of Lunda (–1887) * Yeke Kingdom (1856–1891) * Kingdom of Ndongo (16th century–1671) * Kasanje Kingdom (1620–1910) * Kingdom of Matamba (1631–1744) * Mbunda Kingdom (1700–1914) * Chokwe people#History, Chokwe Kingdom * Kazembe#Pre-colonial history, Kazembe Kingdom * People's Republic of the Congo (1969–1992) * Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville), Congo-Léopoldville (1960–1971) * International Association of the Congo (1879–1885) * Congo Free State (1885–1908) * Republic of Zaire (1971–1997)


Southern Africa

* Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220) * Barotseland, Kingdom of Barotseland * Kingdom of Mutapa (1430–1760) * Kingdom of Zimbabwe (1220–1450) * Kingdom of Butua (1450–) * Rozvi Empire (1660–1889) * Mthwakazi, Kingdom of Mthwakazi (1823–1894) * Matabeleland, Ndebele Kingdom * Gaza Empire (1824–1895) * Mthethwa Paramountcy, Mthethwa Empire (–1817) * Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897) * Potchefstroom Republic (1830) * Winburg Republic (1836) * Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom (1838) * Andries-Ohringstad Republic (1845) * Zoutpansberg Republic (1857) * South African Republic (Transvaal) (1856–1877, 1881–1902) * Orange Free State (1854–1902) * Griqualand East (1862-1874) * Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888) * Natalia Republic (1839–1843) * State of Goshen (1882–1883) * Stellaland, Republic of Stellaland (1882–1885) * United States of Stellaland (1883–1885) * Upingtonia, Republic of Upingtonia (1885–1887) * Union of South Africa (1910–1961) * Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–1963) * South Africa, South African Federation (1961–1994) ** Bophuthatswana (1977–1994) ** Ciskei (1981–1994) ** Transkei (1976–1994) ** Venda (1979–1994) * (1965–1979) * (1979) * People's Republic of Angola (1975–1992)


Asia


Central Asia

* Mongol Empire (1206–1368) * Chagatai Khanate (1225–1680) * Kart dynasty (1244–1381) * Uzbek Khanate (1428–1471) * Nogai Horde (1440–1634) * Kazakh Khanate (1465–1848) * Khanate of Bukhara (1506–1785) * Dzungar Khanate (1634–1755) * Khanate of Kokand (1709–1868) * Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1873) * Alash Autonomy (1917–1918) * Turkestan Autonomy (1917–1918) * Khanate of Khiva (1511–1920) * Karakorum Government, Confederated Republic of Altai (1917–1920) * 'Second' Confederated Republic of Altai, Second Confederated Republic of Altai (1921–1922) * Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925) * Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925) * First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934) * Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949)


East Asia

* Liao dynasty (916–1125) * Khamag Mongol (10th century–1206) * Northern Fujiwara (1087–1189) * Jin dynasty (1115–1234), Jin dynasty (1115–1234) * Kamakura shogunate (1192–1333) * Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) * Ashikaga shogunate (1336–1573) * Ming dynasty (1368–1644) * Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683) * Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China (based on mainland China 1912–1949; Republic of China retreat to Taiwan, continued existence on Taiwan since 1949 – internationally recognized until 1971) * Azuchi–Momoyama period, Azuchi–Momoyama (1568–1600) * Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868) * Jaxa (state), Jaxa (1665–1674) * Republic of Ezo (1869) * Republic of Formosa (1895) * Hunan Soviet in a continental Chinese province (1927) * Chinese Soviet Republic, Jiangxi Soviet (1931–1937) * People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (1933–1934) * Autumn Harvest Uprising, Hunan Soviet (1927) * Guangzhou Uprising, Guangzhou Commune (1927) * Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet (1931–1934) * Occupation of Japan, Allied Occupied Japan (1945–1952) * Communist-controlled China (1927–1949), Soviet Zone of China (1927–1949) * Manchukuo (1932–1945) * Qing dynasty (1636–1912) * East Hebei Autonomous Government (1935–1938) * Mengjiang, Mengjiang United Autonomous Government (1939–1945) * Great Way Government, Shanghai Great Way Government (1937–1938) * Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940), Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940) * Reformed Government of the Republic of China (1938–1940) * Wang Jingwei regime, Reorganized National Government of China (1940–1945) * Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1919) * Bogd Khanate of Mongolia, People's Republic of Mongolia (1921–1924) * Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992) * Inner Mongolian People's Republic (1945) * Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879) * Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–1864) * 5th Dalai Lama, Tibet under Ganden Phodrang government (1644–1720) * Tibet (1912–1951), Tibet (1912–1951) * History of Tibet, Tibetan states (900–1240, 1300–1620) * Tibetan Empire (618–842) * Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944) * Uryankhay Republic (1911–1914) * Uryankhay Krai (1914)


Korean Peninsula

* Gojoseon (Unknown(2333BC?)–108 BC) * Jin (Korean state), Jin (4th century BCE–2nd century BCE) * Goguryeo (37 BC–668 AD) * Baekje (18 BC–660 AD) * Gaya confederacy (42-562) * Silla (57 BC-935 AD) * Balhae (698-926) * Goryeo (918-1392) * Joseon (1392–1897) * Korean Empire (1897–1910) * Korean People's Association in Manchuria (1929–1931) * Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919–1945) * People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946) * First Republic of Korea (1948–1960) * Second Republic of Korea (1960–1961) * Supreme Council for National Reconstruction (1961–1963) * Third Republic of Korea (1963–1972) * Fourth Republic of Korea (1972–1981) * Fifth Republic of Korea (1981–1987)


West Asia


= Afghanistan

= * Hotak dynasty (1709–1738) * Durrani Empire (1747–1826) * Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926) * Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973) * Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) * Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) * Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–2002) * Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (2002–2004) * Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021) * Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan (1980) * Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan (1996) * Islamic Emirate of Kunar (1991)


=Anatolia

= * Sultanate of Rum (1077–1308) * Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) * Isfendiyarids, Beylik of Isfendiyar (1292–1461) * Alaiye (1293–1471) * Beylik of Bafra (14th century–1460) * Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461) * Alaiye, Beylik of Alaiye (1293–1471) * Karamanids, Beylik of Karaman (1250–1487) * Beylik of Dulkadir (1337–1522) * Ramadanid Emirate (1352–1608) * Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501) * Kara Koyunlu (1374–1468) * Emirate of Hasankeyf (1232–1524) * Kars Republic (1918–1919) * Ottoman Empire (–1923)


=Cyprus

= * Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489)


=Mesopotamia

= * Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187, 1192–1291) * Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922–1924) * Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958) * Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (1946–1949) * All-Palestine Government (1948–1967) * Arab Federation (1958) * Iraqi Republic (1958–1968), Iraqi Republic (1958–1968) * Israeli Military Governorate (1967–1981/82) * Ba'athist Iraq (1968–2003)


