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The foreign exchange reserves of China are the state of foreign exchange reserves held by the People's Republic of China, comprising cash, bank deposits, bond (finance), bonds, and other financial assets denominated in currencies other than China's fiat money, national currency (the renminbi). In July 2020, China's foreign exchange reserves totaled United States dollar, US$3.15 trillion, which is the highest foreign exchange reserves of any country.
The management of foreign exchange reserves is governed by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) and the People's Bank of China.About the PBC
People's Bank of China website The composition of foreign exchange reserves is a Classified information, state secret in China."China’s dwindling forex reserves raise worries"
by Gabriel Wildau, ''Financial Times'', 18 October 2015 The United States has designated China a currency manipulator under the 1988 Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act, as engaging in “unfair currency practices” that gives it a trade advantage. In August 2019, the Trump administration, as part of the China–United States trade war, redesignated China as a currency manipulator. That designation was removed in January 2020.
by Fion Li, ''Bloomberg News, Bloomberg'', 7 August 2015 In August 2021, the reserves stood at US$3,408 billion. The exact composition of China's foreign exchange reserves is classified information. In July 2019, China's State Administration of Foreign Exchange announced that at the end of 2014, US dollar assets accounted for 58% of China's total reserves, down from 79% in 2005; adding that its share of US currency assets was lower than the global average of 65% in 2014. Analysts believe the remaining foreign exchange assets are held mostly in Euros, Japanese Yen, and British pounds."China’s large forex reserves constitute both a blessing and a curse"
by Gabriel Wildau, ''Financial Times'', 30 September 2014 Since 2008, when China overtook Japan in this respect, China has been the largest foreign holder of United States Treasury security, U.S. Treasury securities, accounting for about 22% of all U.S. Treasuries held by non-Americans.Report
on China’s Foreign Exchange Reserves and Holdings of U.S. Securities" by Nargiza Salidjanova, United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 21 March 2014 In July 2021, China held US$1,068.3 billion of US government debt, 14% of the total foreign holdings of US government debt, a decrease of 0.5% since July 2020. This ranks China as the second largest holder of US government debt, after Japan.
"China is dumping U.S. debt"
by Matt Egan, CNN, 11 September 2015Is it a risk for America that China holds over $1 trillion in U.S. debt?
, ''China Power'', 2 February 2016 The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 included a provision requiring the United States Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Defense to conduct a "national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China." The Defense Department's report in July 2012 stated that “attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States. As the threat is not credible and the effect would be limited even if carried out, it does not offer China deterrence options, whether in the diplomatic, military, or economic realms, and this would remain true both in peacetime and in scenarios of crisis or war.” The United States Congress introduced legislation whose aim was the assessment of the implications of China's ownership of U.S. debt.Report
on "China’s Holdings of U.S. Securities: Implications for the U.S. Economy" by Wayne M. Morrison & Marc Labonte, Congressional Research Service, 19 August 2013 The subsequent Congressional Report of 2013 claimed that "[a] potentially serious short-term problem would emerge if China decided to ''suddenly'' reduce their liquid U.S. financial assets significantly" [emphasis in the original text], noting also that Chair of the Federal Reserve, Federal Reserve System Chairman Ben Bernanke had, in 2007, stated that “because foreign holdings of U.S. Treasury securities represent only a small part of total U.S. credit market debt outstanding, U.S. credit markets should be able to absorb without great difficulty any shift of foreign allocations." A significant number of economists and analysts dismiss any and all concern over foreign holdings of United States government debt denominated in U.S. dollars, including China's holdings.:"...What about indebtedness to foreigners?...To acquire [U.S. gov't bonds], China must export goods to us, not offset by equivalent imports. That is a cost to China. It’s a cost Government of China, Beijing is prepared to pay, for its own reasons: export industries promote learning, technology transfer and product quality improvement, and they provide jobs to migrants from the countryside. But that’s China’s business. For China, the bonds themselves are a sterile hoard. There is almost nothing that Beijing can do with them;...its stock of T-bonds will just go on growing. And we will pay interest on it, not with real effort but by typing numbers into computers. There is no burden associated with this; not now and not later." Fro
"In Defense of Deficits"
by James K. Galbraith, ''The Nation'', 4 March 2010"...The US, as a sovereign currency issuer, faces no financial constraint. It cannot be forced into default. It controls its policy interest rate. The rest of the world are users of the dollar; not issuers. They can never hold [the United States] hostage." : Fro
"What If China Dumps US Treasury Bonds?"
by L. Randall Wray, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 12 November 2013 Critics of the "excessive" amount of US debt held by China acknowledge that the "biggest effect of a broad-scale dump of US Treasuries by China would be that China would actually export fewer goods to the United States."
Forex Reserves
State Administration of Foreign Exchange, SAFE {{Economy of China Finance in China Foreign exchange reserves Government finances in China
The foreign exchange reserves of China are the state of foreign exchange reserves held by the People's Republic of China, comprising cash, bank deposits, bond (finance), bonds, and other financial assets denominated in currencies other than China's fiat money, national currency (the renminbi). In July 2020, China's foreign exchange reserves totaled United States dollar, US$3.15 trillion, which is the highest foreign exchange reserves of any country.
