Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992, §§ 5901-5931, is a

United States Federal law The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the nation's Constitution, which prescribes the foundation of the federal government of the United States, as well as ...

created to coordinate

disarmament Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons. Disarmament generally refers to a country's military or specific type of weaponry. Disarmament is often taken to mean total elimination of weapons of mass destruction, such as ...

efforts with the

former Soviet Union The post-Soviet states, also known as the former Soviet Union (FSU), the former Soviet Republics and in Russia as the near abroad (russian: links=no, ближнее зарубежье, blizhneye zarubezhye), are the 15 sovereign states that wer ...

. The Act, better known as the

National Defense Authorization Act The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) is the name for each of a series of United States federal laws specifying the annual budget and expenditures of the U.S. Department of Defense. The first NDAA was passed in 1961. The U.S. Congress o ...

for Fiscal Year 1993, provided legislative authority for the

United States Department of Defense The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government directly related to national sec ...

supporting

armament A weapon, arm or armament is any implement or device that can be used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of activities such as hunting, crime, law enforcement, s ...

retooling, chemical

demilitarization Demilitarisation or demilitarization may mean the reduction of state armed forces; it is the opposite of militarisation in many respects. For instance, the demilitarisation of Northern Ireland entailed the reduction of British security and military ...

, and nonproliferation

initiative In political science, an initiative (also known as a popular initiative or citizens' initiative) is a means by which a petition signed by a certain number of registered voters can force a government to choose either to enact a law or hold a ...

s. The H.R. 5006 Act of Congress acknowledged the current

geopolitical Geopolitics (from Greek γῆ ''gê'' "earth, land" and πολιτική ''politikḗ'' "politics") is the study of the effects of Earth's geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations. While geopolitics usually refers to ...

events of the early 1990s with respect to the

collapse of communism The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, was a revolutionary wave that resulted in the end of most communist states in the world. Sometimes this revolutionary wave is also called the Fall of Nations or the Autumn of Natio ...

, dissolution of the Soviet Union,

fall Autumn, also known as fall in American English and Canadian English, is one of the four temperate seasons on Earth. Outside the tropics, autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March ( Southe ...

of the Berlin Wall, and the

Gulf War The Gulf War was a 1990–1991 armed campaign waged by a Coalition of the Gulf War, 35-country military coalition in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Spearheaded by the United States, the coalition's efforts against Ba'athist Iraq, ...

. Title XIV —

Demilitarization Demilitarisation or demilitarization may mean the reduction of state armed forces; it is the opposite of militarisation in many respects. For instance, the demilitarisation of Northern Ireland entailed the reduction of British security and military ...

of the

Former Soviet Union The post-Soviet states, also known as the former Soviet Union (FSU), the former Soviet Republics and in Russia as the near abroad (russian: links=no, ближнее зарубежье, blizhneye zarubezhye), are the 15 sovereign states that wer ...

was passed by the 102nd U.S. Congressional session and enacted by George H. W. Bush on October 23, 1992.

Articles of the Act

The Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act was authored as five subtitles providing authority, facilitation

logistics Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation. In a general business sense, logistics manages the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption to meet the requirements of ...

, and U.S. federal funding for allocations of the Act.

Subtitle A : Short Title

Title XIV is cited as the Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992

Subtitle B : Findings and Program Authority

Demilitarization of the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union

::The U.S. Congress determined in the national security interest of the United States — :::(1) Facilitate, on a priority basis — ::::(A) The transportation, storage, safeguarding, and destruction of nuclear and other weapons of the independent states of the former Soviet Union, including the safe and secure storage of fissile materials, dismantlement of

missile In military terminology, a missile is a guided airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight usually by a jet engine or rocket motor. Missiles are thus also called guided missiles or guided rockets (when a previously unguided rocke ...

s and launchers, and the elimination of

biological warfare Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and fungi with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. ...

