Fredrick Arthur Willius (November 24, 1888 – October 19, 1972) was an American research cardiologist and

medical historian The medical history, case history, or anamnesis (from Greek: ἀνά, ''aná'', "open", and μνήσις, ''mnesis'', "memory") of a patient is information gained by a physician by asking specific questions, either to the patient or to other peo ...

who was the founding director of the Cardiology section at the

Mayo Clinic The Mayo Clinic () is a nonprofit American academic medical center focused on integrated health care, education, and research. It employs over 4,500 physicians and scientists, along with another 58,400 administrative and allied health staff, ...

Life

Early life and education

Fredrick Arthur Willius was born in

St. Paul, Minnesota Saint Paul (abbreviated St. Paul) is the capital of the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Ramsey County. Situated on high bluffs overlooking a bend in the Mississippi River, Saint Paul is a regional business hub and the center o ...

, to Gustav Otto Conrad Willius (November 25, 1831 – September 26, 1924) and his wife Emma (née Klausmeyer, August 30, 1855 – April 26, 1933). Gustav Willius and his brother, Ferdinand, were German immigrants who settled in St. Paul and established themselves in banking and finance. The Willius name (; ) is a latinized form of , and the family, which is originally native to

Kassel Kassel (; in Germany, spelled Cassel until 1926) is a city on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, Germany. It is the administrative seat of the Regierungsbezirk Kassel and the district of the same name and had 201,048 inhabitants in December 2020 ...

, has borne it since at least the

18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 ( MDCCI) to December 31, 1800 ( MDCCC). During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions. During the century, slave trad ...

. Through his father's family, Willius was a third cousin of the scientist

Albert Wigand Julius Wilhelm Albert Wigand, known as Albert Wigand (April 21, 1821 – October 22, 1886) was a German botanist, pharmacologist and pharmacognostician. His is most well-known for being the director of the Alter Botanischer Garten Marburg from 1 ...

, the general

Adolf von Deines Johann Georg Adolf Ritter von Deines (May 30, 1845–November 17, 1911) was a Prussian soldier, diplomat, and educator, as well as a member of the lower nobility. As a member of the Prussian Army, Deines rose to the rank of Cavalry Gener ...

, and the physician

Georg Ledderhose Georg Ledderhose (15 December 1855, Bockenheim (Frankfurt am Main), Bockenheim, Regierungsbezirk Wiesbaden, Germany – 1 February 1925, Munich, Germany) was a German surgeon. Ledderhose studied in Strasbourg under Georg Albert Lücke (1829–189 ...

. Willius himself never met any of these cousins, but he and Ledderhose corresponded prior to the latter's death, and his uncle Ferdinand actually met General von Deines in Europe, in large part thanks to his position as Prussian

Consul Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states throug ...

in Saint Paul. Emma Klausmeyer's father was Wilhelm Klausmeyer, himself an immigrant from

Bavaria Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total lan ...

, who was a choir director, a pianist, and a member of the board of directors of the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. Fredrick’s maternal uncle Alfred Klausmeyer was the founder of the

Anchor Buggy The Anchor Buggy was a short-lived United States automobile manufacturer; the high wheeler was manufactured by the Anchor Buggy and Carriage Company in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, in 1910 and 1911. An 1890 advertisement for the Anchor Buggy ...

company, an early American manufacturer of

automobiles A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of ''cars'' say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods. The year 1886 is regarded as ...

. Fredrick's early education took place in the public schools of

Dayton's Bluff Dayton's Bluff is a neighborhood located on the east side of the Mississippi River in the southeast part of the city of Saint Paul, Minnesota which has a large residential district on the plateau extending backward from its top. The name of the ...

, where he was born and raised. In 1906, shortly after beginning his third year at Mechanic Arts High School, Willius was struck with an attack of acute appendicitis, but when the first operation proved unsuccessful and complications set in, he was operated on by Dr. Arnold Schwyzer on the family's kitchen table, and after a period of convalescence, he was returned to health. Willius credited this experience with inspiring him to pursue medicine, which went firmly against his father's wishes that he study

architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing building ...

. Despite his father's reluctance, Fredrick graduated from high school with honors, at which point he enrolled in the

University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota, formally the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, (UMN Twin Cities, the U of M, or Minnesota) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Tw ...

