France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the

Kingdom of West Francia In medieval history, West Francia (Medieval Latin: ) or the Kingdom of the West Franks () refers to the western part of the Frankish Empire established by Charlemagne. It represents the earliest stage of the Kingdom of France, lasting from about ...

in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Classical French historiography usually regards

Clovis I Clovis ( la, Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: ; – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of petty kings to rule by a single kin ...

() as the first king of France, however historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment of West Francia.

Titles

The kings used the title "King of the Franks" ( la, Rex Francorum) until the late twelfth century; the first to adopt the title of "King of France" ( Latin: ''Rex Franciae'';

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

: ''roi de France'') was Philip II in 1190 (r. 1180–1223), after which the title "King of the Franks" gradually lost ground. However, ''Francorum Rex'' continued to be sometimes used, for example by Louis XII in 1499, by

Francis I Francis I or Francis the First may refer to: * Francesco I Gonzaga (1366–1407) * Francis I, Duke of Brittany (1414–1450), reigned 1442–1450 * Francis I of France (1494–1547), King of France, reigned 1515–1547 * Francis I, Duke of Saxe ...

in 1515, and by Henry II in about 1550; it was also used on coins up to the eighteenth century. During the brief period when the

French Constitution of 1791 The French Constitution of 1791 (french: Constitution française du 3 septembre 1791) was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the . One of the basic precepts of the French Revolution ...

was in effect (1791–1792) and after the July Revolution in 1830, the style " King of the French" (''roi des Français'') was used instead of "

King of France France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I () as the first ...

(and

Navarre Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...

)". It was a constitutional innovation known as

popular monarchy Popular monarchy is a term used by Kingsley Martin (1936) for monarchical titles referring to a people rather than a territory. This was the norm in classical antiquity and throughout much of the Middle Ages, and such titles were retained in some ...

which linked the monarch's title to the French people rather than to the possession of the territory of France. With the

House of Bonaparte Italian and Corsican: ''Casa di Buonaparte'', native_name_lang=French, coat of arms=Arms of the French Empire3.svg, caption=Coat of arms assumed by Emperor Napoleon I, image_size=150px, alt=Coat of Arms of Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, typ ...

, the title " Emperor of the French" (''Empereur des Français'') was used in

19th-century France The history of France from 1789 to 1914 (the long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes: * French Revolution (1789–1792) * French First Republic (1792–1804) * First French Empire (1804–1814/1815) * Bou ...

(during the first and

second The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds ...

French Empires) between 1804 and 1814, again in 1815, and between 1852 and 1870. From the 14th century down to 1801, the English (and later British) monarch claimed the throne of France, though such claim was purely nominal excepting a short period during the

Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years' War (; 1337–1453) was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of Kingdom of England, England and Kingdom of France, France during the Late Middle Ages. It originated from disputed claims to the French Crown, ...

when

Henry VI of England Henry VI (6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. The only child of Henry V, he succeeded to the English thron ...

had control over most of Northern France, including Paris. By 1453, the English had been mostly expelled from France and Henry's claim has since been considered illegitimate; French historiography commonly does not recognize Henry VI of England among the kings of France.

Frankish kings

In August 843 AD, the Treaty of Verdun divided Francia into three kingdoms, one of which ( Middle Francia) was short-lived; the other two evolved into France ( West Francia) and, eventually, Germany (

East Francia East Francia (Medieval Latin: ) or the Kingdom of the East Franks () was a successor state of Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire, empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911. It was created through the Treaty of Verdun (843) which divided t ...

). By this time, the eastern and western parts of the land had already developed different languages and cultures.

Carolingian dynasty (843–887)

The Carolingians were a Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The family consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and ''

dux et princeps Francorum The title Duke of the Franks ( la, dux Francorum) has been used for three different offices, always with "duke" implying military command and "prince" implying something approaching sovereign or regalian rights. The term "Franks" may refer to an ...

