![Fort Pitt, Chatham in 1832](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Fort_Pitt%2C_Chatham_in_1832._Detail_from_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_Turner.jpg)
Fort Pitt is a
Napoleonic era
The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislativ ...
fort
A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is also used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin ''fortis'' ("strong") and ''facere'' ...
on the high ground of the boundary between
Chatham
Chatham may refer to:
Places and jurisdictions Canada
* Chatham Islands (British Columbia)
* Chatham Sound, British Columbia
* Chatham, New Brunswick, a former town, now a neighbourhood of Miramichi
* Chatham (electoral district), New Brunswic ...
and
Rochester
Rochester may refer to:
Places Australia
* Rochester, Victoria
Canada
* Rochester, Alberta
United Kingdom
*Rochester, Kent
** City of Rochester-upon-Medway (1982–1998), district council area
** History of Rochester, Kent
** HM Prison ...
,
Kent
Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north-west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west, and Essex to the north across the estuary of the River Thames; it faces ...
.
A fort on the site was proposed as early as 1779 by
Hugh Debbieg
General (United Kingdom), General Hugh Debbieg (1731/2 – 1810) was an English army officer, Military engineering, military engineer and Surveying, surveyor.
Biography
War of the Austrian Succession
Hugh Debbieg was born in 1731. He ente ...
, then Chief Engineer at Chatham. In 1783 the land was purchased by the
Board of Ordnance and 4.5 million bricks were deposited there in preparation for construction. (Nothing immediately followed, however, and the bricks were instead used for the rebuilding of the
Lines
Line most often refers to:
* Line (geometry), object with zero thickness and curvature that stretches to infinity
* Telephone line, a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system
Line, lines, The Line, or LINE may also refer to:
Arts ...
).
The fort was finally built between 1805 and 1819. At that point, the Napoleonic Wars having ended, it ceased being manned as a fort and instead became an important
military hospital
A military hospital is a hospital owned and operated by a military. They are often reserved for the use of military personnel and their dependents, but in some countries are made available to civilians as well. They may or may not be located on a ...
. In the 1820s-50s it was the only General (as opposed to regimental) Military Hospital in England,
and, until the opening of
Netley Hospital
The Royal Victoria Hospital or Netley Hospital was a large military hospital in Netley, near Southampton, Hampshire, England. Construction started in 1856 at the suggestion of Queen Victoria but its design caused some controversy, chiefly from F ...
in 1863, it was considered the ''
de facto
''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with ''de jure'' ("by la ...
'' Headquarters of the
Army Medical Department. Fort Pitt Hospital closed in the 1920s, since when the surviving buildings have housed a girls'
grammar school
A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries, originally a school teaching Latin, but more recently an academically oriented secondary school ...
.
[
]
History
The original hospital
In 1793 Chatham was one of five sites selected by the new Army Medical Board for the establishment of a General (as opposed to regimental) Hospital. Towards the end of the century an establishment of medical personnel was appointed and work was begun on the hospital building. The intention had been that the hospital would function as part of the 'Depôt of Recruits and Invalids' which had been established at Chatham in the 1770s. In June 1801, however, the Depôt was removed to Parkhurst on the Isle of Wight
The Isle of Wight ( ) is a Counties of England, county in the English Channel, off the coast of Hampshire, from which it is separated by the Solent. It is the List of islands of England#Largest islands, largest and List of islands of England#Mo ...
(to be closer to Spithead
Spithead is an area of the Solent and a roadstead off Gilkicker Point in Hampshire, England. It is protected from all winds except those from the southeast. It receives its name from the Spit, a sandbank stretching south from the Hampshire ...
, the usual embarkation point for troops serving overseas). The Depôt Hospital establishment went with it; so when the hospital building was finally completed, towards the end of that year, it found itself without a function. Two years later, at the start of the Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of Fren ...
, the hospital was finally opened in an attempt to re-establish a General Hospital for the army at Chatham; but it did not prove successful (a later report by the Commissioners of Military Enquiry described the facility at that time as being fully equipped with an establishment of 'Officers, Stewards, Nurses, &c.', but 'without a single patient'). Over the next year or so, the hospital was gradually run down and it closed in April 1805; later that same year the building was turned over to barrack accommodation, and the fort was constructed around it.
The Fort
Construction of a fort on the site began in 1805, in response to renewed fears of a French invasion. Named after Prime Minister William Pitt (who had died in 1806), Fort Pitt was planned as part of the defences overlooking the River Medway: Fort Clarence
300px, The archway by the fort's drawbridge was demolished in the 1930s. The fort, on the left, is now converted into flats.
