In
French literature
French literature () generally speaking, is literature written in the French language, particularly by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written by people living in France who speak traditional languages of France other than F ...
, the moralists (french: moralistes) were a tradition of secular writers who described "personal, social and political conduct", typically through
maxims. The tradition is associated with the
salons of the ''
Ancien Régime
''Ancien'' may refer to
* the French word for "ancient, old"
** Société des anciens textes français
* the French for "former, senior"
** Virelai ancien
** Ancien Régime
** Ancien Régime in France
''Ancien'' may refer to
* the French word for ...
'' from the 16th through the 18th centuries. The tradition begins with the ''
Essais
The ''Essays'' (french: Essais, ) of Michel de Montaigne are contained in three books and 107 chapters of varying length. They were originally written in Middle French and were originally published in the Kingdom of France. Montaigne's stated des ...
'' of
Michel de Montaigne (1580), but its heyday was the late 17th century.
[Ian MacLean, "Moralistes", ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Taylor and Francis, 1998), .]
Although the moralists wrote
essay
An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of a letter, a paper, an article, a pamphlet, and a short story. Essays have been sub-classified as formal a ...
s and
pen-portraits, their preferred genre was the maxim. These were short abstract statements devoid of context, often containing
paradox
A paradox is a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one's expectation. It is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true premises, leads to a seemingly self-contradictory or a logically u ...
es and always designed to shock or surprise. The moralists aimed for objective and impartial observation freed from the preconceptions of their day. Their approach was never systematic.
[ The four principal moralists and their main works are:
* François de La Rochefoucauld, ''Réflexions ou sentences et maximes morales'' (1665)
* ]Jean de La Bruyère
Jean de La Bruyère (, , ; 16 August 1645 – 11 May 1696) was a French philosopher and moralist, who was noted for his satire.
Early years
Jean de La Bruyère was born in Paris, in today's Essonne ''département'', in 1645. His family was mi ...
, ''Caractères ou les moeurs de ce siècle'' (1688)
* Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues
Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues (; 6 August 1715 – 28 May 1747) was a French writer and moralist. He died at age 31, in broken health, having published the year prior—anonymously—a collection of essays and aphorisms with the en ...
, ''Introduction à la connaissance de l’esprit humain, suivie de réflexions et maximes'' (1746)
* Nicolas Chamfort, ''Maximes et pensées, caractères et anecdotes'' (1795)
References
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