Franklin Marshall Matthews White (born 1946) is a Canadian

public health Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Analyzing the det ...

scientist focused on

capacity building Capacity building (or capacity development, capacity strengthening) is the improvement in an individual's or organization's facility (or capability) "to produce, perform or deploy". The terms ''capacity building'' and ''capacity development'' ha ...

for international and global education, research and development. He advocates:

"Public health...must not be left to the international community to define; it is...the responsibility of the countries themselves to define their priorities. The global agenda should be viewed as complementary at best."

"Health is mostly made in homes, communities and workplaces and only a minority of ill health can be repaired in clinics and hospitals."

"Nations (must) assess their public health human resource needs and develop their ability to deliver this capacity, and not depend on other countries to supply it."

“Public health and primary health care are the cornerstones of sustainable health systems, and this should be reflected in the health policies and professional education systems of all nations.”

Early life

Born in

Perth Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of 2.1 million (80% of the state) living in Greater Perth in 2020. Perth i ...

, Western Australia (1946), his family lived in

Kuala Lumpur , anthem = ''Maju dan Sejahtera'' , image_map = , map_caption = , pushpin_map = Malaysia#Southeast Asia#Asia , pushpin_map_caption = , coordinates = , sub ...

(1946–50) during the Malayan emergency, engaged in post-war reconstruction; his father

Frank T. M. White Frank Thomas Matthews White (1909–1971) was an Australian mining and metallurgical engineer and mineral science educator. His career included appointments in Australia, Fiji, Malaya, and Canada. An examination of White's career reveals steady ...

, was then appointed founding professor of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering,

University of Queensland , mottoeng = By means of knowledge and hard work , established = , endowment = A$224.3 million , budget = A$2.1 billion , type = Public research university , chancellor = Peter Varghese , vice_chancellor = Deborah Terry , city = B ...

. Visiting field sites and taking seasonal employment in the industry, he came to appreciate that how people live and work impacts their health. While in secondary school, he qualified as a

Petty Officer A petty officer (PO) is a non-commissioned officer in many navies and is given the NATO rank denotation OR-5 or OR-6. In many nations, they are typically equal to a sergeant in comparison to other military branches. Often they may be super ...

Australian Navy Cadets The Australian Navy Cadets (ANC) is a voluntary youth organisation owned and sponsored by the Royal Australian Navy. Together with the Australian Air Force Cadets and Australian Army Cadets, it forms the Australian Defence Force Cadets. It host ...

, was prominent in

track and field Track and field is a sport that includes athletic contests based on running, jumping, and throwing skills. The name is derived from where the sport takes place, a running track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping eve ...

, and qualified (1963) as a junior rugby referee; as a Queensland junior champion (1964), he represented the state in the 1965

Australian Athletics Championships The Australian Athletics Championships or Australian Open Track and Field Championships are held annually to determine Australia's champion athletes in a range of athletics events. The championships are the primary qualification trial for athlet ...

. A ''Babayaga Trio'' member, he participated in

Australian folk music Australian folk music is the traditional music from the large variety of immigrant cultures and those of the original Australian inhabitants. Celtic, English, German and Scandinavian folk traditions predominated in the first wave of Europe ...

Education

His primary education was at Ironside State School and

Brisbane Boys College (Let Honour Stainless Be) , established = 1902 , type = Independent, single-sex, day and boarding , denomination = Presbyterian and Uniting Church , slogan = , headmaster = André Casson , city = Toowong , state = Queensland , country ...

; his secondary education at the

Anglican Church Grammar School The Anglican Church Grammar School (ACGS), formerly the Church of England Grammar School and commonly referred to as Churchie, is an independent, Anglican, day and boarding school for boys, located in East Brisbane, an inner suburb of Brisbane, Q ...

. Following scholarship-assisted studies at

, he obtained MD,CM degrees from

McGill University McGill University (french: link=no, Université McGill) is an English-language public research university located in Montreal, Quebec Montreal ( ; officially Montréal, ) is the second-most populous city in Canada and most populous ...

in 1969. During internship at

Royal Jubilee Hospital Royal Jubilee Hospital is a 500-bed general hospital in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada located about east of the city centre, in the Jubilee neighbourhood (itself named after the hospital). Overview Its name commemorates the Golden Jubilee ...