=Persia

= * Elymais (147 BC–224 AD) * Sasanian Empire (224–651) * Achaemenid Empire (550 BC–330 BC) * Medes, Median dynasty (c. 678 BC–c. 549 BC) * Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432) * Ilkhanate (1256–1335) * Kar-Kiya dynasty (1370s–1592) * Baduspanids (665–1598) * Mar'ashis, Marashiyan dynasty (1359–1596) * Afrasiyab dynasty (1349–1504) * Mihrabanids, Mihrabanid dynasty (1236–1537) * Timurid Empire (1370–1507) * Safavid Iran (1501–1736) * Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796) * Zand dynasty (1751–1794) * Qajar Iran, Sublime State of Persia (1789–1925) * Persian Soviet Socialist Republic in Gilan (Iran) (1920–1921) * Azerbaijan People's Government (1941–1946) * Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947) * Pahlavi dynasty, Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979) * Interim Government of Iran (1979)


=Levant

= * Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920) * First Syrian Republic (1946–1950) * Second Syrian Republic (1950–1963) * United Arab Republic (1958–1971) * Free Lebanon State (1979–1984) * Territory of the Islamic State, Islamic State (2014–2017)


=Arabian Peninsula

= * Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) * Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) * Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) * Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1613–1961) * Bani Khalid Emirate (1669–1796) * Emirate of Diriyah (1744–1812) * Emirate of Nejd, Emirate of Najd (1812–1891) * Muscat and Oman (1820–1970) * Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921) * Emirate of Riyadh (1902–1913) * Idrisid Emirate of Asir (1906–1934) * Sheikdom of Upper Asir (1916–1920) * Emirate of Nejd and Hasa, Emirate of Najd and Hasa (1913–1921) * Sultanate of Nejd, Sultanate of Najd (1921–1925) * Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925) * Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, Kingdom of Hejaz and Najd (1926–1932) * Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962) * Fadhli Sultanate (15th century–1888) * Qu'aiti, Qu'aiti Sultanate in Hadhramaut (1858–1888) * Sultanate of Upper Yafa (1800–1903) * Sultanate of Lower Yafa (1800–1895) * Emirate of Beihan (1680–1872) * Emirate of Dhala (15th century–1904) * Wahidi Balhaf, Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf (1640–1888) * Wahidi Haban, Wahidi Sultanate of Haban (1640–1895) * Kathiri, Kathiri Sultanate in Hadhramaut (14th century–1888) * Mahra Sultanate, Mahra State of Qishn and Socotra (1432–1886) * Sultanate of Lahej (1728–1839) * Federation of South Arabia (1962–1967) * Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990) * People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990) * Republic of Kuwait (1990) * Democratic Republic of Yemen (1994)


South Asia

* Kushan Empire (30–375) * Chola dynasty (300s BCE–1279 CE) * Garhwal Kingdom (823–1949) * Kingdom of Cochin (Before 12th century CE–1949) * Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) * Kingdom of Gampola (1341–1408) * Sur Empire (1540–1556) * Laur Kingdom (600–1565) * Pandya dynasty ( 6th to 10th centuries CE) * Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576) * Jaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479) * Kingdom of Mysore (1399–1948) * Bijapur Sultanate (Adil Shahi dynasty, 1490–1686) * Pratapgarh Kingdom (1489–1700s) * Bengal Subah (1717–1757) * Maratha Empire (1674–1820) * Jaintia Kingdom (500–1835) * Sikh Empire (1799–1849) * Mughal Empire (1526–1857) * Azad Hind, Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945) * Hyderabad State (1724–1798) * Travancore (1729–1949) * Udaipur State (734–1818) * Manikya dynasty (1400–1761) * United Suvadive Republic (1959–1963) * List of sultans of the Maldives, Sultanate of Maldives (1117–1796), (1954–1968) * Kingdom of Sikkim, Sikkim (1642–1975) * Dominion of Ceylon (1948–1972) * Kingdom of Nepal (1768–2008)


Southeast Asia

* In Cambodia: ** Funan (50–550) ** Chenla (550–802) ** Khmer Empire (802–1431) ** Post-Angkor Period, Kingdom of Cambodia (1431–1863) ** Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945), Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945) ** Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970), First Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970) ** Khmer Republic (1970–1975) ** Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) ** People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989) ** Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1992) ** People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition and State of Cambodia (1989–1993), State of Cambodia (1989–1992) ** Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia (1994–1998) * In Laos: ** Lan Xang (1353–1707) ** Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1893) ** Kingdom of Vientiane (1707–1828) ** Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904) ** Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1945), Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1945) ** Lao Issara (1945–1946) ** Kingdom of Laos (1953–1975) * In Vietnam: ** Champa, Champa kingdom (192–1832) ** Đại Việt (968–1407/1428–1804) ** Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets, Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet (1930–1931) ** Empire of Vietnam (1945) ** Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) (1945–1976) ** Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949) ** Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948-1949) ** State of Vietnam (known as South Vietnam after the Geneva Conference of 1954) (1949–1955) ** Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (1955–1975) ** Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, Republic of South Vietnam (1975–1976) * In Burma (Myanmar): ** Pyu city-states, Pyu states (c. 2nd century BCE–c. 1050) ** Mon kingdoms (9th–11th, 13th–16th, 18th centuries) ** Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287–1552) ** Ava Kingdom, Ava (1364–1555) ** Pegu (1287–1539, 1747–1757) ** Kingdom of Mrauk U (1429–1785) ** Taungoo dynasty (1486–1752, 2nd Empire) ** Konbaung dynasty (1752–1885, 3rd Empire) ** History of Shan States, Shan States (1287–1557) ** History of Rakhine, Arakan (1287–1784) ** State of Burma (1943–1945) ** Post-independence Burma (1948–1962), Union of Burma (1948–1974) ** Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (1972–1988) ** State Peace and Development Council, Union of Myanmar (1988–2011) * In Thailand: ** Chi Tu, Raktamaritika (2nd–7th century) ** Singhanavati (657–1107) ** Dvaravati (7th–11th century) ** Ngoenyang (638–1292) ** Hariphunchai (629–1292) ** Tambralinga (8th–14th century) ** Phayao Kingdom (1094–1338) ** Lavo Kingdom (648–1388) ** Langkasuka (2nd–15th century) ** Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438) ** Sultanate of Singora (1605–1680) ** Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–1767) ** Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782) ** Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (13th century–1782) ** Lan Na (1292–1775) ** Kingdom of Chiang Mai (1782–1894) ** Pattani kingdom (1516–1902) ** Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara (1808–1916) ** Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932), Kingdom of Siam (1782–1932) * In East Timor: ** History of East Timor#Decolonisation, coup, and independence, Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste * In Indonesia: ** Indonesia, Republic of Indonesia (1945–1949) ** United States of Indonesia (1949–1950) *** State of East Indonesia (1946–1950) *** State of East Java (1948–1950) *** State of East Sumatra (1947–1950) *** State of Madura (1948–1950) *** Pasundan, State of Pasundan (1948–1950) *** State of South Sumatra (1948–1950) *** Great Dayak (1946–1950) *** Pontianak Sultanate, West Kalimantan (1946–1950) ** Liberal democracy period in Indonesia, Republic of Indonesia (liberal democracy) (1950–1959) * In Sumatra: ** Aceh Sultanate, Sultanate of Aceh (1496–1903) ** Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura ** Jambi Sultanate ** Palembang Sultanate (1659–1823) ** Sultanate of Deli (1609–1862, fully disestablished 1956) ** Sultanate of Langkat (1568–1946) ** Sultanate of Serdang * In Java: ** Majapahit (1293–1527) ** Mataram Sultanate, Sultanate of Mataram (1588–1681) ** Sultanate of Banten (1527–1813) ** Sultanate of Cirebon (1445–1677) ** Sultanate of Demak (1475–1548) ** Kingdom of Pajang (1568–1586) * In Lesser Sunda Islands ** Bali Kingdoms (914–1908) ** Bima Sultanate (1620–1669, fully disestablished 1958) ** Kingdom of Larantuka (1515–1904) * In Sulawesi: ** Kingdom of Banggai ** Luwu ** Sultanate of Gowa (14th century–1911, fully disestablished 1945) ** Bone state, Sultanate of Bone ** Wajoq, Kingdom of Wajoq (–1906, fully disestablished 1957) * In Maluku Islands, Maluku: ** Sultanate of Ternate (1257–1914) * In Borneo: ** Bruneian Empire (1368–1888) ** Sambas Sultanate (1609–1819, fully disestablished 1956) ** Pontianak Sultanate (1771–1779) ** Kingdom of Sarawak (1841–1888) ** Berau Regency, Berau Sultanate ** Sultanate of Bulungan (1731–, fully disestablished 1964) ** Kutai, Kutai Sultanate ** Sultanate of Banjar (1526–1860) ** Lanfang Republic (1777–1884) * In Riau Islands: ** Riau-Lingga Sultanate (1824–1911) * In Malaysia: ** Malacca Sultanate, Sultanate of Malacca (1400–1511) ** Johor Sultanate (1528–1855) ** Pahang Sultanate (1470–1623) ** Pahang Kingdom (1770–1881) ** Kelantan Sultanate (1267–?) ** Malayan Union (1946–1948) ** Federation of Malaya (1957–1963) * In the Philippines ** Sultanate of Maguindanao (1500–1888) ** Sultanate of Sulu (1405–1915) ** Republic of Negros (1898–1899) ** Cantonal Republic of Negros, Cantonal Government of Negros (1898–1901) ** Tejeros Convention, Tejeros Revolutionary Government (1897) ** Sovereign Tagalog Nation (1896–1897) ** First Philippine Republic (1899–1902) ** Tagalog Republic (1902–1906) ** Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945) ** Fourth Philippine Republic (1965–1986)