'' hereditary and becoming the real powers behind the Merovingian kings. The dynasty is named after one of these mayors of the palace, Charles Martel, whose son

Pepin the Short the Short (french: Pépin le Bref; – 24 September 768), also called the Younger (german: Pippin der Jüngere), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first Carolingian to become king. The younger was the son of ...

dethroned the Merovingians in 751 and, with the consent of the

Papacy The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...

and the aristocracy, was crowned

King of the Franks The Franks, Germanic-speaking peoples that invaded the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, were first led by individuals called dukes and reguli. The earliest group of Franks that rose to prominence was the Salian Merovingians, who con ...

. Under Charles the Great (r. 768–814), better known as " Charlemagne", the Frankish kingdom expanded deep into Central Europe, conquering Italy and most of modern Germany. He was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), who eventually divided the kingdom between his sons. His death, however, was followed by a 3-year-long civil war that ended with the Treaty of Verdun. Modern France developed from West Francia, while

became the Holy Roman Empire and later Germany.

Robertian dynasty (888–898)

Carolingian dynasty (898–922)

Robertian dynasty (922–923)

Bosonid dynasty (923–936)

Carolingian dynasty (936–987)

Capetian dynasty (987–1792)

The Capetian dynasty is named for Hugh Capet, a Robertian who served as

Duke of France The title Duke of the Franks ( la, dux Francorum) has been used for three different offices, always with "duke" implying military command and "prince" implying something approaching sovereign or regalian rights. The term "Franks" may refer to an ...

and was elected King in 987. Except for the Bonaparte-led Empires, every monarch of France was a male-line descendant of Hugh Capet. The kingship passed through patrilineally from father to son until the 14th century, a period known as

Direct Capetian The House of Capet (french: Maison capétienne) or the Direct Capetians (''Capétiens directs''), also called the House of France (''la maison de France''), or simply the Capets, ruled the Kingdom of France from 987 to 1328. It was the most s ...

rule. Afterwards, it passed to the House of Valois, a cadet branch that claimed descent from Phillip III. The Valois claim was disputed by the

House of Plantagenet The House of Plantagenet () was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The family held the English throne from 1154 (with the accession of Henry II at the end of the Anarchy) to 1485, when Richard III died in b ...

, founded by

Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou Geoffrey V (24 August 1113 – 7 September 1151), called the Handsome, the Fair (french: link=no, le Bel) or Plantagenet, was the count of Anjou, Count of Tours, Touraine and Count of Maine, Maine by inheritance from 1129, and also Duke of Nor ...

, which had also recently come into possession of the throne of England; the two houses fought the

Hundred Years War The Hundred Years' War (; 1337–1453) was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. It originated from disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagen ...

over the issue, and with

being for a time partially recognized as King of France. The Valois line died out in the late 16th century, during the French Wars of Religion, to be replaced by the distantly related

House of Bourbon The House of Bourbon (, also ; ) is a European dynasty of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France. Bourbon kings first ruled France and Navarre in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Spanis ...

, which claimed descent through the Direct Capetian Louis IX. The Bourbons would rule France until deposed in the French Revolution, though they would be restored to the throne after the fall of Napoleon's empire. The last Capetian to rule would be Louis Philippe I, king of the July Monarchy, a member of the cadet House of Bourbon-Orléans.

House of Capet (987–1328)

The House of Capet are also commonly known as the "Direct Capetians".

House of Valois (1328–1589)

The death of Charles IV started the

between the House of Valois and the

(whose claim was taken up by the cadet branch known as the

House of Lancaster The House of Lancaster was a cadet branch of the royal House of Plantagenet. The first house was created when King Henry III of England created the Earldom of Lancasterfrom which the house was namedfor his second son Edmund Crouchback in 126 ...

) over control of the French throne. The Valois claimed the right to the succession by male-only

primogeniture Primogeniture ( ) is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent's entire or main estate in preference to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relativ ...

through the ancient

Salic Law The Salic law ( or ; la, Lex salica), also called the was the ancient Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis. The written text is in Latin and contains some of the earliest known instances of Old Du ...

