Friedrich Karl "Fritz" von Loßberg (30 April 1868 – 4 May 1942) was a German
colonel
Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations.
In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge of ...
and later
general
A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of highest military ranks, high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry.
In some usages the term "general officer" refers t ...
, of the
First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
. He was an operational planner, especially of defence, who served as chief of staff in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th armies. He was present at the
Battle of the Somme
The Battle of the Somme ( French: Bataille de la Somme), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the German Empire. It took place bet ...
, the
Battle of Arras and the
Third Battle of Ypres
The Third Battle of Ypres (german: link=no, Dritte Flandernschlacht; french: link=no, Troisième Bataille des Flandres; nl, Derde Slag om Ieper), also known as the Battle of Passchendaele (), was a campaign of the First World War, fought by t ...
.
Loßberg was born in
Bad Homburg
Bad Homburg vor der Höhe () is the district town of the Hochtaunuskreis, Hesse, on the southern slope of the Taunus mountains. Bad Homburg is part of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main Regional Authority, Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area. The town's offic ...
in
Hesse-Nassau
The Province of Hesse-Nassau () was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1868 to 1918, then a province of the Free State of Prussia until 1944.
Hesse-Nassau was created as a consequence of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 by combining the p ...
.
Erich Ludendorff
Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937) was a German general, politician and military theorist. He achieved fame during World War I for his central role in the German victories at Liège and Tannenberg in 1914. ...
referred to him as ''Loszberg'' in his memoirs. English-speaking sources often spell his name ''Lossberg''. Loßberg was later to become "legendary as the fireman of the Western Front, always sent by the
OHL OHL or Ohl may refer to:
Initialisms
*Latvian Hockey Higher League, known in Latvian as the ''Optibet hokeja līga''
*Oberste Heeresleitung, the Supreme Army Command of Germany in World War I
*Obrascón Huarte Lain, a Spanish construction company
* ...
to the area of crisis".
He was the "foremost German expert on Defensive Warfare. Was made a floating chief of staff during crises, with the right to issue orders in a superior's name". In ''Military Operations France and Belgium'' 1917 part I, Cyril Falls, the British official historian, referred to him as "a very remarkable soldier". Loßberg was awarded the (the Blue Max) for his work on the
Western Front Western Front or West Front may refer to:
Military frontiers
*Western Front (World War I), a military frontier to the west of Germany
*Western Front (World War II), a military frontier to the west of Germany
*Western Front (Russian Empire), a majo ...
on 9 September 1916 and oak leaves on 24 April 1917. Loßberg was one of the leading proponents of the system of defence-in-depth. Loßberg retired from the in 1926.
Early life and the first years of World War I
Loßberg was born into a military family in 1868. His father, Viktor von Loßberg, was a Prussian ''Generalmajor''.
Loßberg was commissioned in the
2nd Guards Regiment as an officer in 1888; the third generation of his family to serve in it. He qualified as a general staff officer and in 1911 became an instructor at the
War Academy. He was appointed chief of staff of the
XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps
The XIII (Royal Württemberg) Army Corps / XIII AK (german: XIII. (Königlich Württembergisches) Armee-Korps) was a corps of the Imperial German Army. It was, effectively, also the army of the Kingdom of Württemberg, which had been integrated in ...
in 1913; in 1914 it fought on the
Western Front Western Front or West Front may refer to:
Military frontiers
*Western Front (World War I), a military frontier to the west of Germany
*Western Front (World War II), a military frontier to the west of Germany
*Western Front (Russian Empire), a majo ...
and
Eastern Front. Promoted to lieutenant-colonel in January 1915, he was transferred to the (OHL), the Supreme Army Command, at Mézières in France, as deputy chief of operations. He already knew the supreme commander,
Erich von Falkenhayn
General Erich Georg Sebastian Anton von Falkenhayn (11 September 1861 – 8 April 1922) was the second Chief of the German General Staff of the First World War from September 1914 until 29 August 1916. He was removed on 29 August 1916 after t ...
, as well as the chief of operations and other members of the staff, while the Kaiser remembered him as "the fencing lieutenant in Berlin".