Fort Clarence is a now defunct fortification that was located in Rochester, Kent, England.
History
The fort was built b ...
, Fort Amherst
Fort Amherst, in Medway, South East England, was constructed in 1756 at the southern end of the Brompton lines of defence to protect the southeastern approaches to Chatham Dockyard and the River Medway against a French invasion. Fort Amherst is ...
and the Great Lines were visible from Fort Pitt, the whole providing a defensive ring to protect Chatham Dockyard
Chatham Dockyard was a Royal Navy Dockyard located on the River Medway in Kent. Established in Chatham in the mid-16th century, the dockyard subsequently expanded into neighbouring Gillingham (at its most extensive, in the early 20th century ...
from landward attack.[ A further concern (with the potential of invasion in mind) was to guard the approaches to ]Rochester Bridge
Rochester Bridge in Rochester, Medway was for centuries the lowest fixed crossing of the River Medway in South East England. There have been several generations of bridge at this spot, and the current "bridge" is in fact four separate bridges ...
, which was a key river crossing on the most direct route from the south-east coast to London.
By 1813 it was more or less complete (although some works remained to be done). It has been described as a 'remarkable hybrid': it was among the very last bastioned forts to be built in England (as the style was by then obsolescent), but integrated into its form were multi-storey brick gun towers, representing the latest fashion in fortification.
Description
Fort Pitt was laid out as an irregular polygon with a bastion at each corner. Formed of a combination of red-brick walls and earthworks
Earthworks may refer to:
Construction
*Earthworks (archaeology), human-made constructions that modify the land contour
* Earthworks (engineering), civil engineering works created by moving or processing quantities of soil
*Earthworks (military), m ...
, the fort was surrounded by a deep defensive trench, beyond which was a substantial glacis.[ A ravelin was built across the ditch to the south (and connected to the fort by a ]caponier
A caponier is a type of defensive structure in a fortification. Fire from this point could cover the ditch beyond the curtain wall to deter any attempt to storm the wall. The word originates from the French ', meaning "chicken coop" (a ''capon'' ...
); within the walls at this point were a pair of cavaliers (raised gun platforms). Placed off-centre in the middle of the fort was a substantial tower or keep (akin to the surviving tower at nearby Fort Clarence
300px, The archway by the fort's drawbridge was demolished in the 1930s. The fort, on the left, is now converted into flats.
Fort Clarence is a now defunct fortification that was located in Rochester, Kent, England.
History
The fort was built b ...
): three storeys high with a gun platform on its flat roof. In line with the tower to the north, projecting out from the fortification like a hornwork
A hornwork is an element of the Italian bastion system of fortification. Its face is flanked with a pair of demi-bastions.
It is distinguished from a crownwork, because crownworks contain full bastions at their centers. They are both outwork
...
, was a detached blockhouse containing casemated
A casemate is a fortified gun emplacement or armored structure from which guns are fired, in a fortification, warship, or armoured fighting vehicle.Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary
When referring to antiquity, the term "casemate wall" means ...
barracks with accommodation for up to 500 soldiers. This also functioned as a multi-tiered gun platform, and had a flat roof for gun emplacements. The blockhouse was outside the fort but attached to it, so as to allow the occupants to withdraw into the fort in the event of an attack; it was built on a massive scale, cut into the hillside and flanked by dry moats revetted
A revetment in stream restoration, river engineering or coastal engineering is a facing of impact-resistant material (such as stone, concrete, sandbags, or wooden piles) applied to a bank or wall in order to absorb the energy of incoming water a ...
with bricks. It dominated views of the fort from Chatham and the north.
Two outlying towers were also built, one on each flank, named 'Delce' and 'Gibraltar';[Howard, pp. 3-5.] the former was linked to the fort by a covered way. Each were brick towers, two storeys high with magazines and stores at basement level. Built with musketry loopholes and equipped (in the case of Delce) with a pair of 18-pound carronades, they were designed to control road access to the bridge: Delce to the west defended the approach from the south, Gibraltar to the east defended the approach from Chatham.
Armament
Until the 1820s the fort was armed with ten 18-pound cannons
A cannon is a large- caliber gun classified as a type of artillery, which usually launches a projectile using explosive chemical propellant. Gunpowder ("black powder") was the primary propellant before the invention of smokeless powder dur ...
