''Festejo'' (from Spanish 'fiesta') is a festive form of Afro-Peruvian music. The dance is a staple in the Black coastal populations and it celebrates the

emancipation Emancipation generally means to free a person from a previous restraint or legal disability. More broadly, it is also used for efforts to procure economic and social rights, political rights or equality, often for a specifically disenfranchis ...

of slaves. Festejo is recognized for its high energy and the improvisation carried out by the dancers. Some believe that its origins trace back to competitive dance circles performed by individuals playing

cajón A cajón (; "box", "crate" or "drawer") is a box-shaped percussion instrument originally from Peru, played by slapping the front or rear faces (generally thin plywood) with the hands, fingers, or sometimes implements such as brushes, mallets, ...

s. Despite its African origins, people of all different backgrounds participate in the dance that many regards as one of the greatest representations of

Peruvian culture Peruvian culture is the gradual blending of Amerindian cultures with European and African ethnic groups. The ethnic diversity and rugged geography of Peru allowed diverse traditions and customs to co-exist. Peruvian culture has been deeply influen ...

. It is currently performed, in its most traditional form, in San Luis de Cañete and El Carmen District, Chincha (Chincha).

History

There are theories that describe the Festejo as a dance that began in Lima in the mid-17th century, but they do not provide evidence to support these hypotheses. No musical example has yet been established to show that this musical form existed before 1800. However, some Festejos dating from the 19th century have been identified. Since the middle of the 20th century, old Festejos have been collected from the areas of Lima, Aucallama, Cañete and Chincha. According to musicologist William Tompkins, by the early 1900s the original choreography was almost completely lost. It is from 1949, that a standard choreography for the "Festejo" begins to be generated in the "Peruvian Folk Music and Dance School" (today the José María Arguedas National Higher School of Folklore). It is from 1960 that this dance becomes the most widespread musical genre among Afro-Peruvian artists. In large part due to the popularity of the musical works by José Durand, Victoria Santa Cruz and Nicomedes Santa Cruz. In 1971, the "Black Art Festival" of Cañete began, which for the first time included a contest where the best dancer is elected "Miss Festejo". Between 1975 and 1977, a composition contest for Festejo and similar genres was included. It is in this decade that a new style of Festejo is popularized for women that some musicians call "valentina style", for which they dress in colorful skirts and bras.

Globalization

Due to the advent of

globalization Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. The term ''globalization'' first appeared in the early 20t ...

, many Afro-Peruvian music genres (especially Festejo) have been experiencing influences from other cultures and genres of music. Afro-Peruvian music was performed only in Afro-Peruvian communities to help create and maintain Afro-Peruvian identity and strengthen social bonds. However, globalization has brought those communities closer to the outside world that Afro-Peruvians started to market their songs to non Afro-Peruvian audiences. Therefore, the music genres, including Festejo, are adapting to the changing environment. Because of this change, the purpose of Festejo changed and many musicians are trying to use it as a way for economic prosperity rather than its traditional role in those communities.

Music

The base of every festejo is rhythm, achieved through a series of melodies with the Peruvian cajón,

quijada de burro The quijada, charrasca, or jawbone (in English), is an idiophone percussion instrument made from the jawbone of a donkey, horse or mule cattle, producing a powerful buzzing sound. The jawbone is cleaned of tissue and dried to make the teeth loos ...

, cajita,

conga The conga, also known as tumbadora, is a tall, narrow, single-headed drum from Cuba. Congas are staved like barrels and classified into three types: quinto (lead drum, highest), tres dos or tres golpes (middle), and tumba or salidor (lowest). ...

and bongo.

History

Globalization

Music

References

Further reading