, having the closest all-male line of descent from a recent French king. They were descended from the third son of Philip III, Charles, Count of Valois. The Plantagenets based their claim on being closer to a more recent French king, Edward III of England being a grandson of

Philip IV Philip IV may refer to: * Philip IV of Macedon (died 297 BC) * Philip IV of France (1268–1314), Avignon Papacy * Philip IV of Burgundy or Philip I of Castile (1478–1506) * Philip IV, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1542–1602) * Philip IV of Spain ...

through his mother, Isabella. The two houses fought the

to enforce their claims; the Valois were ultimately successful, and French historiography counts their leaders as rightful kings. One Plantagenet,

, did enjoy '' de jure'' control of the French throne following the Treaty of Troyes, which formed the basis for continued English claims to the throne of France until 1801. The Valois line would rule France until the line became extinct in 1589, in the backdrop of the French Wars of Religion. As Navarre did not have a tradition of male-only primogeniture, the Navarrese monarchy became distinct from the French with Joan II, a daughter of Louis X.

House of Valois-Orléans (1498–1515)

House of Valois-Angoulême (1515–1589)

House of Bourbon (1589–1792)

The Valois line looked strong on the death of Henry II, who left four male heirs. His first son, Francis II, died in his minority. His second son, Charles IX, had no legitimate sons to inherit. Following the premature death of his fourth son Hercule François and the assassination of his third son, the childless Henry III, France was plunged into a succession crisis over which distant cousin of the king would inherit the throne. The best claimant, King Henry III of Navarre, was a Protestant, and thus unacceptable to much of the French nobility. Ultimately, after winning numerous battles in defence of his claim, Henry converted to Catholicism and was crowned as King Henry IV, founding the House of Bourbon. This marked the second time the thrones of Navarre and France were united under one monarch; as different inheritance laws had caused them to become separated during the events of the Hundred Years Wars. The House of Bourbon would be overthrown during the French Revolution and replaced by a short-lived

republic A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...

Long 19th-century (1792–1870)

The period known as the "long nineteenth century" was a tumultuous time in French politics, the period is generally considered to have begun with the French Revolution, which deposed and then executed Louis XVI. Royalists continued to recognize his son, the putative king Louis XVII as ruler of France, however Louis was under arrest by the government of the Revolution, and died in captivity having never ruled. The republican government itself went through several changes in form and constitution until France was declared an empire following the ascension of the First Consul

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

as Emperor Napoleon I. Napoleon himself would be overthrown twice following military defeats during the Napoleonic Wars. After the Napoleonic period followed two different royal governments, the

Bourbon Restoration Bourbon Restoration may refer to: France under the House of Bourbon: * Bourbon Restoration in France (1814, after the French revolution and Napoleonic era, until 1830; interrupted by the Hundred Days in 1815) Spain under the Spanish Bourbons: * ...

, which was ruled successively by two younger brothers of Louis XVI, and the July Monarchy, ruled by Louis Philippe I, a distant cousin who claimed descent from Louis XIII. The

French Revolution of 1848 The French Revolution of 1848 (french: Révolution française de 1848), also known as the February Revolution (), was a brief period of civil unrest in France, in February 1848, that led to the collapse of the July Monarchy and the foundation ...

brought an end to the monarchy again, instituting a brief Second Republic that lasted only four years before its President declared himself Emperor Napoleon III, who would himself be deposed and replaced by the Third Republic, and ending monarchic rule in France for good.

House of Bourbon, claimant (1792–1804)

House of Bonaparte, First French Empire (1804–1814)

House of Bourbon (1814–1815)

House of Bonaparte, Hundred Days (1815)

Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830)

House of Bourbon-Orléans, July Monarchy (1830–1848)

The Bourbon Restoration came to an end with the July Revolution of 1830 which deposed Charles X and replaced him with Louis Philippe I, a distant cousin with more liberal politics. Charles X's son Louis signed a document renouncing his own right to the throne only after a 20-minute argument with his father. Because he was never crowned he is disputed as a genuine king of France. Louis's nephew Henry was likewise considered by some to be Henry V but the new regime did not recognise his claim and he never ruled.