, twenty-two 18-pound carronades and four 10-pound mortars
Mortar may refer to:
* Mortar (weapon), an indirect-fire infantry weapon
* Mortar (masonry), a material used to fill the gaps between blocks and bind them together
* Mortar and pestle, a tool pair used to crush or grind
* Mortar, Bihar, a villag ...
.
Its function was described in 1822 as follows:
'Fort Pitt, scarped with masonry and bastioned ..is the largest of all the works which cover Chatham, and the nearest to the citadel
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, commonly known simply as The Citadel, is a public senior military college in Charleston, South Carolina. Established in 1842, it is one of six senior military colleges in the United States. ...
, the fire of which crosses its own. On the opposite quarter, the fire of Fort Pitt crosses that of Fort Clarence ..The flanks of Fort Pitt are provided with carronades in frames turning upon pivots to sweep the different parts of the ditch. The gorge of the fort presents a front of fortification, casemated with embrasure
An embrasure (or crenel or crenelle; sometimes called gunhole in the domain of gunpowder-era architecture) is the opening in a battlement between two raised solid portions (merlons). Alternatively, an embrasure can be a space hollowed out ...
s, to command in reverse the town of Chatham, and the course of the Medway'.
According to the same description the central tower of the fort was described as being 'armed at the summit with two long guns to batter in front, and two carronades to protect the gorge. This was at the epoch when the rage for building martello tower
Martello towers, sometimes known simply as Martellos, are small defensive forts that were built across the British Empire during the 19th century, from the time of the French Revolutionary Wars onwards. Most were coastal forts.
They stand u ...
s had seized the British government ..The tower in Fort Pitt is very lofty, and its object is to command at a considerable distance the brow of a hill which raises itself with an insensible slope in front of Fort Pitt'.
Invalid Depôt and General Military Hospital
The end of the Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of Fren ...
meant that the site was not finally used as a fort, and in 1814 the soldiers garrisoning the fort were redeployed. For a brief time it was occupied by the Royal Marine Artillery
The history of the Royal Marines began on 28 October 1664 with the formation of the Duke of York and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot soon becoming known as the Admiral's Regiment. During the War of the Spanish Succession the most historic achi ...
, due to shortage of accommodation elsewhere, but in 1815 they were removed to make way for wounded from the Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo, Belgium, Waterloo (at that time in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium). A French army under the command of Napoleon was defeated by two of the armie ...
.
In 1819 the Army's Invalid Depôt was moved back from the Isle of Wight to Chatham, and Fort Pitt was repurposed as a medical establishment to treat soldiers prior to their release from service. At the same time, the nearby Fort Clarence
300px, The archway by the fort's drawbridge was demolished in the 1930s. The fort, on the left, is now converted into flats.
Fort Clarence is a now defunct fortification that was located in Rochester, Kent, England.
History
The fort was built b ...
was converted into a military lunatic asylum
The lunatic asylum (or insane asylum) was an early precursor of the modern psychiatric hospital.
The fall of the lunatic asylum and its eventual replacement by modern psychiatric hospitals explains the rise of organized, institutional psychiatr ...
.
In around 1820, York Hospital, Chelsea (the Army's last remaining General Hospital) was closed to serving soldiers, and Fort Pitt began to be established as Britain's principal military hospital. In 1822 the casemates were said to be 'at present inhabited by invalids, who compose the only garrison of this fortress'.
The hospital building was expanded in 1823-4, with eight large wards of twenty-seven beds each providing room for over 200 patients. The H-plan hospital building was flanked by smaller blocks to the north and to the south, which served as officers' quarters.
Fort Pitt also functioned as the Medical Staff Depôt: 'all candidates for commissions, and young medical officers who had just received commissions, were in the first instance sent down to Fort Pitt; partly in order that, when the exigences of the public service permitted, they might receive a certain amount of training in the special work as army surgeons, and partly also because the Staff Depôt formed a convenient place of residence for them until they could be drafted to their respective destinations'. In 1816 the Director General of the Army Medical Department, James McGrigor, had brought from Chelsea a collection of anatomical specimens and other items of interest with a view to establishing a medical museum at Fort Pitt. At the same time he endowed a library on the site, and issued instructions to the army's medical officers stationed around the globe to send six-monthly reports of prevalent diseases, treatments and various treatments which were collated at Fort Pitt and made available for analysis and study. The museum and library expanded prodigiously over the years and Fort Pitt became an important centre for the study of military and tropical medicine. (By 1851 the library had amassed a collection of 67,000 volumes, and the museum contained 41,000 specimens and numerous anatomical drawings.)