Europe


Nordic countries

In the Nordic countries, unions were personal, not unitary * Icelandic Commonwealth (c. 930–1262) * Kingdom of Finland (1742), Kingdom of Finland (1742–1743) * Finnish Democratic Republic (1939–1940) * Kingdom of Finland (1918), Kingdom of Finland (1918–1919) * Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (1918–1919) * United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905) * Kingdom of Norway (1814) * Denmark–Norway (1524–1814, intermittent) * Kalmar Union (1397–1523, intermittent) * Duchy of Schleswig, Schleswig (1058–1864)


Modern France

* Kingdom of France (843–1792) (1814/15–1848) ** Duchy of Brittany (939–1532) ** Duchy of Burgundy (918–1482) * Duchy of Normandy (911–1259/1469) * Duchy of Lorraine (959–1766) * Viscounty of Béarn (9th century–1620) * Kingdom of France (1791–1792) * French First Republic (1792–1804) * First French Empire (1804–1814/15) ** Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic), Free City of Danzig (1807–1814) ** Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815) * French Second Republic (1848–1852) * Second French Empire (1852–1870) * French Third Republic (1870–1940) ** Territory of the Saar Basin (1920–1935) * Vichy France (1940–1944) * French Fourth Republic (1946–1958) ** Saar Protectorate (1946–1956) * Kingdom of Corsica (1736) * Corsican Republic (1755–1769) * Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (1794–1796) * County of Foix (1010–1607) * Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Roquebrune (1848–1849) * Paris Commune (1871)


Modern Germany

* Holy Roman Empire (843–1806) * Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) * Duchy of Anhalt (1806–1918) * Principality of Reuss-Gera (1806–1918) * Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (1810–1813) * German Confederation (1815–1866) * German Empire (1848-49), German Empire (1848–1849) * North German Federation (1867–1871) * // German Reich (1871–1945) ** German Empire (1871–1918) ** Weimar Republic (1919–1933) ** Nazi Germany (1933–1945) * Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949) ** (1948–1990), Western Bloc-aligned political enclave * East Germany, German Democratic Republic (1949–1990) (also known as East Germany or GDR), its states acceded to Federal Republic of Germany in 1990) * Alsace Soviet Republic (1918) * Grand Duchy of Baden, Baden (Grand Duchy – 1806–1871) * Free State of Bavaria, Kingdom of Bavaria (1806–1871) ** Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919) * Bremen (state), Bremen (1815–1871) * Duchy of Brunswick, Brunswick (1815–1871) * Free City of Frankfurt, Frankfurt (Free Imperial City of Frankfurt (HRE), before 1806; City of Frankfurt, 1815–1866) * Hamburg (1189–1871) * Kingdom of Hanover (1814–1866) * Hesse-Homburg (1815–1866) * Electorate of Hesse, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (Electorate, 1803–1807, 1813–1866) * Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1623–1850) * Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1623–1850) * Holstein (1815–1864) * Principality of Lippe, Lippe (1123–1871) * Free City of Lübeck, Lübeck (Free city 1226–1871) * Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815–1871) * Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1815–1871) * Nassau (state), Nassau (1806–1866) * Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, Oldenburg (1815–1871) * Duchy of Pomerania, Pomerania (1121–1637) * Prussia (1525–1871) ** Duchy of Prussia (1525–1618) ** Brandenburg-Prussia (1618–1701) ** Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871) * Reuss (state), Reuss (1010–1806) * Saxe-Altenburg (1602–1871) * Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1735–1826) * Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1871) * Saxe-Gotha (1640–1680) * Saxe-Hildburghausen (1680–1826) * Saxe-Lauenburg (or Duchy of Lauenburg) (1296–1871) * Saxe-Meiningen (1680–1871) * Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1809–1871) * Kingdom of Saxony, Saxony (kingdom) – 1806–1871) * Schaumburg-Lippe (1647–1871) * Duchy of Schleswig, Schleswig (1058–1866) * Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1599–1871) * Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1599–1871) * Waldeck (state), Waldeck (1180–1871) * Württemberg (kingdom) – 1806–1871) * Free State of Bottleneck (1919–1923)