, with the intention to study medicine. He graduated from the university in 1912 as a

Bachelor of Science A Bachelor of Science (BS, BSc, SB, or ScB; from the Latin ') is a bachelor's degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years. The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of ...

, and in 1914 as a

Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated M.D., from the Latin language, Latin ''Medicinae Doctor'') is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions. In the United States, and some other countries, the M.D. denotes a profes ...

. He was a member of

Phi Rho Sigma Phi Rho Sigma () is a professional fraternity founded by medical students at Northwestern University in 1890. Early History Phi Rho Sigma was founded at the Northwestern Medical School, then the Chicago Medical College on . Its founder were: * M ...

Medical Society, as well as the Sigma Xi Scientific Research Honor Society. During his third year at the University of Minnesota, he participated in research with James F. Corbett on the causes and pathology of

diabetes mellitus Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level ( hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased ap ...

, for which he was awarded the Rollin E. Cutts Medal for experimental surgery.''Special Meeting of the University Senate and The Twin Cities Campus Assembly: Minutes.'' University of Minnesota, 1973. After graduation, Willius entered into a twelve-month internship at the University Hospital, and in 1915, he began his three-year

fellowship A fellow is a concept whose exact meaning depends on context. In learned or professional societies, it refers to a privileged member who is specially elected in recognition of their work and achievements. Within the context of higher education ...

surgery Surgery ''cheirourgikē'' (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via la, chirurgiae, meaning "hand work". is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a person to investigate or treat a pat ...

at the

Rochester, Minnesota Rochester is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Olmsted County. Located on rolling bluffs on the Zumbro River's south fork in Southeast Minnesota, the city is the home and birthplace of the renowned Mayo Clinic. Acco ...

.''Special Meeting of the University Senate and The Twin Cities Campus Assembly: Minutes.'' University of Minnesota, 1973.

Marriage and family

On September 26, 1917, Willius married Stella Mae (née Popple, March 14, 1891 – June 22, 1986), the daughter of Herbert Eugene Popple (January 1858 - October 15, 1935) and Jennie Johnson (née , November 14, 1856 – May 27, 1952). Stella was born and raised on her parents' farm in

Stewartville, Minnesota Stewartville is a city in Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 5,916 at the 2010 census, and was estimated to have grown to a population of 6,125 as of 2018. Stewartville has experienced growth as a result of its locatio ...

, and moved to Rochester in 1916. Stella's elder sister Corena had married Dr. William Plummer, the brother of Willius' mentor

Henry Plummer Henry Plummer (1832–1864) was a Prospecting, prospector, lawman, and outlaw in the Western United States, American West in the 1850s and 1860s, who was known to have killed several men. He was elected sheriff of Bannack, Montana, in 1863 an ...

in 1911, and this connection helped Stella find work at the Mayo clinic, as a technician in the

pathology Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury. The word ''pathology'' also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in ...

laboratory. It was while working at Mayo that the young couple became acquainted, and they were married shortly after. Their marriage produced three daughters. *Jane Eleanor (September 8, 1918 – May 18, 2002) married Rudolph Matas Landry, the grandson and namesake of Dr.

Rudolph Matas Rudolph Matas (September 12, 1860 – September 23, 1957) was an American surgeon. He was born outside New Orleans in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana, and spent much of his childhood in his parents' native land of Spain. Matas returned to New Or ...

. *Mary Elizabeth (August 6, 1920 – December 11, 2015) *Dorothy Corinne (November 19, 1925 -)

Medical career

Willius' arrival in Rochester in 1915 coincided with the inauguration of the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, a collaboration between the Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota, which enabled him to receive his

Master of Science A Master of Science ( la, Magisterii Scientiae; abbreviated MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.) is a master's degree in the field of science awarded by universities in many countries or a person holding such a degree. In contrast to ...

in Medicine through study and work at the clinic, rather than having to return to the

medical school A medical school is a tertiary educational institution, or part of such an institution, that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians. Such medical degrees include the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, M ...

in Minneapolis. Entering into his fellowship, Willius was assigned to work with Henry Stanley Plummer, one of the most respected diagnosticians in the country, and it was in working with Plummer that Fredrick realized his interest lay in internal medicine and not surgery, which led to a change of specialty. Plummer and his colleague John M. Blackford had, in 1915, installed at the Mayo Clinic one of the first

