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This glossary describes the terms used in formal descriptions of spiders; where applicable these terms are used in describing other arachnids.
Links within the glossary are shown .
Abdomen or opisthosoma: One of the two main body parts ( tagmata), located towards the posterior end; see also Abdomen § Other animals
Accessory claw: Modified at the tip of the in web-building spiders; used with to grip strands of the web
Anal tubercle: A small protuberance (tubercule) above the through which the
Clypeus: The area of the between the anterior (frontmost) and the anterior edge of the carapace
Colulus: A short protuberance in the middle of the underside of the in front of the , considered to be a modification of the
Conductor →
Copulatory duct: An internal tube (duct) from the through which sperm enters the female; separate from the duct through which fertilized eggs pass in entelegyne spiders
Copulatory opening: An opening in the ventral of female spiders; in entelegyne spiders, a double opening in the through which the is inserted; in haplogyne spiders, a single opening through which male is inserted
Coxa →
Crenulate: Having longitudinal ridges
Cribellum: A sieve-like plate in front of the , used in conjunction with the ; spiders with a cribellum are called cribellate, those without ecribellate; see also Cribellum
Cuspule: A small spiny outgrowth ("wart") on the and of Mygalomorphae
Cymbium (plural cymbia): The end part of the of the in a mature male, usually hollowed out and bearing the
Epigastric furrow or epigastric fold: A transverse slit towards the front (anterior) of underside of the ; the front pair of open at the edge of this furrow as do the genital openings ()
Epigyne or epigynum (plural epigynes): A hardened plate on the underside of the female in which the are located; only fully developed in mature females of spiders; see also Epigyne
Eyes: The basic number of eyes is eight, typically arranged in two rows (e.g. as in Gnaphosidae); the front row are the anterior eyes, the row behind the posterior eyes; the four eyes to the edges are the lateral eyes, the four eyes in the centre the median eyes; the anterior median eyes are called the main eyes or direct eyes, while the other eyes are called the secondary eyes or indirect eyes; the number of eyes, their sizes and arrangement varies widely and is characteristic of spider families → ,
Folium: A broad leaf-like marking along the medial line of the top of the
Fossa (plural fossae): A pit or depression, typically in the
Fovea (also called thoracic furrow or dorsal groove): A depression or pit in the centre of the of a spider marking an inward projection of the exoskeleton to which stomach muscles are attached
Palpal bulb (also called bulbus, palpal organ, genital bulb): The copulatory organ of the male spider, carried on the modified last segment of the , used to transfer sperm to the female; see also Palpal bulb
:Conductor: A part of the palpal bulb that accompanies and supports the embolus
:Embolus: The final part of the palpal bulb containing the end of the sperm duct, usually thin, sharp-tipped and strongly hardened (sclerotized)
:Haematodocha (plural haematodochae): A membranous, inflatable part of the palpal bulb
:Median apophysis: A projection (apophysis) of the palpal bulb, below the conductor
:Subtegulum: A hardened part of the palpal bulb nearer its base than the tegulum
:Tegulum: The main hardened part of the palpal bulb
Paracymbium: An outgrowth of the on the male
Patella →
Paturon: The basal segment of a to which the connects
Pedicel or petiolus: The narrow connection between the and
Pedipalp (plural pedipalps or pedipalpi; also called just palp): The second appendage of the in front of the first leg; bears the in male spiders; → , see also Pedipalp
Plumose: Used to describe hairs () having outgrowths or appendages on two sides, giving a feather-like appearance; the appendages vary in number, size and arrangement
Pluridentate: Having multiple
Procurved: Used to describe a structure which is curved in such a way that the outer edges are in front of the central part; opposite
Prolateral: Viewed from above or below, the side of a leg or nearest the mouth, i.e. the side facing forward; opposite (includes diagram)
Promarginal: The side of the facing forward; particularly used for describing ; opposite
Prosoma →