Switzerland

* Old Swiss Confederacy (1300–1798) * Helvetic Republic (1798–1803) * Rhodanic Republic (1802–1810) * Swiss Confederation (Napoleonic), Napoleonic Swiss Confederation (1803–1815) * Restored Swiss Confederacy (1814–1848)


Italy

* Republic of Crema (1797) * Republic of Alba (1796) * Republic of Ancona (–1532) * Republic of Florence (1115–1569) * Kingdom of Naples (1282–1816) * Duchy of Urbino (1443–1625) * Anconine Republic (1797–1798) * Judicate of Arborea (9th century–1420) * Kingdom of Etruria (1801–1807) * United Provinces of Central Italy (1859–1860) * Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802) * Cispadane Republic (1796–1797) * Republic of Cospaia (1440–1826) * Emperor#Elba, Sovereign Principality of Elba (1814–1815) * Kingdom of Etruria (1801–1807) * Marquisate of Finale (967–1602) * Italian Regency of Carnaro, Regency of Carnaro (1919) * Gozo (independent state), Gozitan Nation (1798–1801) * Italian Republic (Napoleonic) (1802–1805) * Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) (1805–1814) * Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866) * Duchy of Lucca (1815–1847) * Principality of Lucca and Piombino (1805–1814) * Republic of Lucca (1160–1805) * History of Malta under the Order of Saint John, Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1530–1798) * Duchy of Mantua (1273–1707) * Duchy of Massa and Carrara (15th to 19th centuries) * Duchy of Milan (1395–1797) * Five Days of Milan, Provisional Government of Milan (1848) * Duchy of Modena (1452–1796, 1815–1859) * Kingdom of Naples (1285–1816) * Republic of Noli (1192–1797) * Duchy of Parma (1545–1859) * Papal States (752–1870) * Republic of Pisa (11th century–1406) * Roman Republic (19th century) (1849) * Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1861) * Republic of San Marco (1848–1849) * Republic of Senarica (1343–18th century) * Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816) * Sicilian revolution of 1848, Kingdom of Sicily (1848) * Transpadane Republic (1796–1797) * Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569–1801, 1815–1859) * Two Sicilies, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1815–1860) * Republic of Venice (697–1797) * Republic of Genoa (1095–1797) * Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) ** Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943), Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943) ** Italian governorate of Montenegro (1941–1943) * Kingdom of Tavolara (1836-1934) * Italian Social Republic (1943–1945) * Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954) * Republic of Rose Island (1968)


Modern United Kingdom

* Kingdom of Gwynedd (450–1216) * Kingdom of Powys (5th century–1160) * Kingdom of Scotland (843–1707) * England (927–1707) * Angevin Empire (1154–1214) * Principality of Wales (1216–1536) * Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and (1659–1660) * The Protectorate (1653–1659) * Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain (1707–1800) * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)


Ireland

* Osraige (150–1541) * Airgíalla (331–1585) * Uí Maine (–1611) * Northern Uí Néill, Ailech (450–1617) * Tyrconnell (5th century–1607) * Tír Eoghain (5th century–1607) * Fermanagh (10th century–1607) * Magh Luirg (–1585) * Irish Republic (1798), Republic of Connacht * Thomond (1118–1543) * Kingdom of Desmond (1118–1596) * Lordship of Ireland (1171–1542) * Clandeboye (1283–1605) * Kingdom of Uí Failghe (Unknown–1550) * Kings of Leinster, Kingdom of Leinster * Kings of Connacht, Kingdom of Connacht * Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1801) * Confederate Ireland, Irish Catholic Confederation (1641–1649) * Republic of Connacht (1798) * Irish soviets (1919-1922) ** Limerick Soviet (1919) * Irish Republic (1919–1922) – see also Southern Ireland (1921–22), Southern Ireland (1921–1922) * Irish Free State (1931–1937)


Low Countries

* Prince-Bishopric of Liège (972–1795) annexed by France in 1795. * Duchy of Brabant (1183–1794) * Duchy of Bouillon (1456? – 1794) * United Belgian States (1789–1790) * Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795) (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/Provinciën) Independence from Spain after Eighty Years' War in 1581, conquered by France 1795. * Batavian Republic (1795–1806) (Bataafse Republiek) France's vassal state. * Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) (Koninkrijk Holland/Royaume d'Hollande) Ruled by Louis Bonaparte, Annexation, annexed by France 1810. * Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (1813–1815) * United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839) * Neutral Moresnet (1816–1920)


Poland

* Duchy of Pomerania (1121–1160, 1264–1295, 1478–1531, 1625–1637) ** :pl:Władcy_Pomorza_Zachodniego#Pierwszy_podzia%C5%82_ksi%C4%99stwa_(1160-1264), Demmin Principality (1160–1264) ** :pl:Władcy_Pomorza_Zachodniego#Pierwszy_podzia%C5%82_ksi%C4%99stwa_(1160-1264), Szczecin Principality (1160–1264, 1295–1523) * Pomerania-Wolgast, Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast (1295–1478) * Duchy of Masovia (1138–1275, 1294–1310, 1370–1381, 1495–1526) * Pomerania-Stolp, Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp (1368–1478) * Pomerania-Neustettin, Duchy of Pomerania-Neustettin (1368–1390) * Duchy of Kraków (1227–1320) * Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1349) * Duchy of Bytom (1281–1498) * Duchy of Silesia (1138–1335) * Duchy of Opole (1172–1202, 1281–1532) * Duchy of Racibórz (1172–1202, 1281–1521) * Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (1202–1281, 1521–1532, 1551–1556) * Duchy of Inowrocław (1267–1364) * Duchy of Teschen (1281–1918) * History of Poland during the Piast dynasty, Duchy of Poland (966–1025, 1031–1076, 1079–1138, 1138–1227) * Kingdom of Poland (1025–1031, 1076–1079, 1295–1296, 1300–1320) * Kingdom of Poland, United Kingdom of Poland (1320–1386) * Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) ** Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (1386–1795) ** Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century–1795) ** Royal Prussia (1466–1569) ** Duchy of Prussia (1525–1701) ** Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1561–1795) *** Couronian colonization, New Courland (1637, 1639, 1642, 1654–1659, 1660–1666, 1680–1683, 1686–1690) * Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815; part of First French Empire, personal union with Kingdom of Saxony) * Free City of Cracow, Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow with its Territory (1815–1846) * Congress Poland, Kingdom of Poland (1815–1832; personal union with Russian Empire) * Vistula Land (1867–1915; part of the Russian Empire) * Grand Duchy of Posen (1815–1848; part of Kingdom of Prussia) * Grand Duchy of Kraków (1846–1918; part of the Austria-Hungary) * Polish National Government (November Uprising), Polish National Government (1830–1831) * Kraków uprising, Polish National Government (1846) * Polish National Government (January Uprising), Polish National Government (1863–1864) * Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918), Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918) * Republic of Tarnobrzeg (1918–1919) * Republic of Zakopane (1918) * Lemko Republic, Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic (1918–1920) * Komancza Republic (1918–1919) * Second Polish Republic, Second Republic of Poland (1918–1939) ** Republic of Central Lithuania (1920–1922) ** Free City of Danzig (1920–1939) * Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee (1920) * Military Administration in Poland (1939) * General Government, General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Region (1939–1945) * Polish Underground State (1939–1945) * Polish Committee of National Liberation (1944) * Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (1944–1945) * Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947) * Polish People's Republic, Republic of Poland (1947–1952) * People's Republic of Poland, Polish People's Republic (1952–1989) * Polish National Territorial Region, Polish National-Territorial Region (1990–1991)


