frybread

Frybread (also spelled fry bread) is a flat dough bread, fried or deep-fried in oil, shortening, or lard. Made with simple ingredients, generally wheat flour, sugar, salt, and fat, frybread can be eaten alone or with various toppings such as honey, jam, powdered sugar, venison, or beef. Frybread can also be made into taco-like meals.

History

According to Navajo tradition, frybread was created in 1864 using the flour, sugar, salt and lard that was given to them by the United States government when the Navajo, who were living in Arizona, were forced to make the 300-mile journey known as the " Long Walk" and relocate to Bosque Redondo, New Mexico, onto land that could not easily support their traditional staples of vegetables and beans; New Mexican-style sopapillas also share this origin due to Pueblos and Hispanos of New Mexico having a similar subsistence at this time. Boarding schools also helped to spread frybread in Native American diets.

For many Native Americans, "frybread links generation with generation and also connects the present to the painful narrative of Native American history". It is often served both at home and at gatherings. The way it is served varies from region to region and different tribes have different recipes. It can be found in its many ways at state fairs and pow-wows, but what is served to the paying public may be different from what is served in private homes and in the context of tribal family relations.

Controversy

Frybread's significance to Native Americans has been described as complicated and their relationship with it conflicted. Although frybread is often associated with "traditional" Native American cuisine, some Native American chefs reject it as a symbol of colonialism. Indigenous chef Sean Sherman calls it "everything that isn't Native American food", writing that it represents "perseverance and pain, ingenuity and resilience". Frybread became a symbol of resilience as it was developed out of necessity using government-provided flour, sugar, and lard. However, indigenous chefs such as Sherman consider it a symbol of colonial oppression, as the ingredients were being provided because the government had moved the people onto land that could not support growing traditional staples like corn and beans. The journalist and documentary filmmaker Patty Talahongva, who identifies as Hopi of the Corn Clan, calls frybread "Die Bread" and associates it with diseases endemic to Native Americans, including gallbladder disease, diabetes, and more. She attributes the spread of frybread to boarding schools, like the Phoenix Indian School, which she attended in the late 1970s. She also describes the movement toward indigenous food sovereignty, which promotes healthy foods like corn, beans, and squash, instead of starchy, high-fat foods like frybread.

Nutrition facts

The U.S. Department of Agriculture reports that a plate of fry bread provides of food energy and 27 grams of fat.

Varieties

A typical frybread recipe consists of flour, water, salt, a small amount of oil, and baking powder. The ingredients are mixed and worked into a simple dough, and covered with a cloth for 30 minutes to an hour, until the dough rises. It is then formed into small balls, and are either rolled or pulled into flat discs prior to frying in hot oil. Many variations of this basic recipe exist, including substituting mayonnaise for oil in the dough (which produces a crisp, crunchy texture that resists getting soggy - ideal for Navajo tacos), and leavening the dough with a small container of yogurt or soured milk instead of using baking powder or yeast (produces a rich, sourdough flavor but requires several hours to fully leaven after the dough is prepared). Most frybread recipes do not use yeast at all because it was not typically available to Native peoples when this foodstuff was developed. In many Native American households, frybread dough is mixed early in the morning and left in a large bowl covered with a cloth to leaven and is used throughout the day to prepare fresh bread when needed.

North America

*Frybread was named the official state bread of South Dakota in 2005.
*The traditional Utah and Southern Idaho scone is almost indistinguishable from frybread, due to the similar situation of limited resources faced by the Mormon pioneers of the 1800s.

Caribbean

In the Caribbean, it is called fried bake and eaten with foods such as saltfish, fried shark, tomato choka or buljol.

In popular culture

Frybread, and the phrase "Frybread Power", is famously featured in the 1998 film '' Smoke Signals.'' Characters are frequently seen eating, frying, or discussing the bread's taste and cultural importance. Most notably, after Victor forces Thomas to change his physical appearance, Thomas then appears in a shirt displaying "Frybread Power".

Similar foods

Europe

*In Bulgaria, there is a similar food called '' mekitsa''.
*In Hungary, there is a similar food called '' lángos''.
*In Greece, there is a similar food called '' tiganopsomo'' (), which literally translates to 'frybread' or 'panbread'.
*In Italy, there are similar foods called '' gnocco fritto'' and '' pizza fritta'', which exists in several regional variants. Some are very similar to the Native American recipe.
*Romani people cook a similar dish called ''pufe''.

Africa

*In Tunisia, there are similar foods, sweet and salty, called '' bambalouni'' and '' fricasse''. The former is a fried dough doughnut that can be eaten with honey or sugar, while the latter is a fried dough sandwich with eggs, tuna, olives and harissa paste.
*In Kenya and Tanzania, mandazi is a fried dough bread that can be eaten with sweet or savory foods, or consumed plain with tea.
*In South Africa, there is a similar food called '' vetkoek'' and it is usually eaten with curried mince or syrup.

Asia

*In India, there are similar foods called '' bhatoora'', '' dhooska'', and ''puri.''
*In China, there is a similar food called ''youtiao''.
*In Central Asia, there is a similar food called '' shelpek''.

Oceania

*In New Zealand, ''parāoa parai'' (fried bread) is a traditional food item in indigenous Māori communities.

South America

*In Argentina and Uruguay, there is a similar traditional meal called ''torta frita''.
*In Suriname, there is a similar dish called bara. It is made with mung bean flour and American taro leaves.

See also

* Bannock
* Boortsog
* Deep-fried pizza
* Fried bread
* Fried dough
* Fried dough foods
* Lángos
* List of bread dishes
* List of quick breads
* Native American cuisine
* Sopaipilla

References

External links

*
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Fry Bread

More Than Frybread Mockumentary

Fry Bread House Honored Among the Best of the Best
— frybread restaurant in Phoenix a winner of 2012 "America's Classics" James Beard Foundation Award.
Diet or Fry It
Gen Huit, Salish

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Flatbreads
American breads
Cuisine of the Midwestern United States
Native American cuisine
Symbols of South Dakota
Deep fried foods
Quick breads
Post-Columbian Native American cuisine
Bread dishes