Receptaculum (plural receptacula) →
Recurved: Used to describe a structure which is curved in such a way that the outer edges are behind the central part; opposite
Retrolateral: Viewed from above or below, the side of a leg or furthest from the mouth, i.e. the side facing backwards; opposite
Retrolateral tibial apophysis: A backward-facing projection on the tibia of the male ; distinguishing feature of the RTA clade
Retromarginal: The side of the facing backward (towards the posterior end of the spider); particularly used for describing ; opposite
Segments or articles of the legs and :
:Coxa (plural coxae): First leg segment, between body and trochanter; the coxa of the is heavily modified to form the or endite
:Trochanter: Second leg segment, between coxa and femur
:Femur (plural femora): Third leg segment, between trochanter and patella
:Patella (plural patellae): Fourth leg segment, between femur and tibia
:Tibia (plural tibiae): Fifth leg segment, between patella and metatarsus
:Metatarsus (plural metatarsi; also called basitarsus): Sixth leg segment, between tibia and tarsus; absent in the
:Tarsus (plural tarsi; also called telotarsus): Seventh (last) leg segment, after the metatarsus
Seta (plural setae): A bristle; spiders have a variety of hair-like structures of increasing size that are referred to as hairs, bristles (setae) or
Sigillum (plural sigilla): A circular indentation on the outside of the spider, showing where an internal muscle is attached; particularly on the in some Mygalomorphae and on the in some Araneomorphae
Sperm duct: A duct in the male used to store sperm
Spermatheca (plural spermathecae; also called receptulacum, receptulacum seminis): A structure in the of female spiders used to store sperm after insemination and before fertilization; see also Spermatheca
Spigot: A small pointed or cylindrical structure at the tip of a from which silk emerges
Spine: A pointed, rigid structure on body and legs, usually with a basal joint; spiders have a variety of hair-like structures of increasing size that are referred to as hairs, bristles (setae) or spines
Spinneret: An appendage borne on the , typically one of six arranged in three pairs: anterior (anterior median, AMS), median (posterior median, PMS) and posterior (posterior lateral, PLS); silk emerges from small on the spinnerets; see also Spinneret
Sternum: The lower (ventral) portion of the
Stridulating organ: A series of thin ridges on a hardened part of the body; rubbing this with a matching series of short, stiff bristles (setae) elsewhere on the body creates a sound
Subtegulum →
Terms
A
Abdomen or opisthosoma: One of the two main body parts ( tagmata), located towards the posterior end; see also Abdomen § Other animals
Accessory claw: Modified at the tip of the in web-building spiders; used with to grip strands of the web
Anal tubercle: A small protuberance (tubercule) above the through which the anus
The anus (Latin, 'ring' or 'circle') is an opening at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to control the expulsion of feces, the residual semi-solid waste that remains after food digestion, which, d ...
opens
Apodeme →
Apophysis (plural apophyses): An outgrowth or process changing the general shape of a body part, particularly the appendages; often used in describing the male →
Atrium (plural atria): An internal chamber at the entrance to the in female haplogyne spiders
B
Bidentate: Having two Book lungs: Respiratory organs on the ventral side (underside) of the , in front of the , opening through narrow slits; see alsoBook lung
A book lung is a type of respiration organ used for atmospheric gas exchange that is present in many arachnids, such as scorpions and spiders. Each of these organs is located inside an open ventral abdominal, air-filled cavity (atrium) and conn ...
s
Branchial operculum →
Bulbus →
C
Calamistrum (plural calamistra): Modified setae (bristles) on the of the fourth leg of spiders with a , arranged in one or more rows or in an oval shape, used to comb silk produced by the cribellum; see also Calamistrum Caput (plural capita) → Carapace: A hardened plate (sclerite) covering the upper (dorsal) portion of the ; see alsoCarapace
A carapace is a Dorsum (biology), dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups, including arthropods, such as crustaceans and arachnids, as well as vertebrates, such as turtles and tortoises. In turtles and tor ...