In 1846 the military lunatic asylum was moved out of Fort Clarence (and away from Chatham, to the vacant Naval Hospital complex in Great Yarmouth); the following year a smaller "asylum for insane soldiers" was opened in the north-west corner of Fort Pitt, in a former barrack block, (albeit as a place of 'observation and temporary probation' rather than one of ongoing care and treatment).
By the 1850s Fort Pitt was a major military hospital, with most of the soldiers invalided to Britain from abroad assessed there prior to their discharge. This included most of the sick and wounded from the Crimean War
The Crimean War, , was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between Russia and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and Piedmont-Sardinia.
Geopolitical causes of the war included the ...
and the Indian Mutiny[ (]Queen Victoria
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days was longer than that of any previo ...
came to Fort Pitt on three separate occasions in 1855 to visit soldiers wounded in the Crimea.) Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale (; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, i ...
described, at that time, the process whereby 'When a ship arrives with invalids, the bedridden are carried to Fort Pitt, and the convalescents are marched to St Mary's Casemates'. (Those at Fort Pitt were under 'hospital discipline', whereas those at St Mary's were under 'a kind of regimental discipline under the adjutant'.) During the period of the war in Crimea a total of 14,700 soldiers passed through the Central Invalid Depôt of the British Army at Chatham.
At some stage the blockhouse at Fort Pitt had been converted into a 'casemate hospital' with five casemated wards. In the 1840-50s two of the casemates were appropriated for the sick women and children of the garrison, for whom it was the only hospital provision available; in the year ending March 1857, 26 sick women (and 7 infectious), 12 sick children (and 31 infectious) and 20 lying-in
Lying-in is the term given to the European forms of postpartum confinement, the traditional practice involving long bed rest before and after giving birth. The term and the practice it describes are old-fashioned or archaic, but it used to be c ...
women were treated there. In 1854 psychiatric patients were returned to Fort Pitt from Yarmouth (the hospital there having been requisitioned by the Navy) and housed temporarily 'in the "pit" or casemates', a place described as being 'most unfit': 'even the temporary confinement of a lunatic, in a place so destitute of the means of ameliorating his mental condition, must materially lessen the chance of his recovery'.
In 1860 Fort Pitt was selected by Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale (; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, i ...
as the initial site for the new Army Medical School
Founded by U.S. Army Brigadier General George Miller Sternberg, MD in 1893, the Army Medical School (AMS) was by some reckonings the world's first school of public health and preventive medicine. (The other institution vying for this distinctio ...
;[A E W Miles, ''The Accidental Birth of Military Medicine'', page 118. Civic Books, London, 2009 ] however, this was only a temporary measure pending the imminent opening of a new General Military Hospital at Netley
Netley, officially referred to as Netley Abbey, is a village on the south coast of Hampshire, England. It is situated to the south-east of the city of Southampton, and flanked on one side by the ruins of Netley Abbey and on the other by the R ...
, near Southampton, which took place in 1863. Along with the Army Medical School, the museum and library were moved to Netley in 1863 and the following year the Invalid Depôt was removed from Chatham to Netley, prompting a reassessment of the function and use of Fort Pitt.
Garrison Hospital
The Army Sanitary Commissioners had in 1863 approved a proposal for the facilities at Fort Pitt to be converted into 'a Hospital for the whole of the troops of the garrison, including the Royal Artillery, the Royal Engineers, and the three depots battalions of infantry'. The following year additional buildings were erected 'for the reception of the whole of the troops of the garrison requiring hospital treatment'; at the same time, the old separate Garrison Hospital within the lines
Line most often refers to:
* Line (geometry), object with zero thickness and curvature that stretches to infinity
* Telephone line, a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system
Line, lines, The Line, or LINE may also refer to:
Arts ...
at Brompton was closed and its premises converted into barracks.
A major expansion of the hospital at Fort Pitt was begun in 1910, necessitating the demolition of the western wings of the old H-plan hospital and also the removal of the Napoleonic-era tower/keep, to make way for a new central hospital block (which was linked to the old hospital on one side, and a new West Wing on the other). This pavilion-plan hospital extension (which contained two new operating theatres, an x-ray department and other modern facilities) opened just before the outbreak of war in 1914.
In October 1914 King George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.
