Friedrich Heeren (11 August 1803 – 2 May 1885) was a German

chemist A chemist (from Greek ''chēm(ía)'' alchemy; replacing ''chymist'' from Medieval Latin ''alchemist'') is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe th ...

. He received his doctorate in

Göttingen Göttingen (, , ; nds, Chöttingen) is a college town, university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the Capital (political), capital of Göttingen (district), the eponymous district. The River Leine runs through it. At the end of 2019, t ...

, and from 1831 was an instructor of technological-chemical subjects at the Polytechnic School in Hannover (''Höheren Gewerbeschule''). Here he taught classes in

physics Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...

mineralogy Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the proces ...

and

chemistry Chemistry is the science, scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the Chemical element, elements that make up matter to the chemical compound, compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions ...

. With

technologist Technologist may refer to: * Applied Science Technologist, a Canadian professional title in engineering and applied science technology. * Architectural technologist, a specialist in the technology fields of building, design and construction. * C ...

Karl Karmarsch Karl Karmarsch (17 October 1803 – 24 March 1879) was an Austrian-born (since 1830) German educator, founding director of the Polytechnic School in Hanover, later to become the University of Hannover. From 1817 to 1823, he was associated with t ...

(1803-1879), he published a technical

dictionary A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies ...

(''Technisches Wörterbuch''). Also, with Karmarsch, he developed a process for the preparation of gun cotton. In 1881 he introduced an apparatus for the testing of milk ( lactometer, patent# 241655).Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Volume 19
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1803 births 1885 deaths 19th-century German chemists University of Göttingen alumni Scientists from Hamburg {{Germany-chemist-stub