Carpoblem: The principal on the male ; also just called the tibial apophysis
Cephalic region or caput: The front part of the , separated from the thoracic region by the
Cephalothorax or prosoma: One of the two main body parts ( tagmata), located towards the anterior
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position prov ...
end, composed of the head ( or caput) and the thorax (thoracic region), the two regions being separated by the ; covered by the and bearing the , legs, and mouthparts
Cervical groove: A shallow U-shaped groove, separating the and thoracic regions of the
Chelate: A description of a where the closes against a tooth-like process
Chelicera (plural chelicerae): One of two appendages at the front of the , made up of basal portion, the , and the ; sometimes called the jaw; see also Chelicerae
Cheliceral furrow: A shallow groove on the basal portion of a accommodating the , usually having on its margins
Cheliceral tooth: A tooth-like extension on the margin of the
Chilum: A small hardened plate (sclerite) at the base of the , under the
Claw →
Claw tuft: A dense group of hairs or bristles (setae) underneath the paired , usually well developed in hunting spiders
Clypeus: The area of the between the anterior (frontmost) and the anterior edge of the carapace
Colulus: A short protuberance in the middle of the underside of the in front of the , considered to be a modification of the
Conductor →
Copulatory duct: An internal tube (duct) from the through which sperm enters the female; separate from the duct through which fertilized eggs pass in entelegyne spiders
Copulatory opening: An opening in the ventral of female spiders; in entelegyne spiders, a double opening in the through which the is inserted; in haplogyne spiders, a single opening through which male is inserted
Coxa →
Crenulate: Having longitudinal ridges
Cribellum: A sieve-like plate in front of the , used in conjunction with the ; spiders with a cribellum are called cribellate, those without ecribellate; see also Cribellum
Cuspule: A small spiny outgrowth ("wart") on the and of Mygalomorphae
Cymbium (plural cymbia): The end part of the of the in a mature male, usually hollowed out and bearing the
D
Dionychous: With two on the of each leg; a feature of spiders in the clade Dionycha Dorsal groove → Dorsum: The upper (dorsal) portion or surface of the body or ; the adjective dorsal may be applied to the upper portion or surface of any part of the body; →E
Ecribellate → Embolus → Endite → Endosternite: An internal hardened plate (sclerite) Entelegyne: A spider whose female has an and separate ducts leading to for sperm storage and to the uterus for fertilization, creating a "flow-through" system; → ; see also Entelegynae
Epigastric furrow or epigastric fold: A transverse slit towards the front (anterior) of underside of the ; the front pair of open at the edge of this furrow as do the genital openings ()
Epigyne or epigynum (plural epigynes): A hardened plate on the underside of the female in which the are located; only fully developed in mature females of spiders; see also Epigyne
Eyes: The basic number of eyes is eight, typically arranged in two rows (e.g. as in Gnaphosidae); the front row are the anterior eyes, the row behind the posterior eyes; the four eyes to the edges are the lateral eyes, the four eyes in the centre the median eyes; the anterior median eyes are called the main eyes or direct eyes, while the other eyes are called the secondary eyes or indirect eyes; the number of eyes, their sizes and arrangement varies widely and is characteristic of spider families → ,
F
Fang: The final hinged part of the , normally folded down into a groove in the basal part of the chelicera; venom is injected via an opening near the tip of the fang Femur → Fertilization duct: A duct in female spiders leading from the to the uterus
Folium: A broad leaf-like marking along the medial line of the top of the
Fossa (plural fossae): A pit or depression, typically in the
Fovea (also called thoracic furrow or dorsal groove): A depression or pit in the centre of the of a spider marking an inward projection of the exoskeleton to which stomach muscles are attached
G
Genital opening → Gnathocoxa → Gonopore: The genital opening; located in the epigastric furrow; the opening of the duct from the uterus in females and from the testes in males; see also GonoporeH
Haematodocha → Haplogyne: A spider whose female lacks an and in which the same ducts are used to transport sperm to the uterus and to the ; → ; see also Haplogynae Heart mark: A narrow marking along the top of the roughly corresponding to the location of the heartL