Ukraine

* Kholodny Yar Republic (1919-1922) * Zaporozhian Sich * Cossack Hetmanate (1649–1764) * Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1920) * Ukrainian State (1918) * West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919) * Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991; sovereign until 1922) * Makhnovshchina (1918–1921) * Hutsul Republic (1919) * Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (1920) * Carpatho-Ukraine (1939) * Ukrainian national government (1941), Ukrainian National Government (1941) * (2014–2022) * (2014–2022)


Crimea

* Principality of Theodoro (14th century–1475) * Crimean Khanate (1449–1783) * Crimean People's Republic (1917–1918) * Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1941/1944–1945/1991–1992) * Republic of Crimea (2014)


Baltic countries and Belarus

* Principality of Polotsk (10th century–1397) * Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th century–1795) * Kingdom of Lithuania (1918), Kingdom of Lithuania (1918) * Lithuania, Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940) * Perloja, Republic of Perloja (1918–1923) * Republic of Central Lithuania (1920–1922) * Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919) * Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919) * Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1922) * State of the Teutonic Order (1230–1525) * Kingdom of Livonia (1570–1578) * United Baltic Duchy (1918) * Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920) * Latvia, First Latvian Republic (1918–1940) * Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918), Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918) * Soviet Republic of Naissaar on an Estonian Baltic Sea island (1917–1918) * Commune of the Working People of Estonia (1918–1919) * Estonia, First Estonian Republic (1918–1940)


Romania and Moldova

* Dacia, Dacian Kingdom (168 BC–106 AD) * Țara Litua (1247–1330) * Voievodeship of Gelu (9th–11th century) * Voivodeship of Maramureș (9th century–1402) * Jupanat of Dimitrie (c. 943) * Voivodeship of Glad (10th century) * Voivodeship of Menumorut (9th-11th century) * Jupanat of Gheorghe (10th century) * Jupanat of Tatos (c. 1190) * Jupanat of Sacea (11th century) * Jupanat of Setslav (c. 1085) * Voivodship of Transylvania (12th century-1541) * Banat of Severin (1228-1526) * Voivodship of Seneslav (13th century) * Cnezatul lui Ioan (13th century) * Cnezatul lui Farcaș (13th century) * Wallachia, Principality of Wallachia (1330–1859) * Moldavia, Principality of Moldavia (1346–1859) * Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711), Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711) * Wallachian Eyalet (1595) * Temeşvar Eyalet (1552–1716) * Varat Eyalet (1660–1692) * Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867), Grand Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867) * Banat of Temeswar (1718–1778) * Duchy of Bukovina (1849–1918) * United Principalities, United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1859–1881) * Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947) * Banat Republic (1918–1919) * Communist Romania, People's, then Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989) * Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917–1918)


Russia

* Novgorod Republic (1136–1478) * Pskov Republic (1348–1510) * Principality of Tver (1246–1483) * Principality of Beloozero (13th–15th century) * Principality of Yaroslavl (1218–1463) * Grand Duchy of Ryazan (1097–1521) * Great Perm, Principality of Great Perm (1323–1505) ** Vyatka Land * Golden Horde (1320–1547) * Astrakhan Khanate (1466–1556) * Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552) * Qasim Khanate (1452–1681) * Khanate of Sibir (1468–1598) * Kalmyk Khanate (1630–1771) * Republic of Uhtua (1918–1920) * Kuban People's Republic (1918–1920) * Don Republic (1918–1920) * Idel-Ural State (1 March 1918 – 28 March 1918) * Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922) * Green Ukraine (1920–1922) * Tungus Republic (1924–1925) * State of Buryat-Mongolia (1917–1920) * Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547) * Jaxa (state), Jaxa (1665–1674) * Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721) * Russian Empire (1721–1917) ** Congress Poland, Kingdom of Poland (1815–1867) ** Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917) * Petrograd Soviet, Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (1917–1924) * Russian Republic (1917) * Russian Democratic Federative Republic, Russian Republic (1918) * Russian State (1918–1920), Russian State (1918–1920) * Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1922) * Supreme Administration of Northern Region (1918) * Provisional Government of the Northern Region (1918–1920) * Armed Forces of South Russia (1918–1919) * Soviet Union, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) ** Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) ** Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) ** Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) ** Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1991) ** Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) ** Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1956) ** Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) ** Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) ** Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1990) ** Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1990) ** Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1991) *** Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991) ** Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1922–1991) *** Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) *** Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1941) *** Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991) *** Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1990) *** Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1936) *** Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1924) *** Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991) *** Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1945) *** Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) *** Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1990) *** Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1940; 1956–1991) *** Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–36), Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936) *** Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990) *** Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934–1990) *** Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1935–1943; 1957–1991) *** Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991) *** Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944; 1957–1991) *** Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) *** Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) *** North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1992) *** Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923–1940; 1956–1991) *** Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1957) *** Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1961–1992) *** Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1990–1991) ** Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929–1991) ** Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991) ** Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991) ** Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991)


Hungary

* Principality of Hungary (895–1000) * Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1804) ** Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1526–1551, 1556–1570) ** Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711), Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711) ** Principality of Upper Hungary (1682–1685) ** Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867), Principality of Transylvania (1711–1804) ** Croatia in personal union with Hungary, Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526) * Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526), Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526) * Hungarian State (1849), Hungarian State (1849) * First Hungarian Republic, Hungarian People's Republic (November 1918 – March 1919, August 1919) * Hungarian Soviet Republic (March 1919 – August 1919) * Hungarian Republic (1919–20), Hungarian Republic (August 1919 – February 1920) * Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946), Kingdom of Hungary (February 1920 – February 1946) * Republic of Hungary (1946–1949), Republic of Hungary (February 1946 – August 1949) * Hungarian People's Republic (August 1949 – October 1989)


Czech Republic and Slovakia

* Duchy of Bohemia (–1198) * Kingdom of Bohemia (1198–1918) * Margraviate of Moravia (1182–1918) * Slovak Soviet Republic (1919) * Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Slovak Republic (1939–1945) * First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) * Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939) * Third Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1948) * Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948–1989; before 1960 as Czechoslovak Republic) * Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, Czechoslovak Federative Republic (1990) * Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992)


Austria

* Duchy of Austria (1156–1453) * Archduchy of Austria (1453–1804) * Austrian Empire (1804–1867) * Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) ** Austrian Empire (1867–1918) ** Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918) ** Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918) * Republic of German-Austria (1918–1919) * First Austrian Republic (1919–1934) * Federal State of Austria (1934–1938) * Allied-occupied Austria, Republic of Austria (1945–1955)


