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The First Biennium, also known as the Social-Azañist Biennium, the Reformist Biennium, or the Transformer Biennium, was the period between the
The Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic lasted from the Proclamation of the Republic until the formation of the first permanent government on December 15, six days after the ratification of the 1931 Spanish Constitution. Up until October 15, 1931, the Provisional Government was presided by
proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 A ...
on April 14, 1931, and the 1933 Spanish general election
Elections to Spain's legislature, the Cortes Generales, were held on 19 November 1933 for all 473 seats in the unicameral Cortes of the Second Spanish Republic. Since the previous elections of 1931, a new constitution had been ratified, and th ...
.
Constituent Period (April–December 1931)
The Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic lasted from the Proclamation of the Republic until the formation of the first permanent government on December 15, six days after the ratification of the 1931 Spanish Constitution. Up until October 15, 1931, the Provisional Government was presided by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres (6 July 1877 – 18 February 1949) was a Spanish lawyer and politician who served, briefly, as the first prime minister of the Second Spanish Republic, and then—from 1931 to 1936—as its president.
Early life
...
, who resigned after his strong opposition to the Article 26 of the Constitution, which addressed the "religious question", Manuel Azaña
Manuel Azaña Díaz (; 10 January 1880 – 3 November 1940) was a Spanish politician who served as Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1933 and 1936), organizer of the Popular Front in 1935 and the last President of the Repu ...
followed him.
The Social-Azañist Biennium (December 1931 – September 1933)
On December 15, 1931, Azaña introduced his second government, made up entirely of leftist republicans from Republican Action, theRadical Socialist Republican Party
Radical Socialist Republican Party (PRRS; es, Partido Republicano Radical Socialista), sometimes shortened to Radical Socialist Party (PRS; ''Partido Radical Socialista''), was a Spanish radical political party, created in 1929 after the split of ...
, ORGA Orga may refer to:
* Orga, Cyprus
* Irfan Orga (1908–1970), Turkish author
* Orga Sabnak, a character from ''Gundam SEED''
* Orga Systems
Orga Systems was a software vendor for convergent charging and billing solutions with an international cus ...
, and Republican Left of Catalonia
The Republican Left of Catalonia ( ca, Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC; ; generically branded as ) is a Catalan independence movement, pro-Catalan independence, social democracy, social-democratic List of political parties in Catalonia, p ...
. Azaña intended to implement a vast reform program in order to imitate the politics of the Restoration
Restoration is the act of restoring something to its original state and may refer to:
* Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
** Audio restoration
** Film restoration
** Image restoration
** Textile restoration
* Restoration ecology
...
. These reforms also sought to solve many of the "pending questions" (the "social question", the "religious question", the "agrarian question" and the "military question" in particular). However, both social and corporate groups fiercely opposed the reforms, claiming that the government was attempting to "dismount" them from the positions they had earned.
End of Azaña's government
The Azañist government's popularity peaked in autumn 1932, as it effectively contained the anarchists and defeated the monarchist uprising in the Spanish military. The General Workers' Union supported the government, despite the growing influence of the CNT. By this time, the Republic also reformed the military, public schooling, and started a big program for public works. However, by 1933, the government surrendered to domestic and foreign pressures. The government's decline started with the anarchist insurrection, which led to theCasas Viejas incident The Casas Viejas incident, also known as the Casas Viejas massacre, took place in 1933 in the village of Casas Viejas, in Cádiz Province, Andalusia.
Background
The anarchist movement spread across Spain in the late 19th and early 20th centur ...
. This led to a big plunge in the government's perceived credibility. Along with a recession and rising unemployment and the growth of National Catholicism
National Catholicism (Spanish: ''nacionalcatolicismo'') was part of the ideological identity of Francoism, the political system through which the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco governed the Spanish State between 1939 and 1975. Its most vis ...
, Azaña resigned as President of the Republic.
References
Bibliography
* * * * * * {{cite book, title=Un siglo de España. Política y sociedad, last=Juliá, author-link=Santos Juliá, first=Santos, isbn=84-9537903-1, language=Spanish, date=1999 Second Spanish Republic 1931 in Spain 1932 in Spain 1933 in Spain Politics of Spain