In
French,
article
Article often refers to:
* Article (grammar), a grammatical element used to indicate definiteness or indefiniteness
* Article (publishing), a piece of nonfictional prose that is an independent part of a publication
Article may also refer to:
G ...
s and
determiner
A determiner, also called determinative (abbreviated ), is a word, phrase, or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and generally serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. That is, a determiner m ...
s are required on almost every
common noun
A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (''Africa'', ''Jupiter'', ''Sarah'', ''Microsoft)'' as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities (''continent, ...
, much more so than in
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
. They are
inflected
In linguistic morphology, inflection (or inflexion) is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and defini ...
to agree in
gender
Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to femininity and masculinity and differentiating between them. Depending on the context, this may include sex-based social structures (i.e. gender roles) and gender identity. Most cultures u ...
(masculine or feminine) and
number
A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label. The original examples are the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth. Numbers can be represented in language with number words. More universally, individual numbers c ...
(singular or plural) with the noun they determine, though most have only one plural form (for masculine and feminine). Many also often change pronunciation when the word that follows them begins with a vowel sound.
While articles are actually a subclass of determiners (and in traditional grammars most French
determiner
A determiner, also called determinative (abbreviated ), is a word, phrase, or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and generally serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. That is, a determiner m ...
s are in turn a subclass of adjectives), they are generally treated separately; thus, they are treated separately here as well.
Articles
French has three articles: a
definite article
An article is any member of a class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. The category of articles constitutes a part of speech.
In English, both "the" and "a(n)" ar ...
, corresponding in many cases to English ''the''; an
indefinite article
An article is any member of a class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases. The category of articles constitutes a part of speech.
In English, both "the" and "a(n)" ar ...
, corresponding to English ''a/an''; and a
partitive In linguistics, the partitive is a word, phrase, or case that indicates partialness. Nominal partitives are syntactic constructions, such as "some of the children", and may be classified semantically as either set partitives or entity partitives ba ...
article, used roughly like ''some'' in English.
Definite article
The French definite article derives from a Latin distal demonstrative, ''ille''. It evolved from the
Old French
Old French (, , ; Modern French: ) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France from approximately the 8th to the 14th centuries. Rather than a unified language, Old French was a linkage of Romance dialects, mutually intelligib ...
article system, which shared resemblance to modern English and acquired the marking of generic nouns. This practise was common by the 17th century, although it has been argued that this became widely used as early as in the 13th century. In French, the definite article is analogous to the English definite article ''the'', although they are sometimes omitted in English. The French definite article can vary according to the gender (feminine or masculine) and number (singular or plural) of the noun. The definite article takes the following forms:
The prepositions ''à'' (''to'', ''at'') and ''de'' (''of'', ''from'') form contracted forms with the masculine and plural articles ''le'' and ''les'': ''au'', ''du'', ''aux'', and ''des'', respectively.
Like ''the'', the French definite article is used with a noun referring to a specific item when both the speaker and the audience know what the item is. It is necessary in the following cases:
Unlike ''the'', the French definite article is also used with
mass nouns and plural nouns with generic interpretation, and with abstract nouns. For example:
*« J'aime le lait. » ("I like milk.")
*« J'aime les romans. » ("I like novels.")
*« Le capitalisme a transformé ce pays. » ("Capitalism has transformed this country.")
Indefinite article
The French indefinite article is analogous to the English indefinite article ''a/an''. Like ''a/an'', the French indefinite article is used with a noun referring to a non-specific item, or to a specific item when the speaker and audience do not both know what the item is; so, « J'ai cassé une chaise rouge » ("I broke a red chair"). Unlike ''a/an'', the French indefinite article has a plural form, often translated as ''some'' but usually simply omitted in English; so, « Il y a des livres là-bas » ("There are some books over there" or "There are books over there").
The indefinite article takes the following forms:
# The indefinite article becomes ''de'' (or ''d'' if before a vowel) after a negative verb other than ''être'': « Je n'ai pas de livre » ("I do not have a ''or'' any book"). This use is related to expressions of quantity; see
below.
# The plural form ''des'' is normally reduced to ''de'' (or ''d'' if before a vowel) when it applies to a noun preceded by an adjective: « de nombreux livres » ''(many books),'' « dautres livres » ''(other books)'', but « des livres reliés » ''(bound books)''.
# Unlike in English the article is dropped when specifying someone's occupation: « Ma sœur est avocat. » ("My sister is a lawyer").