On the Western Front, the defenders were massed in the front line and instructed to "Hold what you are ordered to hold". Some of the OHL staff foresaw that with more guns and ammunition, the French and British preliminary bombardments would soon be converting their crowded front line into a slaughterhouse. Their thinking was stimulated by instructions captured from the French Fifth Army in May 1915 stipulating three lines of defence. The first line was manned by sentry groups, with listening posts in front. It was to be strongly built but lightly garrisoned. If attackers broke through they would face a second, main line of resistance, which included dugouts to accommodate all of the defenders of the first two lines. A third line incorporated shell-proof shelters for the reserves with the artillery just behind it. The OHL staff colonels
Max Bauer
Colonel Max Hermann Bauer (31 January 1869 – 6 May 1929) was a German General Staff officer and artillery expert in the First World War. As a protege of Erich Ludendorff he was placed in charge of the German Army's munition supply by the la ...
and Bussche and captains
Hermann Geyer
__NOTOC__
Hermann Geyer (7 July 1882 – 10 April 1946) was a German general during World War II who commanded the IX Army Corps. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany. Geyer retired in 1943 and committed suici ...
and Harbou favoured defence in depth and discussed making it flexible by permitting the garrison of the front line to retreat to join the main line of resistance if the front was breached. Loßberg argued against elasticity, because he had been impressed in battle by the demoralising effect of fleeing men.
Chief of staff
3rd Army
In September 1915 the French attacked in Champagne, east of
Reims
Reims ( , , ; also spelled Rheims in English) is the most populous city in the French department of Marne, and the 12th most populous city in France. The city lies northeast of Paris on the Vesle river, a tributary of the Aisne.
Founded by ...
along a front of , advancing behind a cloud of poison gas and smoke. The German
3rd Army was driven out of the front line and the chief of staff proposed to withdraw further, to shelter behind a river. He was replaced by Loßberg; as he arrived at army headquarters he was telephoned by a corps commander asking whether they would still withdraw that night. Loßberg ordered him to stand fast; a few minutes later he met his commander, General
Karl von Einem, who endorsed the cancellation and agreed that Loßberg might go immediately to the front with full powers. The French were sure to attack again once they had moved their artillery forward. When Loßberg arrived at the heights on the north side of the valley, he was immediately struck by the strength of the position they had been forced to occupy. They were now defending a reserve trench on a reverse slope beneath the crest. The line was hidden from French observation and the defenders could shoot down attackers as they emerged over the crest. Its flaw was that the German artillery observers, usually placed in the front line, were also blind. Loßberg ordered the observers to set up their positions along the crest where he was standing, which gave them a perfect view of the slope opposite where attackers would appear and they would no longer work in the noisy, smoky confusion of the front line during an attack. The reserves were placed just behind the northern hill, where Loßberg ordered shelters to be built for them. Pickets were dotted along the crest of the hill facing the French. These depositions fit perfectly to his belief that the "Strength of the defense lies in concealment from enemy observation". Then he motored to the headquarters of each of his corps to direct them to position their lines similarly. The new defensive line contained further French attacks.
2nd Army
When the British and French attacked at the opening of the
Battle of the Somme
The Battle of the Somme ( French: Bataille de la Somme), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the German Empire. It took place bet ...
, Falkenhayn summoned Loßberg to his bedside at 01:00 to ask him to take over as chief of staff of the
2nd Army where the French and British had penetrated. Loßberg would agree only if the German attacks at the
Battle of Verdun were stopped. Falkenhayn shook hands—but never kept his promise. At the 2nd Army headquarters its commander,
Fritz von Below, gave Loßberg permission to go to front with full power to issue orders. When Loßberg saw how the original front line trenches had been utterly demolished by the Anglo-French barrage, he ordered the defenders to stand where they were but to adopt a mobile defence in depth. The front line was to be held lightly, with the defenders moving forward into shell holes as soon as a bombardment began. The artillery observers were moved behind the main line of resistance to higher ground where the reserves for the battalion holding the sector were also sheltered. Enemy penetrations would be driven back by counter-attacks. If possible, an immediate counter-attack () would be launched by the two reserve battalions of the regiment holding the sector. It would be led by the front-line battalion commander, who knew the conditions best. Close behind the front Loßberg stationed counter-attack divisions. In Loßberg's system, corps, which had contained a set trio of divisions, became responsible for the length of front held by three divisions: the divisions making up the corps were changed if necessary but the corps remained responsible for its terrain. If an attack threatened, Loßberg tried to be in the front line at daybreak to gauge morale. Most days Below and Loßberg visited a section of the front, except during attacks, when they had to be at the telephone exchange. They were careful to relieve divisions when they were exhausted.