House of Bonaparte, Second French Empire (1852–1870)

The French Second Republic lasted from 1848 to 1852, when its president, Charles-Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, was declared Emperor of the French under the regnal name of Napoleon III. He would later be overthrown during the events of the Franco-Prussian War, becoming the last monarch to rule France.

Later pretenders

Various pretenders descended from the preceding monarchs have claimed to be the legitimate monarch of France, rejecting the claims of the president of France and of one another. These groups are: * Legitimist claimants to the throne of France: descendants of the Bourbons. Unionists recognized the Orléanist claimant after 1883. *

Blancs d'Espagne Blancs d'Espagne ("Spanish Whites") was a term used to refer to those legitimists in France who, following the death of the Comte de Chambord in 1883, supported the Spanish Carlist claimant rather than the Orleanist candidate, who was supported ...

: descendants of Louis XIV, claiming precedence over the House of Bourbon-Orléans by virtue of primogeniture. * Orléanist claimants to the throne of France: descendants of Louis-Phillippe, himself descended from a junior line of the Bourbon dynasty, rejecting all heads of state since 1848. * Bonapartist claimants to the throne of France: descendants of Napoleon I and his brothers, rejecting all heads of state 1815–48 and since 1870. * English claimants to the throne of France: kings of England and later of Great Britain (renounced by

Hanoverian The adjective Hanoverian is used to describe: * British monarchs or supporters of the House of Hanover, the dynasty which ruled the United Kingdom from 1714 to 1901 * things relating to; ** Electorate of Hanover ** Kingdom of Hanover ** Province o ...

King George III upon

union with Ireland The Acts of Union 1800 (sometimes incorrectly referred to as a single 'Act of Union 1801') were parallel acts of the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ire ...

in 1800). * Jacobite claimants to the throne of France: senior heirs-general of Edward III of England and thus his claim to the French throne, also claiming England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Timeline

ImageSize = width:1600 height:auto barincrement:12 PlotArea = top:3 bottom:150 right:150 left:20 AlignBars = late DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:843 till:1871 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:100 start:900 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:25 start:850 Colors = id:canvas value:white id:carolingian value:rgb(1,0.8,0) id:robertian value:skyblue id:bosonid value:rgb(0.7,0.1,0.1) id:capet value:darkblue id:valois value:oceanblue id:lancaster value:red id:bourbon value:rgb(0,0.75,1) id:orleans value:green id:bonaparte value:purple id:republic value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9) id:eon value:black Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas BarData = bar:CharlesIIandI bar:LouisII bar:LouisIII bar:CarlomanII bar:CharlesIIIandII bar:Odo bar:CharlesIII bar:RobertI bar:Rudolph bar:LouisIV bar:Lothair bar:LouisV bar:Hugh bar:RobertII bar:HenryI bar:PhilipI bar:LouisVI bar:LouisVII bar:PhilipII bar:LouisVIII bar:LouisIX bar:PhilipIII bar:PhilipIV bar:LouisX bar:JohnI bar:PhilipV bar:CharlesIV bar:PhilipVI bar:JohnII bar:CharlesV bar:CharlesVI bar:CharlesVII bar:HenryVILancaster bar:LouisXI bar:CharlesVIII bar:LouisXII bar:FrancisI bar:HenryII bar:FrancisII bar:CharlesIX bar:HenryIII bar:HenryIV bar:HenryD bar:LouisXIII bar:LouisXIV bar:LouisXV bar:LouisXVI bar:LouisXVII bar:NapoleonI bar:LouisXVIII bar:NapoleonII bar:CharlesX bar:LouisXIX bar:HenryV bar:LouisPhilipI bar:LouisPhilipII bar:NapoleonIII bar:Space bar:eon PlotData= width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till bar:CharlesIIandI from:843 till: 877 color:carolingian text:" Charles the Bald" bar:LouisII from:877 till: 879 color:carolingian text:" Louis the Stammerer" bar:LouisIII from:879 till: 882 color:carolingian text:" Louis III" bar:CarlomanII from:882 till: 884 color:carolingian text:" Carloman_II" bar:CharlesIIIandII from:882 till: 888 color:carolingian text:" Charles the Fat" bar:Odo from:888 till: 898 color:robertian text:" Odo of Paris" bar:CharlesIII from:898 till: 922 color:carolingian text:" Charles the Simple" bar:RobertI from:922 till: 923 color:robertian text:"

