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''Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis'' (
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...
: ''Front for the Liberation of the Somali Coast'') was a nationalist organization, and later a guerrilla group, in the
French Territory of the Afars and the Issas The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (FTAI; french: Territoire français des Afars et des Issas) was the name given to present-day Djibouti between 1967 and 1977, while it was still an overseas territory of France. The area was former ...
in present-day
Djibouti Djibouti, ar, جيبوتي ', french: link=no, Djibouti, so, Jabuuti officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red ...
. It competes with the Djibouti Liberation Movement (MLD), supported by
Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...
. The FLCS was recognized as a national liberation movement by the
Organization of African Unity The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; french: Organisation de l'unité africaine, OUA) was an intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 32 signatory governments. One of the main heads for OAU's ...
(OAU), which participated in its financing.


History

The FLCS was established in 1960 by Mahamoud Harbi. Its founding president was Adan Abdulle. French government policemen and Djibouti nationalists clashed in
Djibouti City Djibouti (also called Djibouti City and in many early English texts and on many early maps, Jibuti; so, Magaalada Jabuuti, french: link=no, Ville de Djibouti, ar, مدينة جيبوتي, aa, Gabuutî Magaala) is the eponymous capital of Dji ...
on August 25–26, 1966, resulting in the deaths of ten civilians and one government policeman. Twenty-seven individuals were arrested for their involvement in the demonstrations. The French government deported some 6,000 ethnic Somalis to
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
between August 1966 and March 1967. Djibouti nationalists demonstrated for
independence Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the statu ...
on September 13–21, 1966, resulting in the deaths of 21 individuals. The organization mainly drew its support from the omali_clans._On_September_21,_1966,_Governor-General_Louis_Saget_announced_the_French_government's_decision_to_hold_a_referendum_on_the_status_of_French_Somaliland._Six_individuals_were_killed_by_French_government_troops_near_Djibouti_City_ Djibouti_(also_called_Djibouti_City_and_in_many_early_English_texts_and_on_many_early_maps,_Jibuti;___so,_Magaalada_Jabuuti,_french:_link=no,_Ville_de_Djibouti,__ar,_مدينة_جيبوتي,__aa,_Gabuutî_Magaala)_is_the_eponymous_capital_of_Dji_...
_between_October_1_and_November_21,_1966._Abdourahman_Ahmed_Hassan,_also_known_as_Gaboode,_was_made_the_Secretary_General_in_1966_after_serving_a_two-year_prison_sentence._Eighteen_individuals_were_arrested_for_their_involvement_in_the_demonstrations.__ Some_60_percent_of_voters,_mostly_ethnic_Afar_people.html" ;"title="French_Somaliland.html" ;"title="omali clans. On September 21, 1966, Governor-General Louis Saget announced the French government's decision to hold a referendum on the status of French Somaliland">omali clans. On September 21, 1966, Governor-General Louis Saget announced the French government's decision to hold a referendum on the status of French Somaliland. Six individuals were killed by French government troops near
Djibouti City Djibouti (also called Djibouti City and in many early English texts and on many early maps, Jibuti; so, Magaalada Jabuuti, french: link=no, Ville de Djibouti, ar, مدينة جيبوتي, aa, Gabuutî Magaala) is the eponymous capital of Dji ...
between October 1 and November 21, 1966. Abdourahman Ahmed Hassan, also known as Gaboode, was made the Secretary General in 1966 after serving a two-year prison sentence. Eighteen individuals were arrested for their involvement in the demonstrations. Some 60 percent of voters, mostly ethnic Afar people">Afars, favored remaining as an overseas territory of France (known as the French Territory of the Afars and Issas) in a referendum held on March 19, 1967. French government troops suppressed demonstrations in Djibouti City on March 20, 1967, resulting in the deaths of eleven individuals. Four individuals were killed by French government troops on April 6, 1967.
French Somaliland French Somaliland (french: Côte française des Somalis, lit= French Coast of the Somalis so, Xeebta Soomaaliyeed ee Faransiiska) was a French colony in the Horn of Africa. It existed between 1884 and 1967, at which time it became the French Ter ...
was renamed the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas on July 3, 1967. Legislative elections were held on November 17, 1968, and the Afar Democratic Rally (Rassemblement Démocratique Afar–RDA) won 20 out of 32 seats in the assembly. FLCS began armed activities outside
Djibouti Djibouti, ar, جيبوتي ', french: link=no, Djibouti, so, Jabuuti officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red ...
in 1968. From May 1969, its general secretary is
Aden Robleh Awaleh Aden Robleh Awaleh ()(1941 – 31 October 2014.) was a Djiboutian politician and President of the National Democratic Party (PND).''Political Parties of the World'' (6th edition, 2005), ed. Bogdan Szajkowski, pages 180–181. He was a member ...
. In January 1970 the Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis claimed an attack on the popular Palm in Zinc, a bar in
Djibouti City Djibouti (also called Djibouti City and in many early English texts and on many early maps, Jibuti; so, Magaalada Jabuuti, french: link=no, Ville de Djibouti, ar, مدينة جيبوتي, aa, Gabuutî Magaala) is the eponymous capital of Dji ...
. Legislative elections were held on November 18, 1973. The Majorité coalition, consisting mostly of ethnic Afars, won most of the seats in the
assembly Assembly may refer to: Organisations and meetings * Deliberative assembly, a gathering of members who use parliamentary procedure for making decisions * General assembly, an official meeting of the members of an organization or of their representa ...
. Eleven individuals were killed in political violence in Djibouti on May 25–26, 1975. In 1975 the Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis kidnapped the ambassador of France in
Mogadishu Mogadishu (, also ; so, Muqdisho or ; ar, مقديشو ; it, Mogadiscio ), locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and List of cities in Somalia by population, most populous city of Somalia. The city has served as an important port ...
-
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
, Jean Guery, to be exchanged against two activists of FLCS members who was imprisoned in mainland
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
. In December 1975, it claimed a failed attack against