Balkans

* In Albania: ** Independent Albania (1912–1914) ** Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (1914) ** Republic of Central Albania (1913–1914) ** Principality of Albania (1914–1925) ** Italian protectorate over Albania (1917–1920) ** Republic of Mirdita (1921) ** Albanian Republic (1925–1928) ** Kingdom of Albania (1928–39), Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) ** Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943), Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943) ** German occupation of Albania (1943–1944) ** Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) ** People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946–1991) * In Bosnia: ** Kingdom of Bosnia (1377–1463) ** Kingdom of Bosnia (1377–1463) ** Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918) ** Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995) ** Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (1993–1995) ** Republika Srpska (1992–1995), Republika Srpska (1992–1995) ** Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (1991–1996) * In Bulgaria: ** Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) ** Despotate of Dobruja (1356–1411) ** Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908) ** Strandzha Commune (1903) ** Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946) ** People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990) * In Croatia: ** Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg), Kingdom of Croatia (1527–1868) ** Kingdom of Slavonia (1699–1868) ** Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918) ** Free State of Fiume (1920–1924) ** Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945) ** Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954) ** Republic of Ragusa (1358–1808) ** Republic of Serbian Krajina (1991–1995) * In Greece: ** First Hellenic Republic (1828–1832) ** Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece (1821-1825) ** Kingdom of Greece (1832–1924, 1935–1941, 1944–1974) ** United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864) ** Greek junta, Greek Military Junta (1967–1974) ** Second Hellenic Republic (1924–1935) ** Hellenic State (1941–1944), Hellenic State (1941–1944) ** Septinsular Republic (1800–1815) ** Principality of Samos (1815–1864) ** Cretan State (1898–1913) ** Ikaria, Free State of Ikaria (1912) ** Italian Islands of the Aegean (1912–1945) * In Montenegro: ** Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro (1516–1852) ** Principality of Montenegro (1852–1910) ** Kingdom of Montenegro (1910–1918) ** Italian governorate of Montenegro (1941–1943) ** German-occupied territory of Montenegro (1943–1944) * In North Macedonia: ** Kruševo Republic (1903) ** Independent Macedonia (1944), Independent Macedonia (1944) [proposed] * In Serbia: ** Revolutionary Serbia (1804–1813) ** Principality of Serbia (1815–1882) ** Kingdom of Serbia (1882–1918) ** State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) ** Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929–1943) ** Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1943–1992) ** (1992–2003) ** (2003–2006) ** Republic of Kosova (1991-1999) * In Turkey: ** Byzantine Empire (395–1453) *** Duchy of Athens (1205–1458) *** Despotate of Epirus (1356–1479) *** Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261) ** Ottoman Empire (–1922/1923) ** Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923)


Caucasus

* Caucasian Albania (2nd century BC – 8th century AD) * Kabardia (c. 1453–c. 1825) * Circassia (–1453/1861–1864) * Kingdom of Abkhazia (778–1008) * Elisu Sultanate (1604–1844) * Avar Khanate (Early 13th century–1864) * Caucasian Imamate (1828–1859) * Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1917–1921) * North Caucasian Emirate (1919–1920) * Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1991–2000) * Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1490) * Kingdom of Imereti (1260–1810) * Principality of Svaneti (1463–1858) * Principality of Mingrelia (1557–1867) * Principality of Guria (1460s–1829) * Samtskhe-Saatabago (1266–1625) * Kingdom of Kartli (1478–1762) * Kingdom of Kakheti (1465–1762) * Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1762–1801) * Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921) * First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920) * Republic of Mountainous Armenia (April 1921 – July 1921) * Republic of Aras (1918–1919) * Centrocaspian Dictatorship (1918–1918) * Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan, Military Dictatorship of Mughan (1918–1919) * Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–1920) * Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (February 1918 – May 1918)


Iberian Peninsula

* Emirate of Córdoba (756-929) * Kingdom of León (910–1230) * Republic of Galicia (1931) * Couto Misto (10th century–1868) * Asturian miners' strike of 1934, Asturian Socialist Republic (October 1934) * Kingdom of Navarre (824–1620) * Catalan Republic (1641), First Catalan Republic (1641) * Revolutionary Catalonia (1936–1939) * Catalan Republic (1931), Second Catalan Republic (1931) * Crown of Aragon (1162–1479) * Emirate of Granada (1238–1492) * Kingdom of Majorca (1231–1715 (1349)) * Principality of Catalonia (12th century – 1714/1833) * Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1910) * United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1825) * First Portuguese Republic (1910–1926) * Monarchy of the North, Kingdom of Portugal (Monarchy of the North) (1919) * Ditadura Nacional (1926–1933) * Estado Novo (Portugal), Second Portuguese Republic (1933–1974) * Crown of Castile (1230–1479) ** Kingdom of Galicia (410–1833) * Kingdom of Castile (1065–1230/1715) * Iberian Union (1580–1640) * First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) * Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939) * Spanish State (1936–1975) * Catalan declaration of independence, Third Catalan Republic (2017)


North America


Anguilla

* Republic of Anguilla (1967–1969)


Canada

* Republic of Madawaska (1827) * Republic of Canada (1837–1838) * Republic of Lower Canada (1838) * Miꞌkmaꞌki (1867) * Republic of Manitoba (1867–1870) * Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (1885) * Dominion of Newfoundland (1907–1949)


Costa Rica

* Free State of Costa Rica (1838–1847) * First Costa Rican Republic (1848–1948)


Cuba

* Republic of Cuba (1902–1959), Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)


Dominican Republic

* Republic of Spanish Haiti (1821–1822) * First Republic (Dominican Republic), First Dominican Republic (1844–1861) * Second Republic (Dominican Republic), Second Dominican Republic (1865–1916) * Third Republic (Dominican Republic), Third Dominican Republic (1924–1965)


Grenada

* People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada (1979–1983)


Guatemala

* United Provinces of Central America * Los Altos (state), State of Los Altos (1838–1840), (1848–1849)


Haiti

* First Empire of Haiti (1804–1806) * State of Haiti (1806–1811) * Kingdom of Haiti (1811–1820) * Republic of Haiti (1820–1849), Republic of Haiti (1820–1849) * Second Empire of Haiti (1849–1859) * Republic of Haiti (1859–1957), Republic of Haiti (1859–1957) * Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)


Mexico

* Toltec Empire (674 (disputed)–1122 (disputed) * Cocollán (1100–1521) * Aztec Empire (1428–1521) * Zapotec civilization (–1521) * Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America, Northern America (1813) * First Mexican Empire (1821–1823) * Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–1824) * First Mexican Republic (1824–1835) * Republic of the Rio Grande (1840) * Centralist Republic of Mexico (1835–1846) * Republic of Yucatán (1841–1848) * Second Federal Republic of Mexico (1846–1863) * Republic of Sonora (1853–1854) * Republic of Baja California (1853–1854) * Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867)


Nicaragua

* Somoza family, Somoza Regime (1936–1979) * Junta of National Reconstruction (18 July 1979 – 10 January 1985)