After
Hindenburg and
Ludendorff took over the OHL on 29 August 1916, Loßberg was delighted to watch the spirit of the army revive. The German attacks on Verdun were stopped immediately. Unlike their predecessors
Helmuth von Moltke the Younger and Falkenhayn, the new team solicited and freely discussed ideas. Loßberg was asked for a report describing his defensive tactics. In September construction began on a new defensive position well behind the front, known as the (
Hindenburg line to the British). It was built with all recent refinements, including shallow dugouts with concrete roofs that could be left quickly when attacks began. When Loßberg motored through the position he saw that the artillery observation posts were built into the front line trenches on a forward slope, exposed to enemy ground observers. Supported by Below and
Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria the army group commander, Loßberg argued for building a new line ahead of the existing position, on reverse slopes, with positions for a thinly manned outpost line on the crest, which meant that the artillery observers were in the old first line, now the new second line, overlooking the front position. The OHL issued a paper the "Conduct of the Defensive Battle" on 1 December 1916. Mostly written by junior staff officers, it incorporated many of Loßberg's ideas for mobile defence in depth but also recommended elasticity: permitting the defenders of the front line to retreat if forced. Loßberg still strongly opposed elasticity in his report published by the OHL on 30 January 1917.
6th Army
The British attacked the
6th Army near Arras on 9 April 1917, advancing behind a creeping barrage for almost , capturing
Vimy Ridge
The Battle of Vimy Ridge was part of the Battle of Arras, in the Pas-de-Calais department of France, during the First World War. The main combatants were the four divisions of the Canadian Corps in the First Army, against three divisions of ...
, which gave their observers a commanding view over the
Douai Plain. On 11 April, Loßberg was made chief of staff of the 6th Army. He found the defenders in chaos but in the Crown Prince Rupprecht's words he was "almost superhumanly imperturbable". He swiftly organised new defensive lines, telephoning Ludendorff that this time the defence would be elastic because the front line was so readily observed. If necessary the front line defenders would withdraw and the battle would be fought at the second line, which was mostly on a reverse slope, easily watched by German artillery observers. Counter-attacking infantry were now using
stormtrooper
Stormtrooper or storm trooper may refer to: Military
*Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany), specialist soldier of the German Army in World War I
*'' Sturmabteilung'' (SA) or Storm Detachment, a paramilitary organization of the German Nazi Party
*8th I ...
tactics. When reserve divisions advanced from the artillery protection line to counter-attack, they came under the command of the division they were supporting. More British attacks gained no significant ground.
4th Army
After the
Battle of Messines Battle of Messines may refer to:
*Battle of Messines (1914)
*Battle of Messines (1917)
The Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917) was an attack by the British Second Army (General Sir Herbert Plumer), on the Western Front, near the village of ...
(7–14 June 1917), Ludendorff asked Loßberg to move to Flanders as chief of staff of the
4th Army (General
Friedrich Sixt von Armin
Friedrich Bertram Sixt von Armin (27 November 1851 – 30 September 1936) was a German general who participated in the Franco-Prussian War and the First World War. In the latter he participated in many battles on the Western Front, including t ...
). Loßberg knew the topography of the
Ypres Salient
The Ypres Salient around Ypres in Belgium was the scene of several battles and an extremely important part of the Western front during the First World War.
Ypres district
Ypres lies at the junction of the Ypres–Comines Canal and the Ieperlee. ...
from 1914. For the first time he could organise a defence in depth before an attack began. He strove to make the defenders invisible to attackers and even to their aerial observers. The defenders were provided with boards so they could shelter above the ground water that filled the bottoms of the holes and with corrugated iron and canvas for crude roofs. They were to fight to the end from these holes with their light machine-guns. The second position was about behind the front, near the effective limit of the British and French field guns. It had concrete nests for heavy machine guns and shelters for riflemen, mortar crews and light machine-gunners but if the attackers broke through, most of the defenders moved into shell holes so they could engage the attackers from unexpected directions. They were to hold their positions even if their line was penetrated. Before attackers reached the artillery protection line, they would be met by counter-attacks from the reserve regiment. The 14-day, 6-million-shell bombardment ended on 31 July 1917. By noon the British were penetrating the second position, when counter-attacks in the centre of the attack front pushed them back to the British second objective as it began to rain, the start of an unusually wet and cool August. The day after the attack, Loßberg was promoted to major-general.