Ali Aref Bourhan Ali Aref Bourhan ( ar, علي عارف برهان) (born 1934 in Tadjoura, Djibouti) is a Djiboutian politician. Early years Bourhan was born in 1934 in the coastal city of Tadjoura, situated in eastern present-day Djibouti. He hailed from a pro ...
. On December 31, 1975, the
UN General Assembly The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; french: link=no, Assemblée générale, AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN. Curr ...
called on the French government to withdraw from the
colony In modern parlance, a colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule. Though dominated by the foreign colonizers, colonies remain separate from the administration of the original country of the colonizers, the ''metropole, metropolit ...
. In February 1976, the FLCS claims the hijacking of a school bus, which ends with the death of the hostage-takers and two children.Barrington, Lowell W. (ed.). ''After independence : making and protecting the nation in postcolonial & postcommunist states''.
Ann Arbor Anne, alternatively spelled Ann, is a form of the Latin female given name Anna (name), Anna. This in turn is a representation of the Hebrew Hannah (given name), Hannah, which means 'favour' or 'grace'. Related names include Annie (given name), ...
: Univ. of Michigan Press, 2006. p. 117-118 The Organization of African Unity (OAU) sent a 15-member fact-finding mission (
Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...
,
Guinea Guinea ( ),, fuf, 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫, italic=no, Gine, wo, Gine, nqo, ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫, bm, Gine officially the Republic of Guinea (french: République de Guinée), is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the we ...
,
Liberia Liberia (), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean ...
,
Mozambique Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi ...
,
Senegal Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 ...
,
Tanzania Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and ...
,
Uganda }), is a landlocked country in East Africa East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territor ...
, Zaire) to the region from April 29 to May 11, 1976. French government troops fired on demonstrators in
Tadjoura Tadjoura ( aa, Tagórri; ar, تاجوراء ''Tağūrah''; so, Tajuura) is one of the oldest towns in Djibouti and the capital of the Tadjourah Region. The town evolved into an early Islamic center with the arrival of Muslims shortly after the ...
on May 2, 1976, resulting in the death of one individual. Thirteen individuals were killed in political violence in
Djibouti Djibouti, ar, جيبوتي ', french: link=no, Djibouti, so, Jabuuti officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red ...
on July 10, 1976.
Abdallah Mohamed Kamil Abdallah Mohamed Kamil (عبد الله محمد كامل) (born 1936, in Obock) is a Djiboutian politician. He served as Prime Minister of the country from 5 February 1978 to 2 October 1978. Abdallah Mohamed Kamil holds a diploma from the Frenc ...
was elected prime minister by the Chamber of Deputies on July 29, 1976. Representatives of the French government and Djibouti nationalists held negotiations in
Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
beginning on February 28, 1977. The
OAU The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; french: Organisation de l'unité africaine, OUA) was an intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 32 signatory governments. One of the main heads for OAU's ...
facilitated negotiations between representatives of the French government and Djibouti nationalists in
Accra Accra (; tw, Nkran; dag, Ankara; gaa, Ga or ''Gaga'') is the capital and largest city of Ghana, located on the southern coast at the Gulf of Guinea, which is part of the Atlantic Ocean. As of 2021 census, the Accra Metropolitan District, , ...
,
Ghana Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and To ...
from March 28 to April 1, 1977. Constituent Assembly elections were held on May 8, 1977, and the People's Rally for Independence (Rassemblement Populaire pour Independence-RPI) won 65 out of 65 seats in the assembly. Some 99 percent of Djibouti voters favored independence from
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
in a referendum held on May 8, 1977. On June 27, 1977, officially marking Djibouti's independence. The FLCS' military struggle was actively supported by the government of
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
. The group also received assistance from the
OAU The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; french: Organisation de l'unité africaine, OUA) was an intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 32 signatory governments. One of the main heads for OAU's ...
as a national liberation movement. In the 1971-1972 period, the FLCS received 1500
pounds sterling Sterling (abbreviation: stg; Other spelling styles, such as STG and Stg, are also seen. ISO 4217, ISO code: GBP) is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of #Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories, its associated territori ...
from the OAU, 0.14% of the total amount donated by the body to different African liberation movements at the time.Gonidec, Pierre François. ''African Politics''.
The Hague The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital of ...
: Matinus Nijhoff, 1981. p. 272 The FLCS evolves in its demands between the request of integration in a possible "Great Somalia" or the simple independence of the territory. In 1975 FLCS approaches the African People's League for the Independence and finally opts for independence path, causing tensions with
Mogadishu Mogadishu (, also ; so, Muqdisho or ; ar, مقديشو ; it, Mogadiscio ), locally known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital and List of cities in Somalia by population, most populous city of Somalia. The city has served as an important port ...
,
Somalia Somalia, , Osmanya script: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; ar, الصومال, aṣ-Ṣūmāl officially the Federal Republic of SomaliaThe ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of thProvisional Constituti ...
. At independence of the territory on 27 June 1977, 2,000 to 2,500 FLCS militants are integrated into the new Djiboutian Armed Forces, but not those of the MLD despite the request of
Ahmed Dini Ahmed Dini Ahmed (1932 – 12 September 2004) ( aa, Acmad Diini Acmad, ar, أحمد ديني أحمد) was a Djiboutian politician. He was trained as a health technician and entered the political realm at age 26. He served as Vice-president ...
.


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Front de Liberation de la Cote des Somalis Rebel groups in Djibouti Horn of Africa History of Djibouti French Territory of the Afars and the Issas