Robert I Robert I may refer to: *Robert I, Duke of Neustria (697–748) *Robert I of France (866–923), King of France, 922–923, rebelled against Charles the Simple *Rollo, Duke of Normandy (c. 846 – c. 930; reigned 911–927) * Robert I Archbishop of ...

" bar:Rudolph from:923 till: 936 color:bosonid text:" Rudolph" bar:LouisIV from:936 till:954 color:carolingian text:" Louis of Outremer" bar:Lothair from:954 till:986 color:carolingian text:" Lothair" bar:LouisV from:986 till:987 color:carolingian text:" Louis V" bar:Hugh from:987 till:996 color:capet text:" Hugh Capet" bar:RobertII from:996 till:1031 color:capet text:" Robert II" bar:HenryI from:1031 till:1060 color:capet text:" Henry I" bar:PhilipI from:1060 till:1108 color:capet text:" Philip I" bar:LouisVI from:1108 till:1137 color:capet text:" Louis VI" bar:LouisVII from:1137 till:1180 color:capet text:"

Louis VII Louis VII (1120 – 18 September 1180), called the Younger, or the Young (french: link=no, le Jeune), was King of the Franks from 1137 to 1180. He was the son and successor of King Louis VI (hence the epithet "the Young") and married Duchess ...

" bar:PhilipII from:1180 till:1223 color:capet text:" Philip II Augustus" bar:LouisVIII from:1223 till:1226 color:capet text:" Louis VIII" bar:LouisIX from:1226 till:1270 color:capet text:" Louis IX" bar:PhilipIII from:1270 till:1285 color:capet text:" Philip III" bar:PhilipIV from:1285 till:1314 color:capet text:"

" bar:LouisX from:1314 till:1316 color:capet text:"

Louis X Louis X may refer to: * Louis X of France, "the Quarreller" (1289–1316). * Louis X, Duke of Bavaria (1495–1545) * Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (1753–1830). * Louis Farrakhan (formerly Louis X), head of the Nation of Islam {{hndis ...

" bar:JohnI from:1316 till:1316 color:capet text:"

John I John I may refer to: People * John I (bishop of Jerusalem) * John Chrysostom (349 – c. 407), Patriarch of Constantinople * John of Antioch (died 441) * Pope John I, Pope from 523 to 526 * John I (exarch) (died 615), Exarch of Ravenna * John I o ...

" bar:PhilipV from:1316 till:1322 color:capet text:"

Philip V Philip V may refer to: * Philip V of Macedon (221–179 BC) * Philip V of France (1293–1322) * Philip II of Spain Philip II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I ( pt, Filipe I). (21 May 152713 September ...

" bar:CharlesIV from:1322 till:1328 color:capet text:" Charles IV" bar:PhilipVI from:1328 till:1350 color:valois text:" Philip VI" bar:JohnII from:1350 till:1364 color:valois text:" John II" bar:CharlesV from:1364 till:1380 color:valois text:" Charles V" bar:CharlesVI from:1380 till:1422 color:valois text:" Charles VI" bar:CharlesVII from:1422 till:1461 color:valois text:" Charles VII" bar:HenryVILancaster from:1422 till:1453 color:lancaster text:" Henry (II) (Disputed)" bar:LouisXI from:1461 till:1483 color:valois text:" Louis XI" bar:CharlesVIII from:1483 till:1498 color:valois text:" Charles VIII" bar:LouisXII from:1498 till:1515 color:valois text:" Louis XII" bar:FrancisI from:1515 till:1547 color:valois text:"