Labio-sternum mound: A mound separating the from the , found in some tarantulas, where it can be a diagnostic feature Labium (plural labia): A hardened plate (sclerite) between the at the front of the ; see also Arthropod mouthparts: Labium Labrum (plural labra): A component (the "upper lip") of the mouthparts, concealed by the ; see also Arthropod mouthparts: Labrum Lateral (applied to appendages): Viewed from above or below, the sides of the leg or , i.e. the surfaces parallel to the line of sight; → , Laterigrade: With legs directed to the side, hence appearing like and moving like a crab; → Leg formula: The legs are numbered from the front from I to IV; the relative length of the legs can be represented by four numbers from the longest to the shortest; e.g. 1423 = first leg (leg I) is longest and third leg (leg III) is shortest Leg parts or segments →M
Main eye: One of the two anterior median eyes (AME) that have the light-detecting units (rhabdomeres) pointing towards the source; particularly enlarged in the families Salticidae and Thomisidae; → , Mastidion (plural mastidia): A projection or bump on the chelicerae (not to be confused with ) Maxilla (also called endite or gnathocoxa): Modified of the , used in feeding; not the structure called by this name in other arthropods, for which see Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart) Metatarsus →O
Operculum or branchial operculum (plural opercula): One of the plates on the surface of the , just in front of the , covering the , often pale, yellow or orange in colour; two pairs in Mygalomorphae, one pair in other spiders Opisthosoma →P
Palp →
Palpal bulb (also called bulbus, palpal organ, genital bulb): The copulatory organ of the male spider, carried on the modified last segment of the , used to transfer sperm to the female; see also Palpal bulb
:Conductor: A part of the palpal bulb that accompanies and supports the embolus
:Embolus: The final part of the palpal bulb containing the end of the sperm duct, usually thin, sharp-tipped and strongly hardened (sclerotized)
:Haematodocha (plural haematodochae): A membranous, inflatable part of the palpal bulb
:Median apophysis: A projection (apophysis) of the palpal bulb, below the conductor
:Subtegulum: A hardened part of the palpal bulb nearer its base than the tegulum
:Tegulum: The main hardened part of the palpal bulb
Paracymbium: An outgrowth of the on the male
Patella →
Paturon: The basal segment of a to which the connects
Pedicel or petiolus: The narrow connection between the and
Pedipalp (plural pedipalps or pedipalpi; also called just palp): The second appendage of the in front of the first leg; bears the in male spiders; → , see also Pedipalp
Plumose: Used to describe hairs () having outgrowths or appendages on two sides, giving a feather-like appearance; the appendages vary in number, size and arrangement
Pluridentate: Having multiple
Procurved: Used to describe a structure which is curved in such a way that the outer edges are in front of the central part; opposite
Prolateral: Viewed from above or below, the side of a leg or nearest the mouth, i.e. the side facing forward; opposite (includes diagram)
Promarginal: The side of the facing forward; particularly used for describing ; opposite
Prosoma →
R
Rastellum (plural rastella): An often rake-like structure at end of the in mygalomorph spiders; used in burrowing Rebordered: Having a thickened edge (i.e. border) (more rarely seen as reborded, from the French , e.g. in Levy (1984)); particularly used of the
Receptaculum (plural receptacula) →
Recurved: Used to describe a structure which is curved in such a way that the outer edges are behind the central part; opposite
Retrolateral: Viewed from above or below, the side of a leg or furthest from the mouth, i.e. the side facing backwards; opposite
Retrolateral tibial apophysis: A backward-facing projection on the tibia of the male ; distinguishing feature of the RTA clade
Retromarginal: The side of the facing backward (towards the posterior end of the spider); particularly used for describing ; opposite
S
Scape: An elongated process or appendage of some Sclerite: A single hardened (sclerotized) part of the external covering (tegument, exoskeleton) Scopula (plural scopulae): A brush of hairs (setae); called a when on the end of the foot (tarsus), where it improves adhesion Scutum (plural scuta): A hardened (sclerotized) plate on the of some spiders Secondary eye: An eye belonging to the three pairs – anterior lateral eyes (ALE), posterior median eyes (PME) and posterior lateral eyes (PLE) – that are primarily movement detectors and have the light-detecting units (rhabdomeres) pointing away from the source; → ,