The management of foreign exchange reserves is governed by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) and the People's Bank of China.About the PBCPeople's Bank of China website The composition of foreign exchange reserves is a Classified information, state secret in China."China’s dwindling forex reserves raise worries"
by Gabriel Wildau, ''Financial Times'', 18 October 2015 The United States has designated China a currency manipulator under the 1988 Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act, as engaging in “unfair currency practices” that gives it a trade advantage. In August 2019, the Trump administration, as part of the China–United States trade war, redesignated China as a currency manipulator. That designation was removed in January 2020.
Size and composition
China's foreign exchange reserves are held by People's Bank of China, China's central bank. The total of the reserves is regularly announced by the central bank. In July 2020, China's reserves totaled United States dollar, US$3,150 billion, which is the highest List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves, foreign exchange reserves of any country, apparently more than twice the size of next country."China Reserves Fall in July as PBOC Steadies Yuan Amid Outflows"by Fion Li, ''Bloomberg News, Bloomberg'', 7 August 2015 In August 2021, the reserves stood at US$3,408 billion. The exact composition of China's foreign exchange reserves is classified information. In July 2019, China's State Administration of Foreign Exchange announced that at the end of 2014, US dollar assets accounted for 58% of China's total reserves, down from 79% in 2005; adding that its share of US currency assets was lower than the global average of 65% in 2014. Analysts believe the remaining foreign exchange assets are held mostly in Euros, Japanese Yen, and British pounds."China’s large forex reserves constitute both a blessing and a curse"
by Gabriel Wildau, ''Financial Times'', 30 September 2014 Since 2008, when China overtook Japan in this respect, China has been the largest foreign holder of United States Treasury security, U.S. Treasury securities, accounting for about 22% of all U.S. Treasuries held by non-Americans.Report
on China’s Foreign Exchange Reserves and Holdings of U.S. Securities" by Nargiza Salidjanova, United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 21 March 2014 In July 2021, China held US$1,068.3 billion of US government debt, 14% of the total foreign holdings of US government debt, a decrease of 0.5% since July 2020. This ranks China as the second largest holder of US government debt, after Japan.
Concern over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt
Many American and other Financial analyst, economic analysts have expressed concern on account of China's "extensive" holdings, as part of their reserves, of United States government debt."... Should Americans be concerned that China has started dumping some of its Treasury holdings? After all, it raises serious questions about whether China will keep lending Washington money to help finance the federal deficit in the future.": Fro"China is dumping U.S. debt"
by Matt Egan, CNN, 11 September 2015Is it a risk for America that China holds over $1 trillion in U.S. debt?
, ''China Power'', 2 February 2016 The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 included a provision requiring the United States Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Defense to conduct a "national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China." The Defense Department's report in July 2012 stated that “attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States. As the threat is not credible and the effect would be limited even if carried out, it does not offer China deterrence options, whether in the diplomatic, military, or economic realms, and this would remain true both in peacetime and in scenarios of crisis or war.” The United States Congress introduced legislation whose aim was the assessment of the implications of China's ownership of U.S. debt.Report
on "China’s Holdings of U.S. Securities: Implications for the U.S. Economy" by Wayne M. Morrison & Marc Labonte, Congressional Research Service, 19 August 2013 The subsequent Congressional Report of 2013 claimed that "[a] potentially serious short-term problem would emerge if China decided to ''suddenly'' reduce their liquid U.S. financial assets significantly" [emphasis in the original text], noting also that Chair of the Federal Reserve, Federal Reserve System Chairman Ben Bernanke had, in 2007, stated that “because foreign holdings of U.S. Treasury securities represent only a small part of total U.S. credit market debt outstanding, U.S. credit markets should be able to absorb without great difficulty any shift of foreign allocations." A significant number of economists and analysts dismiss any and all concern over foreign holdings of United States government debt denominated in U.S. dollars, including China's holdings.:"...What about indebtedness to foreigners?...To acquire [U.S. gov't bonds], China must export goods to us, not offset by equivalent imports. That is a cost to China. It’s a cost Government of China, Beijing is prepared to pay, for its own reasons: export industries promote learning, technology transfer and product quality improvement, and they provide jobs to migrants from the countryside. But that’s China’s business. For China, the bonds themselves are a sterile hoard. There is almost nothing that Beijing can do with them;...its stock of T-bonds will just go on growing. And we will pay interest on it, not with real effort but by typing numbers into computers. There is no burden associated with this; not now and not later." Fro
"In Defense of Deficits"
by James K. Galbraith, ''The Nation'', 4 March 2010"...The US, as a sovereign currency issuer, faces no financial constraint. It cannot be forced into default. It controls its policy interest rate. The rest of the world are users of the dollar; not issuers. They can never hold [the United States] hostage." : Fro
"What If China Dumps US Treasury Bonds?"
by L. Randall Wray, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 12 November 2013 Critics of the "excessive" amount of US debt held by China acknowledge that the "biggest effect of a broad-scale dump of US Treasuries by China would be that China would actually export fewer goods to the United States."
See also
*Foreign exchange reserves *Import substitution *List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves *List of countries by GDP (nominal)References
External links
Forex Reserves
State Administration of Foreign Exchange, SAFE {{Economy of China Finance in China Foreign exchange reserves Government finances in China