On 16 August, the British attacked again but with orders to advance only before digging in to repel counter-attacks. The attack failed on the Gheluvelt Plateau and the offensive was eventually suspended for three weeks to repair communications. On 20 September the British attacked again after a three-week dry spell, drove back the Germans on the Gheluvelt Plateau and destroyed German counter-attacks. Attacks on 26 September and 4 October were equally effective. Such bite and hold tactics forced the Germans to change. Ludendorff, who increasing directed the defence, placed more men in the foremost line and waited until the following day to mount a methodical counter-attack (). The British artillery overwhelmed the foremost defenders and their immediate supports. On 7 October the Germans returned to a lightly held front which would retire to the main resistance line where they would be joined by counter-attack troops, while a dense artillery barrage would be laid in front of the main resistance line. After Ludendorff took responsibility, Loßberg does not describe the further changes in his book, which was based on a diary.
Their final configuration was that each front division should establish a main line of resistance behind the front. It consisted of strong points which would hold out even if the line was breached. Heavy machine-guns, working in pairs, were just behind this position, along with a few field guns as anti-tank weapons. The battle zone extended to a depth of behind the front; it was dotted with points of resistance that if necessary would be held until relieved by the counter-attack. Since the maximum range of field artillery was attackers nearing the end of the battle zone could only be supported by their heavier guns. A reserve division was in position close behind this battle zone. If it launched a counter-attack it was led by the commander of the division at the front. This defensive doctrine was carried over after the end of World War I. After enormous sacrifice, by bite and hold, the British took Passchendaele Ridge on 10 November 1917. Now they faced another strong line of German field works while still another behind that was close to completion.
1918
![HL Damals – Loßberg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/HL_Damals_%E2%80%93_Lo%C3%9Fberg.jpg)
Loßberg wrote little in his memoirs about 1918, the year in which the Germans launched their astonishing breakthrough offensives on the Western Front, starting with
Operation Michael which forced back the British near Cambrai. It created a vast salient that increased the length of the German defensive front but failed to take any strategic objective. Loßberg urged the OHL to withdraw from the useless but costly salient but they did not. The next offensive was by the 4th Army in Flanders, in which Loßberg was chief of staff, at the
Battle of the Lys. There was another tactical success, which after the initial successes was stalled by reserves manning a stout mobile defence in depth. On Loßberg's advice they stopped attacking even though they had not reached the railway junction that was their objective.
The OHL shifted the attack to Champagne, to draw away the French troops who had been sent to help the British in Flanders. The German advance in the
Third Battle of the Aisne
The Third Battle of the Aisne (french: 3e Bataille de l'Aisne) was a battle of the German spring offensive during World War I that focused on capturing the Chemin des Dames Ridge before the American Expeditionary Forces arrived completely in ...
was the most remarkable yet, they reached the right bank of the River Marne, only from Paris, which the French government prepared to evacuate. The OHL decided that they must enlarge this salient, so they would be able to bring forward enough supplies to drive on to Paris. On part of the sector assaulted the French front line was lightly held and easily overrun but as they thrust forward the attackers unexpectedly encountered the main line of resistance, beyond the range of the German field guns, where they were stopped.
The OHL decided to strike again in Flanders, to finish off the British. Ludendorff came on 18 July 1918 to discuss the next operation with the commanders there, including Rupprecht and Loßberg, who found Ludendorff "aggressive and confident". His mood was shattered by a telephone call reporting that the French and Americans had smashed through the right flank of the salient pointing toward Paris, on the opening day of the
Battle of Soissons. Everyone in the room realised that they had lost the war. There were no more German attacks; the OHL was forced slowly to withdraw towards the German border, hoping to establish a shorter defensive line that could be held. First they had to evacuate all of their wounded, then essential supplies like food and ammunition, and finally the fighting troops, who were being assaulted all along the front. They reorganised for withdrawing, on 8 August, Loßberg became chief of staff of Army Group von Böhn, made up of the 2nd, 18th, and 9th Armies. Early in November he was reassigned to the OHL. The
Armistice
An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, as it may constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the La ...
specified that all German troops still remaining in France, Belgium, Luxembourg or Alsace-Lorraine after 14 days would become prisoners of war. They were all out in time, a final display of the organizational skill of the German staffs.
