children "Peter Stein, Ruth Marion Gutierrez (Mimi)"
Fred Stein (July 3, 1909 – September 27, 1967) was a
street photographer
Street photography (also sometimes called candid photography) is photography conducted for art or enquiry that features unmediated chance encounters and random incidents within public places. Although there is a difference between street and ca ...
in Paris and New York after he was forced to flee his native Germany by the Nazi threat in the early 1930s. He explored the new creative possibilities of photography, capturing spontaneous scenes from life on the street. He was also a portraitist, photographing many of the great personalities of the 20th century.
Life
Early life and background
Stein was born on July 3, 1909, in Dresden, Germany. His father, Dr. Leopold Stein, was rabbi of the Dresden Conservative community. He died when Fred was six, and his mother, Eva Wollheim Stein, became a religion teacher. Though their circumstances were reduced, his mother encouraged his intellectual and artistic education by enrolling him in good schools and subscribing to the many museums in Dresden, which Stein "haunted as a youth" (as he later said). Stein was bright and twice skipped grades at the
Gymnasium (the German high school), a rare occurrence in those days. He was also intellectually curious and read extensively. At sixteen he joined the
Socialist Youth Movement (the democratic option in Germany at that time). He was quick to perceive the threat of
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the le ...
, and became quite active in the anti-Nazi movement.
He decided to become a public defender out of a concern for the plight of the poorest citizens, and attended law school at the
University of Leipzig
Leipzig University (german: Universität Leipzig), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 Decemb ...
, from which he graduated after three years, in 1933. He worked in the State Prosecutors Office of Dresden as a prerequisite for obtaining his lawyer's certification. Three weeks before he was to receive the German equivalent of admission to the bar, he was dismissed by the Nazi government for "racial and political reasons", and was forbidden as a Jew to use the public library, halting the work on his PhD thesis.
In January 1933, when Hitler came to power, Stein's anti-Nazi activity became more committed, and also more dangerous. Dresden was a scene of a particularly strong
Fascist crackdown, and arrests were increasingly common. Yet Stein continued to give lectures and to ride around on his bike, distributing Anti-Nazi literature in the streets.
Escape from Germany
In August 1933, Stein married Liselotte (Lilo) Salzburg, the daughter of an eminent Jewish physician. Guards at the Justice of the Peace greeted them with "Heil Hitler" salutes. Working as a law consultant in a factory – the only job available to him at this point – Stein received a clandestine warning one night from the son of the factory owner. The SS was asking questions about him, and one of the other workers in the factory had been arrested that day and put into prison. A close friend had written, urging them to come to Paris, and they left the next day under the pretext of a honeymoon trip.
Paris
Paris in the 1930s was a vital art scene. Emigres from all over Europe were drawn there, with new ideas influenced by the new "
Modernism
Modernism is both a philosophy, philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western world, Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new fo ...
". Artists drew upon the zeitgeist and upon each other's work, producing a wave of inspired vision. Stein and his wife Lilo lived among a circle of expatriate artists and socialists and philosophers, frequenting the cafes and engaging in long conversation. The Steins were some of the lucky few with an apartment, and there they sheltered
refugees and cooked huge meals to feed their friends. Robert Capa's companion
Gerda Taro, had a room in their apartment. And a frequent visitor was
Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt (; born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German politician and statesman who was leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and served as the chancellor of West Ge ...
, who later (in 1969) became Chancellor of Germany.
Unable to work as a lawyer, Stein took up photography using the first model Leica camera he and his wife had bought each other as a wedding present. He began to explore the streets of Paris, looking and learning. It quickly developed into a passion: shooting every day, and studying whatever photo books he could find at night.
War
When France declared war on Germany in 1939, Stein was put in an internment camp for enemy aliens near Paris. Later, in the confusion of the Nazis’ approach to Paris, he escaped and made his way south, hiding in isolated farmhouses. He sent word through underground channels to his wife Lilo, alone in now-occupied Paris with their one-year-old girl, to meet him. Posing as a French national, she maneuvered her way through German controls, obtained a safe-conduct, and was reunited with Stein in a secret location. They made their way to
Marseilles by hiding in the bathrooms of trains; in Marseilles they obtained danger visas through the
Emergency Rescue Committee. On May 7, 1941, the three boarded the
SS Winnipeg
SS ''Winnipeg'' was a French steamer notable for arriving at Valparaíso, Chile, on 3 September 1939, with 2,200 Spanish immigrants aboard. The refugees were fleeing Spain after Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). The Chilean P ...
, one of the last boats to leave France. They carried only the Leica, some prints, and the negatives.
New York
In the freedom of New York, the energy of the city infused Stein's work. He added the medium-format
Rolleiflex
Rolleiflex is the name of a long-running and diverse line of high-end cameras originally made by the German company Franke & Heidecke, and later Rollei-Werke.
History
The "Rolleiflex" name is most commonly used to refer to Rollei's premier ...
, which takes pictures in a square format.
The city's cultural mix fit perfectly with his talents and concerns. He took to the streets and ranged from
Harlem
Harlem is a neighborhood in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It is bounded roughly by the Hudson River on the west; the Harlem River and 155th Street on the north; Fifth Avenue on the east; and Central Park North on the south. The greater Ha ...
to Fifth Avenue, invigorated by the bustle and variety of the New World. He loved the American spirit; and as an outsider, he came to the various ethnic areas without preconceived ideas. He was able to see in the residents a style, humor and dignity that seems fresh, even today, as evidenced in "Little Italy" 1943.
Portraits
Stein's mobility decreased in the 1950s, and he pursued his growing interest in portraiture. Though he had taken portraits for many years, he had been primarily a street photographer. But now he turned increasingly to the more intellectual aspect of his artistic exploration. He had befriended important writers, artists, scientists, and philosophers through the years. This wide circle of contacts let him to meet people he wished to photograph. When he did not have a personal introduction, he would photograph his subjects, documentary-style, at public appearances.
Part of his technique in portraiture was to thoroughly familiarize himself with his subject's work, so that he might be able to discuss – often to argue about – their oeuvre. This way he hoped to be able to capture a picture of the person with their mind engaged. As he described his approach: "One second is all you have. Like a hunter in search of a target, you look for the one sign that is more characteristic than all the others…the photographer has only one chance, and that one as brief as a split second."
He used natural or minimal lighting, and did not retouch or manipulate the negative. He never used props or dramatic effects to create an "artistic" portrait. His technique can be seen in his photographs of
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory ...
and Georgia O'Keeffe. Some of his subjects commissioned portraits from him, as with Marc Chagall and Norman Mailer.
When he took his famous portrait of Einstein in 1946 at Princeton, he had been allotted ten minutes of Einstein's time. After the ten minutes were up, Einstein's secretary came in to usher him out. However, Einstein insisted that he stay, saying that their discussion was too interesting to cut short. The secretary came back repeatedly, but the visit extended to two hours. His portrait of
Hannah Arendt has also become well known.
Death and legacy
Stein died in New York City on September 27, 1967 at 58. The archive of his work (Fred Stein Archive) is intact and preserved by his son, cinematographer
Peter Stein.
Collections
Stein's work is held in the following permanent public collections:
*
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
*
International Center of Photography
The International Center of Photography (ICP), at 79 Essex Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City, consists of a museum for photography and visual culture and a school offering an array of educational courses and programming. ...
, New York
*
National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
*
Center for Creative Photography, Tucson, AZ
*
Musee Carnavalet, Paris
*
Jewish Museum A Jewish museum is a museum which focuses upon Jews and may refer seek to explore and share the Jewish experience in a given area.
List of Jewish museums
Notable Jewish museums include:
*Albania
** Solomon Museum, Berat
*Australia
** Jewish Mu ...
, New York
*
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library ...
, Washington, D.C.
*
Museum of Modern Art
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues.
It plays a major role in developing and collecting modern art, and is often identified as one of ...
, New York
*
National Portrait Gallery, London
*
J. Paul Getty Museum
The J. Paul Getty Museum, commonly referred to as the Getty, is an art museum in Los Angeles, California housed on two campuses: the Getty Center and Getty Villa.
The Getty Center is located in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles and fea ...
, Los Angeles, CA
*
Jewish Museum, Berlin
The Jewish Museum Berlin (''Jüdisches Museum Berlin'') was opened in 2001 and is the largest Jewish museum in Europe. On of floor space, the museum presents the history of Jews in Germany from the Middle Ages to the present day, with new focuses ...
*
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) is an art museum located on Wilshire Boulevard in the Miracle Mile vicinity of Los Angeles. LACMA is on Museum Row, adjacent to the La Brea Tar Pits (George C. Page Museum).
LACMA was founded in 19 ...
, Los Angeles, CA
Photography
Because of the unobtrusiveness of the 35 mm camera, it was possible to catch "candid" shots of people in a wide variety of settings. The speed of the new camera led to the use of gesture as an expressive element in a composition. This ability to arrest the fleeting moment revealed things that the unaided eye would not notice. It also made night photography practical for the first time. Stein worked extensively with these elements. A good example is "Paris Evening" 1934. The couple poised on the streetcorner, surrounded by luminous fog, portend a frame of film noir. They cast a long shadow, echoing the shadow from the building next to which they stand—mysterious, expressing a precarious sense of the world.
The very 'modern' Paris of fashion and design found its way into Stein's artistic vision as a juxtaposition of old and new, such as in the photograph "Chez" 1934—a flower vendor, pursuing her ancient trade from a wooden wagon, as her predecessors had for hundreds of years, oblivious to the very modern Chez painted on the wall above her. This juxtaposing of old and new was a theme he worked on consistently in both Paris and New York.
Publications
* ''Paris.'' American Relief for France, 1944.
* ''Fifth Avenue.'' Pantheon, 1947.
* ''New York 1948'', New York: Lumen, 1948.
* ''New York 1949.'' New York: Lumen, 1949.
* ''Deutsche Portraits.'' Stuttgart: Ernst Battenbeg, 1961.
* ''Mer Licht' Munich: Ernst Battenberg, 1967.
* ''World Celebrities in 90 Photographic Portraits by Fred Stein.'' New York: Dover, 1989.
* ''Portraits de l'exil: Paris – New York, Photographies de Fred Stein.'' Paris: Musée du Montparnasse, 2011.
* ''Fred Stein: Paris New York,'' Heidelberg:
Kehrer, 2013.
* ''Fred Stein: Dresden – Paris – New York,'' Dresden: Sandstein Verlag, 2018.
References
*''Letter by Fred Stein to his friends and relatives'', June 1946
*''Transcript of Interview with Lilo Stein'', October 1988
*''Shutterbug Magazine'', ''vol. 27 No. 6, issue 331'', April 1998
*''Lenswork Magazine'', ''#47 June–July'' 2003
*Fred Stein. ''World Celebrities in 90 Photographic Portraits.'' New York: Dover Publications, 1985. .
*''Interview with Peter Stein'' 2008
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stein, Fred
1909 births
1984 deaths
American portrait photographers
Street photographers
Leipzig University alumni
Photographers from Dresden
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
20th-century American photographers