were officials of the

Tokugawa shogunate The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...

Edo period The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional '' daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was characte ...

Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually '' fudai''

daimyō were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominal ...

.Beasley, William. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868,'' pp. 18-19. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner" or "overseer." This ''

bakufu , officially , was the title of the military dictators of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, though during part of the Kamakura ...

'' tile identifies an official with responsibility for public works—for construction projects which involved civil engineering like land reclamation projects, for excavation of moats and canals, and for the collection of stone and the erection of castle walls. As a result of the experiences involved in castle building in the

Momoyama period Momoyama may refer to: History *Azuchi–Momoyama period, the final phase of the Sengoku period in Japanese history 1568–1600 People *Ion Momoyama, Japanese singer and voice actor *Momoyama Kenichi (1909–1991), Korean prince and cavalry office ...

and early-

, Tokugawa architectural practice, such as the construction of the mausoleum complex at Nikkō, was seen as a subordinate to the massive task of wall building which was seen as an essential security measure in troubled times.Coaldrake, William H. (1996
''Architecture and Authority in Japan,'' p. 178.
/ref> This position was made permanent in 1652.

''Sakuji-bugyō'' created in 1632

In response to the perceived importance of the wall-building and moat-dredging work of the ''fushin-bugyō,'' the position of ''sakuji-bugyō'' was created in 1632 as part of an effort to tighten administrative controls over other construction activities in what had previously been an ''ad hoc'' army of builders in a diverse array of trades

List of ''fushin-bugyō''

: * Fukushima Tamemoto.Naito, Akira '' et al.'' (2003)
''Edo: the City that Became Tokyo,'' p. 26.
/ref>

Notes

References

* Beasley, William G. (1955)
''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868.''
London:

Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print books ...

. eprinted_by_RoutledgeCurzon,_London,_2001.___(cloth).html" ;"title="RoutledgeCurzon.html" ;"title="eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon">eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. (cloth)">RoutledgeCurzon.html" ;"title="eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon">eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. (cloth)* Coaldrake, William H. (1996
''Architecture and Authority in Japan.''
London: Routledge. (paper) * James L. McClain, James, John M. Merriman and Kaoru Ugawa, (1997)
''Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era.''
Ithaca:

Cornell University Press The Cornell University Press is the university press of Cornell University; currently housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage. It was first established in 1869, making it the first university publishing enterprise in t ...

. * Naito, Akira, Kazuo Hozumi, and H. Mack Horto. (2003)
''Edo: the City that Became Tokyo.''
Tokyo: Kodansha.

''Sakuji-bugyō'' created in 1632

List of ''fushin-bugyō''

See also

Notes

References

See also