ECG Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), a recording of the heart's electrical activity. It is an electrogram of the heart which is a graph of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of the hear ...

machines in the country, only five years after Alfred Cohn's successful adoption of the technology at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. The following year, Willius was appointed first assistant in Medicine, and assigned to work with Blackford and Plummer in the newly established ECG lab. In 1917, he published his first paper with Blackford, on chronic heart-block, which helped establish his credentials as an expert in the field of echocardiography. Later that year, Blackford left Mayo to help start the Virginia Mason Medical Center in

Seattle, Washington Seattle ( ) is a port, seaport city on the West Coast of the United States. It is the county seat, seat of King County, Washington, King County, Washington (state), Washington. With a 2020 population of 737,015, it is the largest city in bo ...

, at which point Willius was promoted to head of the lab. By 1920, Willius had received his

in Medicine, and been promoted to Associate in medicine, where his passion for cardiology and diseases of the heart had become apparent. Cardiology was still in its early years as a medical specialty, particularly in the United States, so other doctors throughout the Clinic often asked Willius to consult on their cases involving heart conditions. In 1922, Willius was asked by Plummer, Will Mayo, and Charles Mayo to organize a new section at the Mayo Clinic:

cardiology Cardiology () is a branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the heart and the cardiovascular system. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart d ...

. Willius would remain chief of the cardiology section until his retirement in 1945, after which he remained a senior consultant for more than a decade. Given the youth of cardiology in this nation, much of the early work at the section revolved around creating standards with which to evaluate patients, both in terms of clinical practice, as well as collecting pertinent medical data to advance the field. During the first year alone, patients from sixteen states were admitted to the cardiology section. This indicated a serious need for specialized heart care, and so additional funding was staff were secured to increase the capacity. Like his mentor, Plummer, Willius took theory and practice very seriously as a clinician, and so laid out strict rules for how patients were to be seen in his section: In addition to his clinical duties, Willius was made an instructor at the Mayo Graduate School of Medicine (now the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science) in 1920. In 1922, he was promoted to assistant professor, in 1927 to

associate professor Associate professor is an academic title with two principal meanings: in the North American system and that of the ''Commonwealth system''. Overview In the ''North American system'', used in the United States and many other countries, it is a ...

, and in 1945, upon his retirement from practice, to

full professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a "person who professes". Professors ...

.''Special Meeting of the University Senate and The Twin Cities Campus Assembly: Minutes.'' University of Minnesota, 1973. While focusing on his clinical and educational roles, Willius also actively engaged in cardiological research, including continuing his research into the use and effectiveness of

EKG Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), a recording of the heart's electrical activity. It is an electrogram of the heart which is a graph of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of the hear ...

technology. As his career advanced, he also developed an interest in the formation and pathology of thromboses, the therapeutic use of digitalis, and the effect of

syphilis Syphilis () is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium ''Treponema pallidum'' subspecies ''pallidum''. The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, an ...

on the human heart. In 1938, Willius and his colleagues John English and

Joseph Berkson Joseph Berkson (14 May 1899 – 12 September 1982) was trained as a physicist (BSc 1920 College of City of New York, M.A., 1922, Columbia), physician (M.D., 1927, Johns Hopkins), and statistician (Dr.Sc., 1928, Johns Hopkins).O'Fallon WM (1998). " ...

were among the first clinicians to accurately predict a direct link between tobacco smoking and heart disease, and this research later contributed to reversing decades of false information about the dangers of smoking. FA_Willius_later_in_life

His retirement meant that he could focus on another of his great loves: the

history of medicine The history of medicine is both a study of medicine throughout history as well as a multidisciplinary field of study that seeks to explore and understand medical practices, both past and present, throughout human societies. More than just histo ...

. In 1941, Willius and Thomas Keys published ''Cardiac Classics. A Collection of Classic Works on the Heart and Circulation, with Comprehensive Biographic Accounts of the Authors'', an exploration of the history of the heart as it pertained to medicine. From William Harvey to

James B. Herrick James Bryan Herrick (11 August 1861 in Oak Park, Illinois – 7 March 1954 in Chicago, Illinois) was an Americans, American physician and professor of medicine who practiced and taught in Chicago. He is credited with the description of sickl ...