, he engaged in educational research with L'

Université de Sherbrooke The University of Sherbrooke (French: Université de Sherbrooke) (UdS) is a large public French-language university in Quebec, Canada with campuses located in Sherbrooke and Longueuil, a suburb of Montreal approximately west of Sherbrooke. It i ...

. In 1970-71 he joined the Ministry of Health (British Columbia) as a trainee, then enrolled with the

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) is a public research university in Bloomsbury, central London, and a member institution of the University of London that specialises in public health and tropical medicine. The inst ...

under the tutelage of social epidemiologist

Jerry Morris Jeremiah Noah Morris (6 May 1910 – 28 October 2009) was a Scottish epidemiologist who established the importance of physical activity in preventing cardiovascular disease. Early life Morris was born on 6 May 1910 in Liverpool. His Jewish famil ...

, gaining an MSc in 1973. During these studies he was recruited and seconded by McGill to the Medical Research Council’s Pneumoconiosis Research Unit,

Cardiff University School of Medicine The Cardiff University School of Medicine ( cy, Ysgol Feddygaeth Prifysgol Caerdydd) is the medical school of Cardiff University and is located in Cardiff, Wales, UK. Founded in 1893 as part of the University College of South Wales and Monmouth ...

, in contact with

Archie Cochrane Archibald Leman Cochrane (12 January 1909 – 18 June 1988) was a Scottish doctor noted for his book ''Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services''. This book advocated the use of randomized control trials to make med ...

, pioneer of evidence-based medicine. He earned specialty recognition in Canada (

FRCPC The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (french: Collège royal des médecins et chirurgiens du Canada) is a regulatory college which acts as a national, Non-profit organization, nonprofit organization established in 1929 by a speci ...

1982) and in the United Kingdom ( FFPH 2003, by distinction).

Career

Public health surveillance and investigation

Appointed to McGill's department of epidemiology and health in 1972, he focused on occupational and

environmental health Environmental health is the branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment affecting human health. In order to effectively control factors that may affect health, the requirements that must be met in ...

, and worked part-time in the Royal Victoria Hospital community clinic. In 1974, he joined Health Canada as chief, communicable disease

epidemiology Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population. It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evide ...

, and in 1975 initiated Canada Diseases Weekly Report, the nation's first data-supported surveillance report, and launched its Field Epidemiology Program. As director, communicable disease control and epidemiology for Alberta (1977–80), and then director of epidemiology for British Columbia (1980–82), he developed surveillance and investigation capacity. He published several novel investigations: Legionnaires' disease,

shigellosis Shigellosis is an infection of the intestines caused by ''Shigella'' bacteria. Symptoms generally start one to two days after exposure and include diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and feeling the need to pass stools even when the bowels are emp ...

on a work train in Labrador, gastrointestinal infection related to pooled expressed breast milk, poliomyelitis in an unvaccinated religious community, and

brucellosis Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions. It is also known as undulant fever, Malta fever, and Mediterranean fever. The ...

in a slaughterhouse; he also published on imported diseases,

health systems Health, according to the World Health Organization, is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity".World Health Organization. (2006)''Constitution of the World Health Organiza ...

and

immunization Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen). When this system is exposed to molecules that are foreign to the body, called ''non-se ...

policy. He served on the National Advisory Committee on Epidemiology (1977–82), and the National Immunization Policy Committee (1978–81). He was co-chair (hygiene), Medical Committee,

Commonwealth Games The Commonwealth Games, often referred to as the Friendly Games or simply the Comm Games, are a quadrennial international multi-sport event among athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exce ...

, Edmonton 1977-78.

Academic and professional leadership in Canada

At age 36, he was appointed "

Ezra Butler Eddy Ezra Butler Eddy (August 22, 1827 – February 10, 1906) was a Canadian businessman and political figure. Born in Vermont, Eddy moved to Canada and founded the E. B. Eddy Company, which produced matches, and related wood products, and later ...

" Professor and Head, Community Health and

Epidemiology Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population. It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evide ...

at Dalhousie University (1982–89), and was an elected member of Senate for the same period. Cross-appointed to the Institute of Resource and Environmental Studies, he investigated human exposures to chemicals and pesticides. Using Canada Fitness Survey data, he focused on obesity measurement and prevalence, and was first to reveal an independent association of waist:hip ratio (abdominal obesity) with hypertension in males. A field investigation revealed the world's most northerly occurrence of endemic ascariasis. Using records linkage, he investigated cancer incidence and mortality in indoor workers; similar innovative methods were applied to an inter-provincial study of heart disease. He served on Health Canada's Epidemiology Science Panel (1983–84), Task Force on Obesity (1983–86), and Advisory Committee on Weight Standards (1985–87), and chaired the Review Panel, National Cancer Incidence Reporting System. In 1986, he was appointed Chief Examiner in Community Medicine,

Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (french: Collège royal des médecins et chirurgiens du Canada) is a regulatory college which acts as a national, Non-profit organization, nonprofit organization established in 1929 by a speci ...

(3-year term). In 1988, he became a founding member, Board of Trustees, Environmental Health Foundation of Canada, serving until 1994. Elected President of the Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA) 1986–88, he advocated an international role for the association. In November 1986, CPHA hosted the First International Conference on Health Promotion, which produced the

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is the name of an international agreement signed at the First International Conference on Health Promotion, organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and held in Ottawa, Canada, in November 1986.Wor ...

. Also in 1986, CPHA launched the federally-funded Canadian International Immunization Initiative, in support of Commonwealth and Francophonie Countries. He served on the board of the Canadian Society for International Health (1992–96).

Capacity building - international and global

In international roles, he emphasized capacity building for public health education, research, policy and program development. Based in Port of Spain,

Trinidad Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is often referred to as the southernmos ...

as Director (1989–95), Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC/PAHO/WHO), a reference agency for 22 member nations, he emphasized resource mobilization. This was applied to: social and behavioral sciences, laboratory information systems and immunology; priority infectious diseases and epidemiology training; promoting a non-communicable diseases agenda; and guiding the regional response to the

HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus. Following initial infection an individual ...

pandemic. CAREC was later integrated within

CARPHA The Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) is a regional public health agency headquartered in Trinidad and Tobago which was established by CARICOM leaders in July 2011 and began operation in 2013. CARPHA combines the functions of five pre-exi ...

, the Caribbean Public Health Agency, in 2013. During his term as Director, CAREC, White served on the Commonwealth Caribbean Medical Research Council, on the Technical Advisory Committee of the Caribbean Environmental Health Institute, and had formal observer status at the

Caribbean Community The Caribbean Community (CARICOM or CC) is an intergovernmental organization that is a political and economic union of 15 member states (14 nation-states and one dependency) throughout the Caribbean. They have primary objectives to promote econo ...

(CARICOM) Health Ministers conferences.

Pan American Health Organization building

Subsequently, based in Washington DC for the

Pan American Health Organization The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is an international public health agency working to improve the health and living standards of the people of the Americas. It is part of the United Nations system, serving as the Regional Office for ...

(PAHO/WHO), promoting an evidence-based approach, in 1995 he guided development of a regional

non-communicable disease A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another. NCDs include Parkinson's disease, autoimmune diseases, strokes, most heart diseases, most cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, ...

(NCD) program focused on Latin America and the Caribbean. Initiatives included the Declaration of the Americas on Diabetes (DOTA), a public-private partnership modeled after the St. Vincent Declaration, the CARMEN model of integrated NCD prevention and control, and recognition of cervical cancer, accidents and violence as priorities. He negotiated terms of reference for two new WHO Collaborating Centers: The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, to become Collaborating Center for Supportive Cancer Care (1996–2008); and Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (CENEXA), National University of La Plata, as Collaborating Centre for Diabetes Research, Education and Care (1997–2015). He served on the Board of Appeal, and the Implementation Group: performance planning and evaluation system.

As ''Noordin M Thobani'' Professor and chair, Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, (1998–2003), he focused on South Asia, espousing the principle: "Public health…must not be left to the international community to define; it is primarily the responsibility of the countries themselves to define their priorities. The global agenda should be viewed as complementary at best...". At AKU he promoted population health, field studies, systems research, and community-based training. He guided the design and implementation of an MSc in health policy and management, and intervention evaluations in hard-to-reach settings (see map of

Karakorum Highway The Karakoram Highway ( ur, , translit=śāhirāh qarāquram; known by its initials KKH, also known as N-35 or National Highway 35 ( ur, ) or the China-Pakistan Friendship Highway) is a national highway which extends from Hasan Abdal in ...

), such as the

Water and Sanitation Extension Program The Water and Sanitation Extension Program''(WASEP)is an initiative by the Aga Khan Planning and Building Service, Pakistan to provide clean drinking water and hygienic sanitation facilities to prevent the high incidence of waterborne diseases in d ...

. He engaged in many locally conducted studies, including: childhood illnesses, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS/STI, reproductive health, health systems, environmental health, and NCDs. In association with

University of Alabama at Birmingham The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) is a public research university in Birmingham, Alabama. Developed from an academic extension center established in 1936, the institution became a four-year campus in 1966 and a fully autonomous univ ...

(1999–2003), focused on initiatives in Pakistan, he chaired the US

National Institutes of Health The National Institutes of Health, commonly referred to as NIH (with each letter pronounced individually), is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research. It was founded in the late ...

Fogarty International Center The John E. Fogarty International Center was founded in 1968 by US President Lyndon Johnson at the National Institutes of Health to support international medical and behavioral research and to train international researchers. History On July 1, ...

: advisory and selection committee for the AIDS International Training and Research Program, and was Principal Foreign Collaborator for: the Maternal and Child Health Research and Training Program, and the International Research and Training in Environmental and Occupational Health Program. From 2004 to 2009, he served on the International Advisory Board, National Action Plan, NCD Prevention, Control & Health Promotion, Pakistan. During the

Iraq War {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Iraq War {{Nobold, {{lang, ar, حرب العراق (Arabic) {{Nobold, {{lang, ku, شەڕی عێراق ( Kurdish) , partof = the Iraq conflict and the War on terror , image ...

and the War in Afghanistan (2001–14), White published his views and concerns in scientific journals: on the case for an

terrorism Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of criminal violence to provoke a state of terror or fear, mostly with the intention to achieve political or religious aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violen ...

and the potential for successive waves of

violence Violence is the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy. Other definitions are also used, such as the World Health Organization's definition of violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened ...

, lamenting the "lack of enlightened leadership... which has brought us to this...": the targeting of water supply infrastructure, "

collateral damage Collateral damage is any death, injury, or other damage inflicted that is an incidental result of an activity. Originally coined by military operations, it is now also used in non-military contexts. Since the development of precision guided ...

" among children, and need for a stronger response from the global community, citing

international law International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognized as binding between states. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for ...

Health systems planning, monitoring and evaluation

In 2003, White launched Pacific Health & Development Sciences Inc. (''PacificSci)'', a firm engaged in third party monitoring and evaluation of large scale health interventions e.g., Amref Health Africa;

International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh ICDDR,B (formerly known as the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh) is an international health research organisation located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Dedicated to saving lives through research and treatment, ICDDR,B a ...

(icddr,b); Pakistan's Lady Health Worker Program (external reviewer to Oxford Policy Management); the

International Development Research Centre The International Development Research Centre (IDRC; french: Centre de recherches pour le développement international, ''CRDI'') is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that funds research and innovation within and alongside developing regions ...

; and (in support of Universalia Management Group, Ottawa-Montreal) the

World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of ...

. ''PacificSci'' disincorporated in 2020. He served on the advisory board (2008–12) to establish the School of Public Health and Social Policy at

University of Victoria The University of Victoria (UVic or Victoria) is a public research university located in the municipalities of Oak Bay and Saanich, British Columbia, Canada. The university traces its roots to Victoria College, the first post-secondary insti ...

, and on the inaugural international advisory board (health sciences) for

Qatar University Qatar University ( ar, جامعة قطر; transliterated: Jami'at Qatar) is a public research university located on the northern outskirts of Doha, Qatar. It is the only public university in the country. The university hosts ten colleges – Arts ...

. For

Kuwait University Kuwait University ( ar, جامعة الكويت, abbreviated as Kuniv) is a public university located in Kuwait City, Kuwait. History Kuwait University (KU), (in Arabic: جامعة الكويت), was established in October 1966 under Act N. 29 ...

, he guided plans for a Faculty of Public Health (launched 2014). His health systems research emphasizes that "health is mostly made in homes, communities and workplaces and only a minority of ill health can be repaired in clinics and hospitals", that "nations (must) assess their public health human resource needs and develop their ability to deliver this capacity, and not depend on other countries to supply it." and that "public health and primary health care are the cornerstones of sustainable health systems, and this should be reflected in the health policies and professional education systems of all nations." He has also addressed the application of disease etiology and natural history to prevention in primary health care.

Contributions to the reference literature

White has authored over 300 publications. He contributed to editions of the International Epidemiological Association's Dictionary of Epidemiology, and as associate editor to John M Last, in A Dictionary of Public Health (2007). His editorial board service includes ''inter alia'' the Canadian Journal of Public Health (Chair 1982–86), the American Journal of Infection Control, the Journal of Public Health Policy, Medical Principles and Practice, and the Global Journal of Medicine and Public Health, emphasizing development settings. He coauthored "international and global health" in Public Health and Preventive Medicine (McGraw Hill 2008). He is senior author of ''Global Public Health - Ecological Foundations'' (Oxford University Press 2013).

Recognition

Franklin White received the ''Medal of Honor'' (1997), PAHO/WHO's highest staff award, and the ''Breakthrough Award for Creativity'' (1990) from

AED (non-profit) AED, formerly the Academy for Educational Development (1961 to 2011), was a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that focused on education, health and economic development for the "least advantaged in the United States and developing countries throu ...

for socio-behavioral HIV/AIDS interventions. In 2011, he was selected by the

as a case study (30 alumni globally). He has been keynote speaker in several countries, including: webinar to honor the 100th Anniversary of the Canadian Public Health Association (2010); launching of SHOW (Survey of the Health of Wisconsin), USA, 2008; Inauguration Address " Ibn Ridwan" building, AKU, Karachi in the presence of the Aga Khan, 2000; "Bicentenario del Nacimiento de Jose Cayetano Heredia" hosted by la Academia Nacional de Medicina, Peru, 1997; and visiting scientist, WHO Collaborating Center for Rural & Border Health,

University of Arizona The University of Arizona (Arizona, U of A, UArizona, or UA) is a public land-grant research university in Tucson, Arizona. Founded in 1885 by the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, it was the first university in the Arizona Territory. T ...

, 1993. In 1990, he hosted

Anne, Princess Royal Anne, Princess Royal (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950), is a member of the British royal family. She is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and the only sister of ...

, on her visit to the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre.

Personal life

White lives in Victoria, BC, with Debra J Nanan, a retired

epidemiologist Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population. It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidenc ...

. He has three children by prior marriage, and four grandchildren. At the 1990

World Masters Athletics World Masters Athletics (WMA) is the worldwide governing body for the sport of masters athletics – which includes track and field, cross country, and road running events – as participated by people over 35 years of age. As the need became ap ...

North American Championships, he won the silver medal in pentathlon and bronze in

400 metres hurdles The 400 metres hurdles is a track and field hurdling event. The event has been on the Olympic athletics programme since 1900 for men and since 1984 for women. On a standard outdoor track, 400 metres is the length of the inside lane, once ...

. In 1992 he published an account of

sailing Sailing employs the wind—acting on sails, wingsails or kites—to propel a craft on the surface of the ''water'' (sailing ship, sailboat, raft, windsurfer, or kitesurfer), on ''ice'' (iceboat) or on ''land'' (land yacht) over a chosen cou ...

a small boat from

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Most of the population are native Eng ...

to the

West Indies The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Greate ...

. In 2005, one of a 3-man crew, he sailed a 42-foot ketch from Hawaii to British Columbia. In 2020 he authored his father's biography ''Miner with a Heart of Gold - biography of a mineral science and engineering educator''.Franklin White. Miner with a Heart of Gold - Biography of a Mineral Science and Engineering Educator. (Hardcover) (Paperback) (eBook). FriesenPress. Victoria, Canada 2020.

Selected References

External links

* Environmental Health Foundation of Canada http://www.ehfc.ca/pages/history.html * The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 21 November 1986. http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index1.html * Pan American Health Organization, About CARMEN. http://new.paho.org/carmen/ * Pacific Health & Development Sciences Inc. Website 2013. http://www.pacificsci.org * Universalia. Website 2013. http://universalia.com/ * Survey of the Health of Wisconsin http://www.show.wisc.edu/index.php?q=node/11 * University of Wisconsin. Evidence based community health - from information to action. http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/3014 * Franklin MM White – ResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Franklin_White {{DEFAULTSORT:White, Franklin 1946 births Canadian public health doctors Canadian epidemiologists Development specialists Sustainability advocates World Health Organization officials Living people Scientists from Perth, Western Australia People from Queensland Canadian ecologists Canadian science writers University of Queensland alumni McGill University Faculty of Medicine alumni Alumni of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Academic staff of the Dalhousie University Academic staff of the University of Victoria People educated at Anglican Church Grammar School Academic staff of McGill University Australian emigrants to Canada Academic staff of Aga Khan University Canadian expatriates in Pakistan People educated at Brisbane Boys' College Canadian officials of the United Nations