Definitions
There is no single, universal definition of Spanglish. The term Spanglish has been used in reference to the following phenomena, all of which are distinct from each other: * The use of integrated English loanwords in Spanish * Nonassimilated Anglicisms (i.e., with English phonetics) in Spanish * Calques and loan translations from English * Code switching, particularly intra-sentential (i.e., within the same clause) switches * Grammar mistakes in Spanish found among transitional bilingual speakers * Second-language Spanish, including poor translations. * Mock SpanishHistory and distribution
In the late 1940s, the Puerto Rican journalist, poet, and essayistUsage
Spanglish patterns
Spanglish is informal, although speakers can consistently judge the grammaticality of a phrase or sentence. From a linguistic point of view, Spanglish often is mistakenly labeled many things. Spanglish is not a creole orCalques
Calques are translations of entire words or phrases from one language into another. They represent the simplest forms of Spanglish, as they undergo no lexical or grammatical structural change. The use of calques is common throughout most languages, evident in the calques of Arabic exclamations used in Spanish. Examples: * "to call back" → (llamar pa' atrás, llamar para atrás) () * "It's up to you." → (Está pa' arriba de ti, Está para arriba de ti) ( (You decide)) * "to be up to ..." → (estar pa' arriba de ..., estar para arriba de ...) (depender de ... or X decida (X decides)) * "to run for governor" → ()A well-known calque is or in expressions such as 'to call back'. Here, reflects the particle ''back'' in various
Semantic extensions
Semantic extension or reassignment refers to a phenomenon where speakers use a word of language A (typically Spanish in this case) with the meaning of its cognate in language B (typically English), rather than its standard meaning in language A. In Spanglish this usually occurs in the case of " false friends" (similar to, but technically not the same asLoan words
''So''-insertion
Within the US, the English word ''so'' is often inserted into Spanish discourse. This use of ''so'' is found in conversations that otherwise take place entirely in Spanish. Its users run the gamut from Spanish-dominant immigrants to native, balanced bilinguals to English-dominant semi-speakers and second-language speakers of Spanish, and even people who reject the use of Anglicisms have been found using ''so'' in Spanish. Whether ''so'' is a simple loanword, or part of some deeper form of language mixing, is disputed. Many consider ''so'' to simply be a loanword, although borrowing short function words is quite abnormal. In stressed positions, ''so'' is usually pronounced with English phonetics, and speakers typically identify it as an English word and not an established English loan such as . This is unusual, since code-switched or lexically inserted words typically aren't as common and recurring as ''so'' is. ''So'' is always used as aFromlostiano
Fromlostiano is a type of artificial and humorousIdentity
The use of Spanglish is often associated with the speaker's expression of identity (in terms of language learning) and reflects how many minority-American cultures feel toward their heritage. Commonly in ethnic communities within the United States, the knowledge of one'sArts and culture
Literature
There is a vast body of Latino literature in the United States that features dialogue and descriptions in Spanglish, especially in Chicano, Nuyorican, and Puerto Rican literature. Books that feature Spanglish in a significant way include the following. * Giannina Braschi's '' Yo-Yo Boing!'' (1998) is the first Spanglish novel. *Music
Overview
The use of Spanglish by incorporating English and Spanish lyrics into music has risen in the United States over time. In the 1980s 1.2% of songs in the Billboard Top 100 contained Spanglish lyrics, eventually growing to 6.2% in the 2000s. The lyrical emergence of Spanglish by way of Latin American musicians has grown tremendously, reflective of the growing Hispanic population within the United States. *History
The rise of Spanglish in music within the United States also creates new classifications of Latin(o) music, as well as the wider Latin(o) music genre. In some growing music scenes, it is noted that for artists go beyond music and bring in political inclinations as a way to make wider commentary. Although Los Angeles Chicano bands from the 1960s and 1970s are often remembered as part of the Chicano-movement as agents for social chance, Latin(o) music has long been a way for artists to exercise political agency, including the post-World War II jazz scene, the New York City salsa of the 1970s, and the hip-hop movement of the 80s. Some of the topics addressed in these movements include: redlining and housing policies; immigration; discrimination; and transnationalism.Cepeda, M. E. (2017). Music. In D. R. Vargas, L. La Fountain-Stokes, & N. R. Mirabal, ''Keywords for latina/o studies''. New York University Press. Credo Reference:Commercialization
Over time, however, this more explicit show of political nature might have been lessened due to the desire to compete in the music business of the English speaking world. This however, did not stop the a change in U.S. music, where English-speaking musicians have moved towards collaborative music, and bilingual duets are growing in popularity, indicating an audience demand for multi-language entertainment, as well as a space for traditional Latino artists to enter the mainstream and find chart success beyond the Spanish-speaking world. This is despite the slower-growing opportunities for Latino musicians to occupy higher-up positions such as promoters, business owners, and producers.Cepeda, M. E. (2017). Music. In D. R. Vargas, L. La Fountain-Stokes, & N. R. Mirabal, ''Keywords for latina/o studies''. New York University Press. Credo Reference:Present-day
With this growing demand for Spanglish duets, there has also been a rise in indie Latino artists who incorporate Spanglish lyrics in their music. One such artist isSee also
*Notes
References
* Aldama, Frederick Luis (2020), ''Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi''. U Pittsburgh, 2020. *Betti, Silvia. "La imagen de los hispanos en la publicidad de los Estados Unidos", ''Informes del Observatorio'', 2015. 009-03/2015SP *Silvia Betti y Daniel Jorques, eds. ''Visiones europeas del spanglish'', Valencia, Uno y Cero, 2015. *Silvia Betti: "La definición del Spanglish en la última edición del Diccionario de la Real Academia (2014)", Revista ''GLOSAS'' (de la ANLE), 2015. *Betti, Silvia y Enric Serra Alegre, eds. ''Una investigación polifónica. Nuevas voces sobre el spanglish'', New York, Valencia, Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española (ANLE) y Universitat de València-Estudi General (UVEG), 2016. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Guzman, B. "The Hispanic Population." US Census 22.2 (2000): 1. US Census Bureau. Web. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * United States Census Bureau. Hispanic Origin. US Census Bureau, n.d. Web. August 11, 2014. * *External links
* Current TV vide