Partitive article
The French partitive article is often translated as ''some'', but often simply omitted in English. It is used to indicate an indefinite portion of something uncountable, or an indefinite number of something countable: « J'ai du café » ("I have some coffee" or simply "I have coffee").
The partitive article takes the following forms:
# Like the indefinite article, the partitive article becomes ''de'' (or ''d'' if before a vowel) after a negative verb other than ''être'' and before a plural noun preceded by an adjective: « Il prend de l'eau » ("He takes some water").
Notice that, except after a negative verb, the partitive article is formed by combining the preposition ''de'' (''of'', ''from'') with the definite article. Also note that in the plural, and after a negative verb, the indefinite and partitive articles take the same form; this makes sense, as there is no clear difference in meaning in these cases. (Some grammarians actually classify ''des'' as either exclusively indefinite or exclusively partitive, and say that the other article has no plural form. This does not affect the interpreted meaning of ''des''.)
Determiners
Determiners
A determiner, also called determinative (abbreviated ), is a word, phrase, or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and generally serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. That is, a determiner m ...
, like other adjectives, agree in gender and number with the noun they modify (or, in this case, determine).
Possessive determiners
The possessive determiners (also called ''possessive adjectives'' or, misleadingly, ''possessive pronouns''; analogous to English ''my'', ''their'', etc.) are used to indicate the possessor of the noun they determine. They lexically mark the person and number of the possessor, and are inflected to agree with their noun in gender and number. While English distinguishes between masculine and feminine singular possessors (''his'' vs. ''her''), French does not. As in English, possessive determiners do not necessarily express true ''possession'' in the sense of ownership.
Their forms are as follows:
Demonstrative determiners
The demonstrative determiners (or ''demonstrative adjectives'') can mean either ''this'' or ''that'', ''these'' or ''those''. To be more precise or to avoid ambiguity, ''-ci'' or ''-là'' can be inserted after the noun:
* cet homme-ci "this man"
* cet homme-là "that man"
There are grammatical rules to determine when one would use ''c'est'' or ''il est''. For example, ''c'est'' is followed by a noun that may or may not be modified by an adjective, while ''il est'' can only be used with an adjective that describes the specific noun.
Example:
* ''Des bals sont tenus pour la charité et certains pour la tenue habillée, mais quand ils sont tenus pour le plaisir, ce sont les bals que je préfère'' Some balls are held for charity and some for fancy dress, but when they're held for pleasure, they're the balls that I like best''
Because ''tenus'' is a past participle used as an adjective, ''ils sont'' is used; but since ''bals'' is a noun, ''ce sont'' is used.
Interrogative determiners
The interrogative determiner ''quel'' means ''which'' or ''what''. It agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies:
Examples: ''quel train'', ''quelle chaise'', ''quels hommes'', and ''quelles classes''.
''Quel'' can be used as an exclamation.
*« Quel film ! » (What a movie!)
*« Quelle gentillesse ! » (What kindness!)
Quantifiers
A ''quantifier'' is a determiner that quantifies its noun, like English "some" and "many". In French, as in English, quantifiers constitute an
open word class, unlike most other kinds of determiners. In French, most quantifiers are formed using a noun or adverb of quantity and the preposition ''de'' (''d'' when before a vowel).
Quantifiers formed with a noun of quantity and the preposition ''de'' include the following:
*''des tas de'' ("lots of", lit: "piles of")
*''trois kilogrammes de'' ("three kilograms of")
*''une bouchée de'' ("a mouthful of")
*''une douzaine de'' ("a dozen (of)")
Quantifiers formed with an adverb of quantity and the preposition ''de'' include the following:
*''beaucoup de'' ("a lot of")
*''un peu de'' ("a little," "a few")
*''peu de'' ("little," "few")
*''assez de'', ''suffisamment de'' ("enough of")
*''pas de'' ("no," "not any")
Other quantifiers include:
*''bien'' + the partitive article ("much" or "many")
*''quelque(s)'' ("some")
*the cardinal numbers ("1, 2, 3...")
Notes
References
Sources
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External links
L'Académie française
{{DEFAULTSORT:French Articles And Determiners
Articles
Article often refers to:
* Article (grammar), a grammatical element used to indicate definiteness or indefiniteness
* Article (publishing), a piece of nonfictional prose that is an independent part of a publication
Article may also refer to:
G ...
fr:Déterminants et articles en français