, the book reproduced work by fifty-one scholars, scientists, and doctors who contributed to our understanding of the hear and its workings, and who helped make modern cardiology what it is. In addition, the lives of the selected authors are outlined in detail, further explaining the context of their discoveries and their meaning to scholars today. In 1949, along with his writing partner Thomas J. Dry, Willius wrote ''A History of the Heart and the Circulation''. At once a historical and a medical text, the book explores the intersection between the heart, blood, and medical knowledge, spanning the centuries from ancient times to the present. While of a similar vein to Willius's first volume, this adopts more holistic approach to the study of history, and focuses on exploring and analyzing the trajectory of the science of medicine as a whole, rather than reproducing the works of previous scholars. Willius was elected president of the Minnesota chapter of the

American Heart Association The American Heart Association (AHA) is a nonprofit organization in the United States that funds cardiovascular medical research, educates consumers on healthy living and fosters appropriate cardiac care in an effort to reduce disability and death ...

in 1925. His lifelong organizational ties also included the

American Medical Association The American Medical Association (AMA) is a professional association and lobbying group of physicians and medical students. Founded in 1847, it is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Membership was approximately 240,000 in 2016. The AMA's state ...

, the

Minnesota Medical Association Minnesota Medical Association (MMA) is a non-profit professional association representing physicians, residents, and medical students. With 10,000 members, the MMA is an advocate on health care issues at the State Capitol and in Washington, D.C. ...

, the Olmsted-Fillmore-Houston-Dodge Counties Medical Society, the Southern Minnesota Medical Association, the

American College of Physicians The American College of Physicians (ACP) is a national organization of internists, who specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of adults.Sokanu "What is an Internist?" Retrieved October 20, 2014 With 161,000 members, ACP is the largest ...

, the

American College of Surgeons The American College of Surgeons is an educational association of surgeons created in 1913.American College of Surgeons Online "What is the American College of Surgeons?"/ref> See also *American College of Physicians The American College o ...

, the Minnesota Society for the Study of the Heart and Circulation (President 1925 and 1941), the Central Society for Clinical Research (Charter member), the Central Interurban Clinical Club, the Minnesota Society of Internal Medicine, and the Alumni Association of the Mayo Foundation. In 1957, Willius was invited by the

Royal College of Surgeons The Royal College of Surgeons is an ancient college (a form of corporation) established in England to regulate the activity of surgeons. Derivative organisations survive in many present and former members of the Commonwealth. These organisations a ...

to give a speech on the legacy and contributions of William Harvey to his field of

, and medicine as a whole. Due to ill health, he was unable to attend the conference, but his speech was delivered in his stead by his friend and colleague

Thomas Forrest Cotton Thomas Forrest Cotton FRCP (4 November 1884 – 26 July 1965) was a Canadian cardiologist. He introduced electrocardiography to Canada and England and was the first to recognise the relationship between finger clubbing in adults with acquired ...

. A lifelong smoker, Willius suffered from

emphysema Emphysema, or pulmonary emphysema, is a lower respiratory tract disease, characterised by air-filled spaces ( pneumatoses) in the lungs, that can vary in size and may be very large. The spaces are caused by the breakdown of the walls of the alve ...

for much of his later life, but it was ultimately an unexpected diagnosis of

bladder cancer Bladder cancer is any of several types of cancer arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder. Symptoms include blood in the urine, pain with urination, and low back pain. It is caused when epithelial cells that line the bladder become mali ...

that took his life on October 19, 1972. In honor of "his appreciation of medical history and the great physicians of ages past, as well as for his dedication to those who would come after him", the Willius Society: A History of Medicine Organization for Mayo Clinic Residents and Fellows, was named after him.

Books published

*Willius, Fredrick A
Electrocardiography''
Philadelphia; London: W.B. Saunders, 1922. *---. ''Clinical Electrocardiograms: Their Interpretation and Significance''. Philadelphia; London: W.B. Saunders, 1929. *---. ''Cardiac Clinics: A Mayo Clinic Monograph''. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby, 1941. *---; Keys, Thomas E. ''Cardiac Classics: A Collection of Classic Works on the Heart and Circulation, with Comprehensive Biographic Accounts of the Authors.'' London: H. Kimpton, 1941. *---; Dry, Thomas J. ''A History of the Heart and the Circulation.'' Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1948. *---. ''Aphorisms of Dr. Charles Horace Mayo, 1865–1939, and Dr. William James Mayo, 1861-1939.'' Rochester, Minn.: Whiting Press, 1951. *---. ''Henry Stanley Plummer: A Diversified Genius.'' Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1960.