Post war
In the small post-war German Army, the , Loßberg was first in charge of defending the new eastern border with Poland. Then he became general chief of staff and later commanded the
6th Division. He retired in 1927 as a general of infantry and died in
Lübeck on 14 May 1942. His son Bernhard was also a general staff officer, known for the
Lossberg study The Lossberg study was a German military plan prepared by Lieutenant Colonel Bernhard von Lossberg and developed under Alfred Jodl and Walter Warlimont in the OKW on September 15, 1940.(Russian) Its northward direction of attack on the Soviet Un ...
for the invasion of Russia.
Decorations and awards
Loßberg was an honorary citizen of Bad Homburg, his town and received medals and decorations:
*
Iron Cross
The Iron Cross (german: link=no, Eisernes Kreuz, , abbreviated EK) was a military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, and later in the German Empire (1871–1918) and Nazi Germany (1933–1945). King Frederick William III of Prussia est ...
of 1914, 1st and 2nd class
*
Pour le Mérite
The ' (; , ) is an order of merit (german: Verdienstorden) established in 1740 by Frederick the Great, King Frederick II of Prussia. The was awarded as both a military and civil honour and ranked, along with the Order of the Black Eagle, the Or ...
(21 September 1916) with oak leaves (24 April 1917)
*
Order of the Red Eagle, 4th class
*
Order of the Crown, 3rd class (Prussia)
* Knight's Cross of the Royal
House Order of Hohenzollern with
Sword
A sword is an edged, bladed weapon intended for manual cutting or thrusting. Its blade, longer than a knife or dagger, is attached to a hilt and can be straight or curved. A thrusting sword tends to have a straighter blade with a pointed ti ...
s
*
Service Award (Prussia)
* Honor Cross 2nd Class of the Princely
House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords
* Knight's Cross of the
Military Order of Max Joseph
The Military Order of Max Joseph (german: Militär-Max-Joseph-Orden) was the highest military order of the Kingdom of Bavaria. It was founded on 1 January 1806 by Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, the first king of Bavaria. The order came in t ...
(Bavaria)
*
Military Merit Order, 3rd class with Swords and Crown (Bavaria)
* Commander's Cross Second Class of the
Military Order of St. Henry
The Military Order of St. Henry (''Militär-St. Heinrichs-Orden'') was a military order of the Kingdom of Saxony, a member state of the German Empire. The order was the oldest military order of the states of the German Empire. It was founded on O ...
(Saxony)
* Knight's Cross Second Class of the
Albert Order with Swords (Saxony)
* Commander of the
Military Merit Order (Württemberg)
* Knight's Cross of the
Order of the Crown (Württemberg)
* Commander Second Class of the
Order of the Zähringer Lion (Baden)
* Bravery Medal (Hesse)
*
Military Merit Cross, 2nd class (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
* Knight's Cross, First Class of the
Order of Henry the Lion
The House Order of Henry the Lion In German: ''Hausorden Heinrichs des Löwen,'' was the House Order of the Duchy of Brunswick. It was instituted by William VIII, Duke of Brunswick on 25 April 1834.
The ribbon of the Order was red with yellow edges ...
* Knight's Cross, First Class of the
House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis (Oldenburg)
* Commander of the
Order of the White Falcon
*
Hanseatic Cross of Bremen
* Commander, First Class of the Ducal
with Swords
*
Cross for Merit in War
The Cross for Merit in War (german: Kreuz für Verdienste im Kriege) was a military decoration of the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen established by Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen on 7 March 1915.
Criteria
The Cross for Merit in War was awarded to o ...
(Saxe-Meiningen)
Footnotes
References
Books
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Encyclopedias
*
Magazines
*
Theses
*
*
Further reading
* Translation of ''Meine Tätigkeit im Weltkriege'' 1914–1918 (Berlin, Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn 1939)
External links
Blue Max website*
*
Genealogy site
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lossberg, Fritz Von
1868 births
1942 deaths
People from Bad Homburg vor der Höhe
Major generals of Prussia
German Army generals of World War I
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Knights of the Military Order of Max Joseph
Recipients of the Hanseatic Cross (Bremen)
Generals of Infantry (Reichswehr)
People from Hesse-Nassau
Military personnel from Hesse