Fuyug Language

Fuyug (Fuyuge, Fuyughe, Mafulu) is a language of Papua New Guinea spoken in the Central Province of the country. The language's 14,000 speakers live in 300 villages in the Goilala District.

Phonology

The usual orthographic convention used to transcribe Fuyug is to use ''a'' for , ''e'' for , ''y'' for , and the corresponding IPA characters for the remaining phonemes.

Vowels

Fuyug possesses five vowel phonemes.

The vowel is pronounced as the diphthong when word-final as well as before a word-final consonant. For example, ''ateg'' ("truth") is pronounced and ''ode'' ("where") as .

All vowels are nasalised before a nasal consonant, as in ''in'' ("pandanus") , ''ung'' ("nose") , ''em'' ("house") .

Consonants

Fuyug has 14 consonant phonemes.

The voiceless plosive are aspirated in a word-final position and before : ''endanti'' ("outside") , ''oki'' ("fire") , ''eyak'' ("return") .

The nasal phoneme assimilates before a velar consonant becoming : ''yangos'' ("rain") .

The pronunciation of the liquid is in free variation between a lateral and a flap . However, with the exception of words of foreign origin where the word in the source language is written with an ''r'', this is represented in the orthography as ''l''.

Syllables

Fuyug syllables come in the shape (C)V(C)(C). There cannot be more than two consonants adjacent to one another word-internally and the only final clusters permitted are ''mb'', ''nd'' and ''ng''. Within a word vowels may not follow one another.

Stress

Stress in Fuyug is predictable. Stress falls on the final syllable in mono- and disyllabic words and on the antepenult in words of three of four syllables. Affixes do not alter the stressed syllable.

Morphophonology

Certain suffixes (notably the illative ''-ti'') cause a change in the end of the word to which it is attached:
* ''m'' assimilates to ''n'' before ''t'': ''im'' + ''-ti'' → ''inti'' ("in the eye")
* ''l'' is elided before ''t'': + ''-ti'' → ("in the heart")
* Voiced plosives are devoiced at the end of a word when the following word begins with a vowel or a voiceless consonant: + → ("a road"), + → ("a lot of sand").
* an ''i'' is inserted between two consonant if the first is not ''l'' or a nasal: ''ev'' + ''-ti'' → ''eviti'' ("in the Sun"). With certain verbal suffixes an ''e'' is inserted: ''id'' + ''-ngo'' → ''idengo'' ("is sleeping").
* When a root with a final vowel has suffix or clitic attached to it that begins with a vowel, the first vowel is deleted: ''ne'' + ''-a'' → ''na'' ("he eats").

Grammar

Personal pronouns

Fuyug has personal pronouns for three numbers (singular, dual, plural) but not gender distinction.

These pronouns can take four different suffixes: the genitive ''-l'' or ''-le'', the emphatic ''-ni'', the comitative ''-noy'' and the contrastive ''-v''.

Numerals

Numerals in Fuyug are very restricted, having only ''fidan'' ("one") and ("two"). The numbers 3, 4 and 5 are composed of 1 and 2:
* 3: ("two its other")
* 4: ("two and two") ;
* 5: ("two and two and its other").

After five English numerals are used (numbers less than five often do so as well). The quantifier ("a lot") is also used after three.

References

Bibliography

* {{cite book , last=Bradshaw , first= Robert L. , year=2007 , url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/23773 , title=Fuyug Grammar Sketch , series=Data Papers on Papua New Guinea Languages , volume= 53 , publisher=SIL-PNG Academic Publications , isbn=9980-0-3353-3

Languages of Central Province (Papua New Guinea)
Goilalan languages