Segments or articles of the legs and :
:Coxa (plural coxae): First leg segment, between body and trochanter; the coxa of the is heavily modified to form the or endite
:Trochanter: Second leg segment, between coxa and femur
:Femur (plural femora): Third leg segment, between trochanter and patella
:Patella (plural patellae): Fourth leg segment, between femur and tibia
:Tibia (plural tibiae): Fifth leg segment, between patella and metatarsus
:Metatarsus (plural metatarsi; also called basitarsus): Sixth leg segment, between tibia and tarsus; absent in the
:Tarsus (plural tarsi; also called telotarsus): Seventh (last) leg segment, after the metatarsus
Seta (plural setae): A bristle; spiders have a variety of hair-like structures of increasing size that are referred to as hairs, bristles (setae) or
Sigillum (plural sigilla): A circular indentation on the outside of the spider, showing where an internal muscle is attached; particularly on the in some Mygalomorphae and on the in some Araneomorphae
Sperm duct: A duct in the male used to store sperm
Spermatheca (plural spermathecae; also called receptulacum, receptulacum seminis): A structure in the of female spiders used to store sperm after insemination and before fertilization; see also Spermatheca
Spigot: A small pointed or cylindrical structure at the tip of a from which silk emerges
Spine: A pointed, rigid structure on body and legs, usually with a basal joint; spiders have a variety of hair-like structures of increasing size that are referred to as hairs, bristles (setae) or spines
Spinneret: An appendage borne on the , typically one of six arranged in three pairs: anterior (anterior median, AMS), median (posterior median, PMS) and posterior (posterior lateral, PLS); silk emerges from small on the spinnerets; see also Spinneret
Sternum: The lower (ventral) portion of the
Stridulating organ: A series of thin ridges on a hardened part of the body; rubbing this with a matching series of short, stiff bristles (setae) elsewhere on the body creates a sound
Subtegulum →
T
Tapetum (plural tapeta): A light-reflecting layer in a making the eye appear pale Tarsal claw (claw): One of a set of claws at the tip of the ; there may be a single pair, often concealed in a , or an additional third central claw, much smaller than the other two Tarsal organ: a small pit, usually spherical and on the surface of each , believed to respond to humidity Tarsus → Teeth: Pointed growths or bumps along the margins of the Tegulum → Thoracic furrow → Tibia → Trachea (plural tracheae): A thin hardened internal tube, part of the respiratory system in many araneomorph spiders; opens on the underside of the via a tracheal spiracle; see Trachea § Invertebrates Trichobothrium (plural trichobothria): A slender hair-like structure of variable length on the legs and , arising from a special socket; used to detect air movements, including sounds; → , Trochanter →U
Unidentate: Having a single toothV
Venter (or ventrum): The lower (ventral) portion or surface of the body or ; the adjective ventral may be applied to the lower portion or surface of any part of the body; →Abbreviations
Some abbreviations commonly found in descriptions of spider anatomy include: *ALE: anterior lateral eyes → *ALS: anterior lateral spinnerets → *AME: anterior median eyes → *DTA: dorsal tegular apophysis, on the back of the *DTiA: dorsal tibial apophysis, on the back of a *LTA: lateral tegular apophysis'', apophysis'' on the side of the *MOQ: median ocular quadrangle, the quadrangle formed by the four median eyes, → *PLE: posterior lateral eyes → *PLS: posterior lateral spinnerets → *PME: posterior median eyes → *PMS: posterior median spinnerets → *RCF: retrolateral cymbial fold, fold on the surface of the *RTA: retrolateral tibial apophysis, on the surface of a *VTA: ventral tegular apophysis, on the underside of the *VTiA: ventral tibial apophysis, on the lower surface of aSee also
* Spider anatomy * Glossary of entomology terms * Anatomical terms of locationReferences
Bibliography
* * * * * * * {{cite book , editor1-last=Ubick , editor1-first=Darrell , editor2-last=Paquin , editor2-first=Pierre , editor3-last=Cushing , editor3-first=Paula E. , editor4-last=Roth , editor4-first=Vincent , title=Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual , date=2009 , publisher=American Arachnological Society , isbn=978-0977143900 , edition=1st Spider terms