Born during the reign of his grandmother Qu ...
and Queen Mary visited, meeting servicemen wounded in the First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, including five German Naval officers held in a separate ward. At least seventy German prisoners
A prisoner (also known as an inmate or detainee) is a person who is deprived of liberty against their will. This can be by confinement, captivity, or forcible restraint. The term applies particularly to serving a prison sentence in a prison.
...
were treated at the Fort. On recovery, they were held in the Blockhouse until the end of the war.[ The hospital finally closed in 1919.]
Grammar School
In 1929 the Chatham Education Board bought the vacant Fort Pitt from the War Office
The War Office was a department of the British Government responsible for the administration of the British Army between 1857 and 1964, when its functions were transferred to the new Ministry of Defence (MoD). This article contains text from ...
, and the site was converted into a Girls' Technical School. The school, now known as Fort Pitt Grammar School, remains on the site and has added a number of new buildings. The neighbouring University for the Creative Arts
The University for the Creative Arts is a specialist art and design university in the south of England.
It was formed in 2005 as University College for the Creative Arts at Canterbury, Epsom, Farnham, Maidstone and Rochester when the Kent Ins ...
building occupies the old blockhouse site and some of the original brickwork remains visible at the sides of the building.[
]
Present day
The site continues to be of national historical significance and substantial sections of the ramparts are still clearly discernible.[ Several of the fort's original buildings have not survived above ground level: Gibraltar Tower was demolished in 1879 and Delce Tower, by then a ruin, was probably demolished shortly afterwards. The central tower, or keep, was removed in 1910 when the hospital was extended; and the blockhouse was demolished in the early 1930s, to allow the school to expand] (the Rochester campus of the University for the Creative Arts
The University for the Creative Arts is a specialist art and design university in the south of England.
It was formed in 2005 as University College for the Creative Arts at Canterbury, Epsom, Farnham, Maidstone and Rochester when the Kent Ins ...
now stands on its site). Nevertheless, much of the outer walls of the fort survive including parts of the outer defences which extend into the adjacent recreation grounds to the east and west.[ The tunnels of the fort also survive, but are partly filled in.
Furthermore, several of the old hospital buildings remain in place as part of the school. The Music House (the former 'insane asylum') in the school grounds and the “Crimea Wing” teaching block (the original Napoleonic-era hospital) are both ]listed building
In the United Kingdom, a listed building or listed structure is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, in Wales, and the Northern Irel ...
s,[ with some of the old hospital ward numbers still visible on the Crimea Wing's walls. Several other buildings also date to the period of use as a hospital, including the North Block (which was first erected as a temporary building to house the Army Medical School in 1860) and the West Wing of the 1914 extension (its main central block having been destroyed in a fire in 1973).
]
Military cemetery
The Fort Pitt Military Cemetery, created initially to serve the hospital, lies a quarter of a mile to the south of the fort by the A229 road
A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''a'' (pronounced ), plural ''aes'' ...
from Rochester to Maidstone. The graves, dating from the mid-nineteen century onwards,[Howard, pp. 13-14.] include 290 of Commonwealth service personnel from the World Wars, 265 from World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, who lie in an extensive plot, and 25 from World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
who are mainly buried in a group north of that plot.
In literature
As a boy, Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian e ...
lived at 2 Ordnance Terrace, a quarter of a mile to the east of Fort Pitt, and the fort is the location of the fictional duel between Mr. Nathaniel Winkle and Dr. Slammer in his novel ''The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club
''The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club'' (also known as ''The Pickwick Papers'') was Charles Dickens's first novel. Because of his success with '' Sketches by Boz'' published in 1836, Dickens was asked by the publisher Chapman & Hall to ...
''.[Dickens, Charles. ''The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club'', p 25. ''Works of Charles Dickens''. Avenel Books, 1978.]
References
Howard, Joan ''Fort Pitt: Chatham's unique site: designed to protect; adapted to save; modified to educate.''
Published by Fort Pitt Grammar School, 2015. Retrieved: 21 October 2019
External links
''Paintings of Queen Victoria's visits in 1855:''
Queen Victoria's First Visit to her Wounded Soldiers in Chatham
by Jerry Barrett ( National Portrait Gallery)
Visit of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to Fort Pitt Military Hospital
Watercolour by Sir John Tenniel
Sir John Tenniel (; 28 February 182025 February 1914)Johnson, Lewis (2003), "Tenniel, John", ''Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online'', Oxford University Press. Web. Retrieved 12 December 2016. was an English illustrator, graphic humorist and poli ...
( Royal Collection)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pitt
Forts in Medway
Napoleonic war forts in England