Articles published

As sole author: *
Arborization Block
'. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1919;23(4):431–440. *
Congenital Dextrocardia
'. Am J Med Sci. 1919;157(4):485-492. *
Myocardial Disease With Reference to the Subendocardial Myocardium
'. Med. Clin. North Am. 1919;3:653-665. *
Chronic Bradycardia
'. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1920;26(5):630–646. *
Observations on Negativity of the Final Ventricular T-Wave of the Electrocardiogram
'. Am J Med Sci. 1920;160(6):844-864. *
Observations on Changes in Form of the Initial Ventricular Complex in Isolated Derivations of the Human Electrocardiogram
'. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1920;25(5):550–564. *
Report of a Case of Congenital Heart Disease with Complete Auriculoventricular Dissociation Presenting Unusual Features
'. Boston Med Surg J. 1921; 184:64-66 *
Angina Pectoris: An Electrocardiographic Study
'. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1921;27(2):192–223. *
Atypical Pain with Angina Pectoris
'. Med Clin N Amer. 1921;V:371–393. *
Electrocardiography and Prognosis: I. Significant T-Wave Negativity in Isolated and Combined Derivations of the Electrocardiogram
'. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1922;30(4):434-450. *
Angina Pectoris and Surgical Conditions of the Abdomen
'. Ann Surg. 1924;79(4) *''Thyroid Preparations in the Treatment of the Stokes-Adams' Syndrome''. Can Med Assoc J. 1924;14(11):1072-6. *''The progress of cardiology during 1924: A review of the works of clinicians and investigators in the United States''. Minnesota Med 1925;8:165-170, 230-236, 293-297. *''The Heart in Prostatic Hypertrophy.'' Jour. Urol. 1925;xiii: 337-342. *
A plan for the organization of preventive cardiology in Minnesota
'. Collected Papers of the Mayo Clinic 1925;17:1020-1024 *
Prognosis in Heart Disease
'' Illinois Medical Journal. 1925;xlviii: 55-61. *
New Methods in the Treatment of Diseases of the Heart
'' Northwest Medicine. 1926;xxv:248-355 *''Cardiology in the Mayo Clinic and the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research''. Methods and Problems of Medical Education (Eighth series), p 193-197. New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1927. *''Clinical and Pathologic Data in Cases Exhibiting T-Wave Negativity in the Electrocardiograms''. Am J Med Sci. 1928;175(5):630-638. *''A Study of the Course of Syphilitic Cardiovascular Disease''. American Heart Journal. 1930;6(1):113-115. *''Congenital Dextrocardia with Situs Transversus Complicated by Hypertensive Heart Disease; Electrocardiographic Changes''. American Heart Journal. 1931;7(1):110-113. *''Occurrence and Significance of Electrocardiograms Displaying Large Q-Waves in Lead III''. American Heart Journal. 1931;6(6):723-729. *''The Heart in Old Age: A Study of 700 Patients Seventy-Five Years or Older''. Am J Med Sci. 1931;182(1) *''Newer Concepts of Cardiovascular Syphilis''. J Tennessee M A 1934;27:494. *''Clinic On Syphilitic Aortitis and Aortitic Insufficiency With Anginal Syndromes''. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1936;11:692. *''Life Expectancy in Coronary Thrombosis''. JAMA. 1936;106(22):1890–1894. *
Digitalis: Its Rational Use
'. Med. Clin. North Am. 1937;21(3) *''The Management and Treatment of the Heart in Senescence''. Med. Clin. North Am. 1937;21(3):755-760. *''The Treatment of a Failing Heart''. Med. Clin. North Am. 1938;22(4):1137-1146 *''Some Cardiac Emergencies''. Med. Clin. North Am. 1938;22(4):895-906. *''A Comprehensive Approach to the Diagnosis of Diseases of the Heart.'' Med. Clin. North Am. 1939;23(4):1007-1019. *''Coronary disease and life insurance'' Abstract of the Proceedings of the Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors of America. 1939;26:215-36. *''Adjustment to the Advancing Years of Life''. Med. Clin. North Am. 1940;24(4):1271-1275. *''Cardiac Clinics. XCI. Recreational Exercise in the Advancing Years of Life''. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1942;17(6) *''The Controversial Issue of the Use of Digitalis in Coronary Arterial Disease''. Med. Clin. North Am. 1944;28(4):905-910. *''Cor Pulmonale''. Can Med Assoc J. 1946;54(1):42–46. *''Digitalis Intoxication''. J Ark Med Soc. 1946 Apr;42:219. *''The necessity and importance of adoption of sedentary hobbies''. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1948;23(18):412. *''Certain factors influencing survival and death in coronary artery disease''. Minn Med. 1948;31(5):497-503. *''The origin and evolution of diagnostic procedures with reference to diseases of the heart and circulation: I. the pulse''. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1949;24(13):350-4. *''The origin and evolution of diagnostic procedures with reference to diseases of the heart and circulation: II. physical diagnosis''. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1949;24(16):424-7. *''The origin and evolution of diagnostic procedures with reference to diseases of the heart and circulation: III. measurement of blood pressure''. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1949;24(23):576-80. *''The origin and evolution of diagnostic procedures with reference to diseases of the heart and circulation. V. electrical registration of the activity of the heart''. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1950;25(13):374-6 *''The origin and evolution of diagnostic procedures with reference to diseases of the heart and circulation: VI. roentgenography of the heart and great vessels''. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1950;25(18):514-7. *''The origin and evolution of diagnostic procedures with reference to diseases of the heart and circulation: VII. miscellaneous procedures''. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1950;25(24):660-4. In collaboration: *Blackford, J.M. and F.A. Willius.
Chronic heart-block
'. Am J Med Sci 1917;154:585-592 *Blackford, J.M., F.A. Willius and S.B. Haines.
Operative Risk in Cardiac Disease
'. JAMA. 1917;LXIX(24):2011–2014. *Blackford, J.M. and F.A. Willius.
Auricular Flutter
'. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1918;XXI(1):147–165. *Willius, F. A. and W. M. Boothby. ''The Heart in Exophthalmic Goitre and Adenoma with Hyperthyroidism'', Med Clin N Am. 1923;7:189. *Willius, F.A. and A.R. Barnes. ''Paroxysmal Tachycardia with Special Reference to Prognosis.'' Boston Med Surg J. 1924;191:666-670. *Haines, S.F. and F.A. Willius. ''Intermittent Ventricular Fibrillation with Complete Recovery: Report of a Case''. Boston Med Surg J. 1925;193:473-475. *---. ''The status of the heart in myxedema.'' Am. Heart Jr., 1925; i: 67-72. *Amberg, S. and F.A. Willius. ''Auricular Flutter with Congenital Heart Disease''. Am J Dis Child. 1926;32(1):99–104. *Willius, F.A. and W.A. Killins. ''The Occurrence and Significance of Electrocardiograms of Low Voltage''. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1927;40(3):332–339. *Willius, F.A. and S. Amberg. ''Paroxysmal Tachycardia with Syncope Occurring in a Child''. Am J Dis Child. 1929;38(3):551–558. *Allen, E.V. and F.A. Willius. ''Disease of the Coronary Arteries Associated With Thrombo-Angiitis Obliterans of the Extremities''. Ann Intern Med. 1929;3(1):35-39. *Pemberton, J.D. and F.A. Willius. ''Cardiac Features of Goitre''. Annals of Surgery. 1932;95(4):508-516. *Thompson, L. and F.A. Willius. ''Actinobacillus Bacteremia''. JAMA. 1932;99(4):298–300. *Smith, H.L. and F.A. Willius. ''Pericarditis: I. Chronic Adherent Pericarditis''. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1932;50(2):171–183. *---. ''Pericarditis: II. Calcification of Pericardium''. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1932;50(2):184–191. *---. ''Pericarditis: III. Pericarditis with Effusion''. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1932;50(2):192–202. *---. ''Pericarditis: IV. Fibrinous Pericarditis and "Soldier's Patches"''. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1932;50(3):410–414. *---. ''Pericarditis: V. Terminal Pericarditis''. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1932;50(3):415–418. *---. ''Adiposity of the Heart: A Clinical and Pathologic Study of One Hundred and Thirty-six Obese Patients''. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1933;52(6):911–931. *---. ''Further Observations on the Heart in Old Age. A Postmortem Study of 381 Patients Aged Seventy Years or More''. American Heart Journal. 1932;8(2):170-181 *---. ''Factors Concerned in Cardiac Hypertrophy: A Study Made at Necropsy of Seventy-nine Cases of Rheumatic Heart Disease.'' American Heart Journal. 1934;10(2):190-207. *Willius, F.A. and M.J. Anderson. ''Transient, Recurrent, Complete Bundle-branch Block: Report of a Case''. American Heart Journal. 1934;10(2):248-252. *Goldsmith, G.A. and F.A. Willius. ''Bodily Build and Heredity in Coronary Thrombosis.'' Ann Intern Med. 1937;10(8):1181-1186 *Willius, F.A. and T.J. Dry. ''Results From Trichlorethylene Inhalations in the Anginal Syndrome of Coronary Sclerosis''. American Heart Journal. 1937;14(6):659-668. *Baker, T.W. and F.A. Willius. ''Coronary Thrombosis among Women''. Am J M Sc. 1938; 196: 815-818 *Ingham, D.W. and F.A. Willius. ''Congenital Transposition of the Great Arterial Trunks''. American Heart Journal. 1938;15(4):482-489. *Boland, E.W. and F.A. Willius. ''Changes in the Liver Produced by Chronic Passive Congestion: With Special Reference to the Problem of Cardiac Cirrhosis''. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1938;62(5):723–739. *Goodson, W.H. and F.A. Willius. ''Coronary Thrombosis Among Persons Less Than Forty Years of Age; a Study of Thirty Cases''. Minnesota Medicine, St. Paul. 1939;33:291-362. *Dry, T.J. and F.A. Willius. ''Calcareous Disease of the Aortic Valve: A Study of Two Hundred Twenty-Eight Cases.'' American Heart Journal. 1939;17(2):138-157. *---. ''Interpretation of the Electrocardiographic Findings in Calcareous Stenosis of the Aortic Valve.'' Ann Intern Med. 1939;13(1):143-150. *Brumm, H.J. and F.A. Willius. ''The Surgical Risk in Patients with Coronary Disease''. JAMA. 1939;112(23):2377–2380. *English, J.P. F.A. Willius, and J. Berkson. ''Tobacco and Coronary Disease''. JAMA. 1940;115(16):1327–1329. *Willius, F.A. and T.J. Dry. ''The Prognosis of Auricular Fibrillation of Undetermined Origin''. JAMA. 1941;117(5):330–332. *Willius, F.A., T.J. Dry and R. Reeser. ''Life Expectancy in Conductive Disturbances Affecting the Ventricular Complex of the Electrocardiogram: General Considerations of Bundle Branch Block with Concordant and with Discordant Graphs and the Wide S-Wave Pattern, Based on 1,611 Cases''. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1941;67(5):1008–1026. *Reeser, R., F.A. Willius and T.J. Dry. ''Life Expectancy in Conductive Disturbances Affecting the Ventricular Complex of the Electrocardiogram: II. Special Consideration of Bundle Branch Block with Concordant Graphs and with Discordant Graphs''. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1941;67(5):1027–1033. *Dry, T.J., F.A. Willius and R. Reeser. ''Life Expectancy in Conductive Disturbances Affecting the Ventricular Complex of the Electrocardiogram: III. Special Consideration of the Wide S-Wave Pattern, with Report of Three Cases''. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1941;67(5):1034–1049. *Willius, F.A. and T.E. Keys. ''The Medical History of George Washington (1732-1799)''. Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic. 1942;16(4) *---. ''The Medical History of Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790).'' Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic. 1942;17(6) *English, J.P. and F.A. Willius. ''Hemorrhagic lesions of the Coronary Arteries''. Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1943;71(5):594–601. *Parker, R.L., T.J. Dry, F.A. Willius and R.P. Gage. ''Life Expectancy in Angina Pectoris''. JAMA. 1946;131(2):95–100. *Broadbent, W.H., F.A. Willius and T.E. Keys. ''Adhesive Pericarditis''. CHEST Journal. 1969;55(4):331.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Willius, Fredrick Arthur 1888 births 1972 deaths Historians from Minnesota American cardiologists American people of German descent Physicians from Minnesota Physicians of the Mayo Clinic University of Minnesota alumni University of Minnesota faculty University of Minnesota Medical School alumni American medical historians People from Saint Paul, Minnesota 20th-century American historians