United States

* Iroquois Confederacy (between 1450 and 1660–1867) * Cherokee Nation (19th century), Cherokee Nation (1794–1865) * Vermont Republic (1777–1791) * State of Muskogee (1799–1803) * Republic of West Florida (1810) * Republic of East Florida (1812) * Republic of the Floridas (1817) * Republic of Indian Stream (1832–1835) * Republic of Texas (1836–1846) * State of Deseret (1846) * California Republic (June 14 – July 9, 1846) * The Great Republic of Rough and Ready (1850) * Palmetto Republic (1860-1861) * Alabama Republic (1861) * Republic of Louisiana (1861) * Republic of Mississippi (1861-1865) * Confederate States of America (1861–1865) * Republic of Puerto Rico (1868-1898)


Oceania

* Tuʻi Tonga Empire (–1865) * Uvea (Wallis and Futuna), Kingdom of ʻUvea (15th century–1887) * Alo (Wallis and Futuna), Kingdom of Alo * Sigave, Kingdom of Sigave * Mangareva (1881) * Kingdom of Bora Bora (till 1888 or 1895) * Kingdom of Raiatea (till 1888, French protectorate since 1880) * Kingdom of Huahine (till 1895, French protectorate since 1888) * Kingdom of Tahiti (1788/91–1880, French protectorate since 1842) * Kingdom of Rurutu (till 1900, French protectorate since 1888) * Kingdom of Rimatara (till 1901, French protectorate since 1888) * Kingdom of Tahuata (till 1880, French protectorate since 1842) * Kingdom of Rapa Iti (till 1881, kingship continued to 1887) * Kingdom of Mangareva (till 1881, French protectorate since 1844/1871) * Taiohae Kingdom of Nuku Hiva (till 1901, sovereignty ceded to France in 1842) * Kingdom of Tuamotu * Fiji during the time of Cakobau, Kingdom of Fiji (1871–1874) * Dominion of Fiji (1970–1987) * Kingdom of Hawaii (1795–1893) * Provisional Government of Hawaii (1893–1894) * Republic of Hawaii (1894–1898) * Patu-iki or Kingdom of Niue (–1900) * Kingdom of Rarotonga (1858–1893) * Saudeleur dynasty () * Kingdom of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) (till 1888) * Kingdom of Nauru (till 1888) * Vanua'aku Pati, People's Provisional Government of Vanuatu (1977–1978)


South America


Argentina

* United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1810–1831) * Argentine Confederation (1831–1861) * Republic of Entre Ríos (1820–1821) * Republic of Tucumán (1820–1821) * State of Buenos Aires (1852–1861) * Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (1860–1862)


Bolivia

* History of Bolivia (1809–1920)#Creating Bolivia: Bolívar, Sucre, and Santa Cruz, State of Upper Peru (1825) * History of Bolivia (1809–1920)#Creating Bolivia: Bolívar, Sucre, and Santa Cruz, Republic of Bolivar (1825) * Republic of Alto Perú (1828) * Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation), Bolivian Republic (1836–1839) * Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839) * Republic of Bolivia (1825–2010)


Brazil

* (1899–1900; 1903) * (1822–1889) * Confederation of the Equator (1824) * Riograndense Republic (1836–1845) * Juliana Republic (1839) * Republic of Counani (1886–1891) * First Brazilian Republic (1889–1930) * Principality of Trindad (1893-1895) * Vargas Era (1930–1945) * Fourth Brazilian Republic (1946–1964) * Military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)


Chile

* Patria Vieja, Kingdom of Chile (1810–1814) * Patria Nueva, New State of Chile (1819–1826) * Conservative Republic (1830–1861) * Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia (1862) * Liberal Republic (1861–1891) * History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925), Parliamentary Era (1891–1925) * Presidential Republic (1925–1973), Presidential Republic (1925–1973) * Socialist Republic of Chile (4 June 1932 – 2 October 1932) * Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990), Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)


Colombia

* Muisca Confederation (1450–1537) * Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca (1810–1815) * Confederate Cities of Valle del Cauca (1811–1815) * United Provinces of New Granada (1811–1816) * Gran Colombia (1819–1831) * Republic of New Granada (1831–1858) * Granadine Confederation (1858–1863) * United States of Colombia (1863–1886) * Colombian Military Junta (1957–1958)


Ecuador

* State of Quito (1809-1812) * Free Province of Guayaquil (1820-1822)


Paraguay

* El Stronato (1954–1989)


Peru

* Chimú culture, Kingdom of Chimor (–1470) * Inca Empire (1438–1533) * Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822) * Republic of South Peru (1836–1839) * Republic of North Peru (1836–1839) * Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839) * Peruvian Republic (1838–1839), Peruvian Republic (1838–1839) * Federal State of Loreto (1896) * Jungle Nation (1899–1900) * History of Peru#Republic of Peru, Peruvian Republic (1822–1968) * Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru (1968–1980)


Uruguay

* Liga Federal (1815–1820) * Gobierno del Cerrito, Government of the Cerrito (1843–1851) * Gobierno de la Defensa, Government of the Defense (1843–1851)


Venezuela

* Supreme Junta (1810) * First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812) * Second Republic of Venezuela (1813–1814) * Third Republic of Venezuela (1817–1819) * State of Venezuela (1830–1864) * United States of Venezuela (1864–1953) * Republic of Venezuela (1953–1999)


Modern states and territories by type


Dismembered countries

These states are now dissolved into a number of states, none of which retain the old name. * – Dissolved in 1945, its former territory now consists of the entirety of the countries of Austria and Germany, and parts of what is now Belarus, the Czech Republic, France, Luxembourg, Poland, Russia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Greece, Serbia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Slovenia. * – Polity existed to 7 December 1949 and its territory now controlled by the China, People's Republic of China (Mainland China), Mongolia, portion of the territory claimed by India and Japan, and parts of Afghanistan, Bhutan, Pakistan, Russia and Tajikistan. The rump state, still known as the "Taiwan, Republic of China", continues to control Geography of Taiwan, Taiwan and Penghu which was acquired from Japan in 1945, as well as Kinmen and Matsu Islands, forming part of the rump Fujian Province, Republic of China, Fujian Province. See also the political status of Taiwan and the Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan. * – Ceased to exist in 1910, its former territory now consists of the entirety of territory controlled by North Korea and South Korea, and a portion of territory claimed by Japan. * Mali Federation – In 1959 formed by Senegal and French Sudan, both parts of French West Africa, as an independent nation. It collapsed in 1960, and is now Senegal and Mali. * United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (''Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves'') created in 1815 when Brazil was upgraded to the rank of kingdom, once the Portuguese royal family was living in Rio de Janeiro since 1809. This country was dissolved in 1822 when Brazil became independent. Now the countries of Portugal, Brazil, Cabo Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola, East Timor and Mozambique. * – Dissolved in 2006, now the countries of Montenegro, Serbia, and the partially recognized Kosovo. * – Dissolved in 1991, now the countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia (country), Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The Baltic countries occupied by USSR until 1991 (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) were not considered by most Western countries de jure part of the USSR. * United Arab Republic – A union formed by Egypt and Syria in 1958. It was dissolved in 1961, though Egypt used the name until 1971. Other Pan-Arab unity agreements with Iraq and Jordan in the 1950s failed. * United Arab States – A confederation formed by the United Arab Republic and Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, North Yemen in 1958; it was dissolved in 1961. * – Dissolved in 1991 and 1992, now the countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, and the partially recognized Kosovo. * – Existed from 1918 to 1992, the country wasn't active in World War II, but the government was Czechoslovak government-in-exile, in exile, dissolved in 1992 and broke up into Czech Republic, Czechia and Slovakia. * – Existed from 1821 to 1841, broke up into Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Free State of Costa Rica, Costa Rica. * Somali Republic – Dissolved in 1991, now the countries of Somalia and unrecognized Somaliland. * – An empire created after Brazil declared its independence in 1822 and dissolved in 1889, now the countries of Brazil and Uruguay (who declared their independence in 1825, and was recognized in 1828).