" bar:HenryII from:1547 till:1559 color:valois text:" Henry II" bar:FrancisII from:1559 till:1560 color:valois text:" Francis II" bar:CharlesIX from:1560 till:1574 color:valois text:" Charles IX" bar:HenryIII from:1574 till:1589 color:valois text:" Henry III" bar:HenryIV from:1589 till:1610 color:bourbon text:" Henry IV" bar:HenryD from:1589 till:1590 color:bourbon text:" Charles (X)" (Disputed) bar:LouisXIII from:1610 till:1643 color:bourbon text:" Louis XIII" bar:LouisXIV from:1643 till:1715 color:bourbon text:" Louis XIV" bar:LouisXV from:1715 till:1774 color:bourbon text:" Louis XV" bar:LouisXVI from:1774 till:1792 color:bourbon text:" Louis XVI" bar:LouisXVII from:1792 till:1795 color:bourbon text:" Louis XVII (Disputed)" bar:NapoleonI from:1804 till:1814 color:bonaparte from:1815 till:1815 color:bonaparte text:"

Napoleon I Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

" bar:LouisXVIII from:1815 till:1815 color:bourbon from:1815 till:1824 color:bourbon text:" Louis XVIII" bar:NapoleonII from:1815 till:1815 color:bonaparte text:"

Napoleon II , house = Bonaparte , father = Napoleon I, Emperor of the French , mother = Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma , birth_date = , birth_place = Tuileries Palace, Paris, French Empire ...

(Disputed)" bar:CharlesX from:1824 till:1830 color:bourbon text:" Charles X" bar:LouisXIX from:1830 till:1830 color:bourbon text:" Louis (XIX) (Disputed)" bar:HenryV from:1830 till:1830 color:bourbon text:" Henry (V) (Disputed)" bar:LouisPhilipI from:1830 till:1848 color:orleans text:" Louis Philippe I" bar:LouisPhilipII from:1848 till:1848 color:orleans text:" Louis Philippe II (Disputed)" bar:NapoleonIII from:1852 till:1870 color:bonaparte text:" Napoleon III" align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) width:6 shift:(-33,5) bar:eon color:eon from: 843 till: 888 color:carolingian text:

Carolingian The Carolingian dynasty (; known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charlemagne, grandson of mayor Charles Martel and a descendant of the Arnulfing and Pippin ...

shift:(2,5) from: 888 till: 898 color:robertian text: Robertian from: 898 till: 922 color:carolingian from: 922 till: 923 color:robertian shift:(-8,5) from: 923 till: 936 color:bosonid text: Bosonid from: 936 till: 987 color:carolingian shift:(-40,5) from: 987 till: 1328 color:capet text: Capet from: 1328 till: 1589 color:valois text: Valois from: 1589 till: 1792 color:bourbon text:

Bourbon Bourbon may refer to: Food and drink * Bourbon whiskey, an American whiskey made using a corn-based mash * Bourbon barrel aged beer, a type of beer aged in bourbon barrels * Bourbon biscuit, a chocolate sandwich biscuit * A beer produced by ...

from: 1792 till: 1804 color:republic shift:(-8,5) from: 1804 till: 1814 color:bonaparte text: Bonaparte from: 1814 till: 1815 color:bourbon from: 1815 till: 1815 color:bonaparte from: 1815 till: 1830 color:bourbon shift:(-10,5) from: 1830 till: 1848 color:orleans text: Orléans from: 1848 till: 1852 color:republic from: 1852 till: 1871 color:bonaparte barset:skip

Notes

Coronations

References

Citations

Main bibliography

* * * * Jacquin, Emmanuel (2000), ''Les Tuileries, Du Louvre à la Concorde'', Editions du Patrimoine, Centres des Monuments Nationaux, Paris. () * * * * *

Secondary bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *