Frank Nicholas Meyer (30 November 1875 – 2 June 1918) was a United States Department of Agriculture explorer who traveled to Asia to collect new plant species. The Meyer lemon was named in his honor.

Biography

He was born Frans Nicolaas Meijer in Amsterdam in 1875. For seven years Meijer was educated at the Hortus Botanicus in Amsterdam as an assistant of Hugo de Vries. He emigrated to the United States in 1901 and became an American citizen in November 1908 adopting the name "Frank N. Meyer". In 1901 he first went to work for

Erwin F. Smith Erwin Frink Smith (January 21, 1854 – April 6, 1927) was an American plant pathologist with the United States Department of Agriculture. He played a major role in demonstrating that bacteria could cause plant disease. Life and career Smith ...

at the United States Department of Agriculture. In 1902, Meyer began working at USDA's Plant Introduction Station in Santa Ana, California. Meyer was hired in 1905 by the USDA in their

Office of Seed and Plant Introduction The Office of Seed and Plant Introduction was the first official branch of the United States Department of Agriculture responsible for collecting and introducing new plant species and varieties to the United States. It was established in 1898, unde ...

to send back to the United States economically useful plants as part of an effort, initiated in 1898, to augment United States agriculture and horticulture with plant varieties collected around the world. A particular focus of the program was to introduce drought resistant plants suitable for

dry land farming Dry or dryness most often refers to: * Lack of rainfall, which may refer to **Arid regions **Drought * Dry or dry area, relating to legal prohibition of selling, serving, or imbibing alcoholic beverages * Dry humor, deadpan * Dryness (medical) * ...

, a demand driven by concentrated agricultural expansion into the

Great Plains The Great Plains (french: Grandes Plaines), sometimes simply "the Plains", is a broad expanse of flatland in North America. It is located west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains, much of it covered in prairie, steppe, an ...

. By 1912, the program had introduced over 34,000 species. These were submitted to testing and selection at plant introduction stations, such as in Chico, California, and incorporated into then developing plant breeding programs. Through an arrangement with Charles Sprague Sargent and David Fairchild Meyer was also to send to the

Arnold Arboretum The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University is a botanical research institution and free public park, located in the Jamaica Plain and Roslindale neighborhoods of Boston, Massachusetts. Established in 1872, it is the oldest public arboretum in N ...

trees and

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

s of ornamental value. They archived images he collected of his travels. Meyer's 2,500 plant introductions include wild and cultivated forage crops, such as alfalfa, drought-hardy small grains, such as sorghum, and many varieties of citrus, stone fruits, and nuts. Prior to 1903, eight varieties of soy bean were grown in the United States. Meyer collected forty-two varieties, including the first oil-bearing variety, which supplies an ingredient for industrial processes. David Fairchild (1919) reported that, Meyer's "notes, published in th
“Inventories of Seeds and Plants Imported”
of the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, are full of suggestions to plant breeders, and, luckily, his suggestions are backed up by living material which will make it easy to provide the breeders with many of the plants which he describes.” Meyer is also responsible for collecting specimens in China that showed that the fungus now known as ''Cryphonectria parasitica'', responsible for the

Chestnut blight The pathogenic fungus ''Cryphonectria parasitica'' (formerly ''Endothia parasitica'') is a member of the Ascomycota (sac fungi). This necrotrophic fungus is native to East Asia and South East Asia and was introduced into Europe and North America ...

disease first observed in the Bronx Zoo in 1904 and that had started killing American chestnut trees

was present on Chinese trees, confirming suspicions that it had originated from imported nursery stock.Lord, William (2007). The Man Who Tracked Down the Chestnut Blight. in Mighty Giants: An American Chestnut Anthology, C Bolgiano, ed. Bennington: The American Chestnut Foundation. pp162-69.

Expeditions

Frank Meyer accepted David Fairchild's proposition to collect plants for the USDA in China and began preparations for the trip, arriving in Peking in September 1905. The expedition would last two and a half years, taking him to the Ming Tombs Valley, Mongolia, Manchuria, Korea and Siberia. In February 1907 in Shanghai, China Meyer had an awkward meeting with Arnold Arboretum plant explorer Ernest Henry Wilson, Ernest H. Wilson concerning collecting requirements; however, they later became good friends. Meyer concentrated on collecting seeds and scions of fruit trees and other edible plants such as the Chinese pistachio (''Pistacia chinensis''), wild peach trees (''Prunus davidiana'') and a dwarf lemon (''Citrus x meyeri''), as well as ornamentals such as a maple (''Acer truncatum''), a columnar juniper (''Juniperus chinensis ‘Columnaris’'') and the Amur lilac (''Syringa amurensis''.)Meyer, F. (1907). ''Frank N. Meyer Papers, 1906-1914''. Archives of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. https://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/III_FNM_2012.pdf Meyer returned to the United States in the summer of 1908 and spent the next year visiting agricultural experiment stations and sorting the photographs from his expedition. In the fall of 1909, he returned to Asia by way of Europe, where he visited Kew and other botanical gardens on the continent. Meyer continued on to Crimea, where he made several significant discoveries and continued on to Azerbaidzhan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, and Chinese Turkestan (now Xinjiang), all the while collecting numerous specimens for the USDA and the Arnold Arboretum. Early 1911 found Meyer and his party exploring and collecting along the border of Mongolia and Siberia. Political unrest forced him westwards instead of continuing on into China. He journeyed up the Volga and then on to St. Petersburg and western Europe. He returned to the United States in April 1912 on the

RMS Mauretania Two ocean liners of the Cunard Line have been named RMS ''Mauretania'', after the ancient territory of Mauretania: * , launched in 1906 and in service until 1934 * , launched in 1938 and scrapped in 1965 {{DEFAULTSORT:Mauretania, RMS Ship na ...

, one day behind the ill-fated Titanic. After a brief sojourn in America, Meyer prepared to return to Asia. The USDA Division of Forest Pathology tasked him with finding out whether chestnut blight was of Asian origin. He was able to prove that it had indeed developed in China. In December 1913, he and his party left Beijing for Shaanxi Province, then on to Shanxi and Henan Provinces, all the while collecting numerous specimens, scions, and seeds. He had intended to explore Gansu, but the loss of his interpreter and the presence of bandits curtailed his activities. The expedition returned to Beijing, but soon set off again for the same area of country from which they had just returned, journeying on to Gansu and the Tibetan borderlands (now Qinghai). In November 1914, he journeyed north to Lanzhou to collect more specimens and finally began the return trip to Beijing at the beginning of 1915. After packing his specimens and collecting additional materials at Fairchild's request,the party traveled south to Hangzhou by way of Nanjing, and on to Shanghai and Japan and finally to America. Meyer's fourth, and last, expedition set off in mid-1916 and was tasked with collecting wild pears (''Pyrus ussuriensis'' and ''P. calleryana'') because they were found to be the only varieties capable of withstanding fire blight (''Bacillus amylovrus''). Meyer and his interpreter and guide, Chow-hai Ting, journeyed up the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) in search of the Callery pear (''P. calleryana''), and later traveled to Jingmen, where he collected 5,000 pounds of pears. Meyer returned to Yichange and was trapped there by civil unrest, being forced to spend the winter of 1917. In May 1918, he and his guide managed to return to Jingmen and collect his belongings and catch a ship down the Yangtze (Chang Jiang) bound for Hangou. In June 1918 he traveled to Shanghai over the Yangtze River on the Japanese riverboat ''Feng Yang Maru''. He was last seen leaving his cabin on June 1, at 11:20 pm. On June 5 his body was found some 50 km before the city of Wuhu by a Chinese sailor. He was buried in Shanghai on June 12 and his family in the Netherlands were notified of his death on June 18.Peter Zwaal
Frans Nicolaas Meijer (Frank N. Meyer), plantenjager in Centraal en Oost-Azië
2014

Works

*Meyer, Frank Nicholas and David Fairchild.
South China explorations
'. Typescript, July 25, 1916 – September 21, 1918. *Meyer, Frank Nicholas.
Letters of Frank N. Meyer
'' Typescript,''1902- 918'' *Meyer, Frank Nicholas. '' Agricultural Explorations in the Fruit and Nut Orchards of China.'' USDA Bureau of Plant Industry - Bulletin No. 204, Issued March 25, 1911.

Legacy

In recognition of his industry, the Frank N. Meyer Medal for Plant Genetic Resources was struck by his United States Department of Agriculture colleagues, funded by his bequest to the organization.Explorers: Frank Nicholas Meyer
''Botanical and Cultural Images, 1907-1927''.

References

External links

* * Fairchild, David. ''An Agricultural Explorer in Asia''. Asia; the American Magazine on the Orient. January, 1921.
Botanical and Cultural Images of Eastern Asia, 1907-1927
at

Harvard Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...

. *
Meyer, Frank Nicholas
Index of Botanists, Harvard University Herbaria and Libraries. *
United States Plant Introduction Garden. Papers (1905-1973) MSS 159
'. Special Collections, Meriam Library, California State University, Chico.
Isabel S. Cunningham Collection on Frank N. Meyer
Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, USDA
Frank N. Meyer Exhibit
Special Collections, National Agricultural Library, USDA {{DEFAULTSORT:Meyer, Frank Nicholas 1875 births 1918 deaths Accidental deaths in China American civil servants American explorers Burials in Shanghai Deaths by drowning Dutch emigrants to the United States Scientists from Amsterdam United States Department of Agriculture people