Nominally independent homelands of South Africa

Four of the Homeland (South Africa), homelands, or bantustans, for Black (racial term), black South Africans, were granted nominal independence by the apartheid regime of South Africa. Not recognised by other nations, these effectively were puppet states and were political union, re-incorporated in 1994. * Bophuthatswana – Declared independent in 1977, reincorporated in 1994. * Ciskei – Declared independent in 1981, reincorporated in 1994. * Transkei – Declared independent in 1976, reincorporated in 1994. * Venda – Declared independent in 1979, reincorporated in 1994.


Secessionist states

These nations declared themselves independent, but failed to achieve it in fact or did not seek permanent independence and were either re-incorporated into the mother country or incorporated into another country. * Carpatho-Ukraine – declared independence from Second Czechoslovak Republic, Czechoslovakia in 1939, but was occupied and Annexation, annexed by Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946), Hungary in one day. * Cartagena Canton – the haven city of Cartagena, Spain seceded from the First Spanish Republic in 1873. * Catalan Republic (1931), Catalan Republic (April 14–17, 1931). * Chechnya – Virtually independent from Russia from 1996 as Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, however the country was recognized only by the Taliban. After terrorist attacks in 1999 the republic was returned to Russia's control in the Second Chechen War. *  – Occupied the southeastern United States, stretching from Texas to Virginia. Declared secession from the U.S. in 1861, reintegrated into the U.S. in 1865. Reconstruction era of the United States, Reconstruction ended in 1876 and U.S. troops withdrew as an occupation force in 1877. South Carolina was the first state to declare its secession from the United States, doing so on December 20, 1860. Political factions in the "border states" of Kentucky and Missouri declared themselves parts of the Confederacy and controlled small portions of those regions early in the war. The major Indian tribes in Oklahoma signed an alliance with the Confederacy, and participated in its military efforts against the U.S. * Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, declared independence from Ukraine in 1992 but soon settled for being an autonomous republic within Ukraine. * Cruzob, achieved independence from Mexico in 1856, but was reannexed in 1901. * Green Ukraine – Declared independence from Far Eastern Republic in 1920, dissolved in 1922. * Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, Herzeg-Bosnia – Separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1994. * Italian Social Republic (1943–1945) * Katanga Province, Katanga – Declared its independence of the newly formed Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960, was incorporated again into the country in 1963. * Republic of Manitoba, Manitoba – short-lived republic led by Thomas Spence, declared after the Hudson's Bay Company gave up Rupert's Land and before the government of Canada took control (1867). * Red River Rebellion – provisional government in Rupert's Land, led by Louis Riel in (1869–1870). * Republic of Serbian Krajina, Serbian Krajina – declared independence from Croatia in 1991, reincorporated into the country in 1995. * South Kasai – declared independence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in June 1960, reincorporated into the country in December 1961. * Supreme Administration of Northern Region – Proclaimed independent in 1918, later became the Provisional Government of the Northern Region. *  – Separated from Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1995. * Principality of Trinidad – Declared independence in 1893, claimed by United Kingdom in 1895, but incorporated by Brazil. * Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, Western Bosnia – Declared independence from Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1993 and reincorporated into it in 1995.


Annexed countries

These nations, once separate, are now part of another country. Cases of voluntary accession are included. * Italian Regency of Carnaro, Regency of Carnaro in 1919 and Free State of Fiume 1920–1924, two short-lived states in the port city of Rijeka, Fiume/Rijeka proclaimed by Gabriele D'Annunzio. Following World War I, the city was disputed between Italy and Yugoslavia, and eventually captured by Italy in 1921. The city passed to Yugoslavia after World War II and is now in Croatia. * Couto Misto – Tiny 10th century border territory that was split between Spain and Portugal in 1864–8. * Cretan State, Crete – Autonomous under Ottoman Empire, Ottoman suzerainty in 1898, unilaterally declared union with Greece in 1908, which was recognized in 1913. * – Annexed by West Germany in 1990 and now part of Germany. * – Merged with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, now part of the United Kingdom. * Franceville, New Hebrides, Franceville (1889–1890) – Independent in 1889, later governed by France and Britain as part of the New Hebrides; now part of Vanuatu. * Republic of Hatay, Hatay – Part of the Mandate of Syria that became part of Turkey; independent 1938–1939 * – Annexed by the U.S. in the late 19th century. * Kalat (princely state), Kalat (1638, 1666–1955) – 1666 to 1955, became part of Pakistan. * Free States of Menton and Roquebrune-Cap Martin, Roquebrune – Seceded from Monaco in 1848, under nominal protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia, then annexed by France in 1861. * Moresnet – 1816–1920, Tiny European territory that endured for a hundred years before definitively becoming part of Belgium. * Natalia Republic – 1839–1843, Was quickly made into a British colony * Islands of Refreshment – The islands of Tristan da Cunha were settled in 1810 and declared independence in 1811. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1815. * – Merged with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, now part of the United Kingdom. * – Occupied by North Vietnam in 1975 and annexed into it in 1976. * Republic of Tatarstan, Islamic Republic of Tatarstan – Existed from 1992 until annexed by Russia in 1994. * – Now part of South Africa. * – Annexed by the U.S. in 1845. * Vermont Republic – Annexed by the US in 1791.


See also

* * * * * ** () ** () ** () ** () ** () ** List of pre-modern states * * * * ** ** ** ** * *


Notes


Further reading

* Berge, Bjørn. ''Nowherelands: An Atlas of Vanished Countries 1840–1975''. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2017 240p. * Harding, Les. ''Dead Countries of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Aden to Zululand''. Scarecrow Press, 1998. {{DEFAULTSORT:Former Sovereign States, List Of History by country, * History by former country, * Lists of former countries, Sovereign States Lists of non-sovereign nations