and chemical warfare capabilities ::::(B) The prevention of proliferation of

weapons of mass destruction A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to numerous individuals or cause great damage to artificial structures (e.g., buildings), natu ...

and their components and destabilizing

conventional weapon The terms conventional weapons or conventional arms generally refer to weapons whose ability to damage comes from kinetic, incendiary, or explosive energy and exclude weapons of mass destruction (''e.g.'' nuclear, biological, radiological and c ...

s of the independent states of the former Soviet Union, and the establishment of verifiable safeguards against the proliferation of such weapons ::::(C) The prevention of diversion of weapons-related scientific expertise of the former Soviet Union to

terrorist groups A number of national governments and two international organizations have created lists of organizations that they designate as terrorist. The following list of designated terrorist groups lists groups designated as terrorist by current and fo ...

Third World The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. The United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Western European nations and their allies represented the " First ...

countries ::::(D) Other efforts designed to reduce the

military threat A military threat, sometimes expressed as danger of military action, a military challenge, or a military risk, is a concept in military intelligence that identifies an imminent capability for use of military force in resolving diplomatic or economi ...

from the former Soviet Union :::(2) Support the demilitarization of the massive defense related industry and equipment of the independent states of the former Soviet Union and conversion of such industry and equipment to

civilian Civilians under international humanitarian law are "persons who are not members of the armed forces" and they are not " combatants if they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war". It is slightly different from a non-combatant ...

purposes and uses :::(3) Expand military-to-military contacts between the United States and the independent states of the former Soviet Union

Authority for Programs to Facilitate Demilitarization

::(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President is authorized to establish and conduct programs to assist the demilitarization of the independent states of the former Soviet Union ::(b) The programs are limited to — :::(1) Transporting, storing, safeguarding, and destroying

chemical A chemical substance is a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. Some references add that chemical substance cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical separation methods, i.e., w ...

, nuclear, and other weapons of the independent states of the former Soviet Union, as described in the

Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991, , was chartered to amend the Arms Export Control Act enacting the transfer of Soviet military armaments and ordnances to NATO marking the conclusion of the Cold War. The Act sanctions the Soviet nuclea ...

:::(2) Establishing verifiable safeguards against the proliferation of such weapons and their components :::(3) Preventing diversion of weapons-related scientific expertise of the former Soviet Union to terrorist groups or Third World countries :::(4) Facilitating the demilitarization of the defense industries of the former Soviet Union and the conversion of military technologies and capabilities into civilian activities :::(5) Establishing science and technology centers in the independent states of the former Soviet Union for the purpose of engaging weapons scientists, engineers, and other experts previously involved with nuclear, chemical, and other weapons in productive, nonmilitary undertakings :::(6) Expanding military-to-military contacts between the United States and the independent states of the former Soviet Union ::(c) The programs, to the extent feasible, draw upon United States technology and expertise, especially from the United States private sector ::(d) United States assistance authorized may not be provided unless the President certifies to the Congress, on an annual basis, that the proposed recipient country is committed to — :::(1) Making a substantial investment of its resources for dismantling or destroying such weapons of mass destruction, if such recipient has an obligation under a treaty or other agreement to destroy or dismantle any such weapons :::(2) Forgoing any military modernization program that exceeds legitimate defense requirements and forgoing the replacement of destroyed weapons of mass destruction :::(3) Forgoing any use in new nuclear weapons of

fissionable In nuclear engineering, fissile material is material capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain reaction. By definition, fissile material can sustain a chain reaction with neutrons of thermal energy. The predominant neutron energy may be typi ...

or other components of destroyed nuclear weapons :::(4) Facilitating United States verification of any weapons destruction carried out under the Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 :::(5) Complying with all relevant arms control agreements :::(6) Observing internationally recognized

human rights Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyHuman Rights Retrieved 14 August 2014 for certain standards of hu ...

, including the protection of minorities

Subtitle C : Administrative and Funding Authorities

Administration of Demilitarization Programs

::(1) In recognition of the direct contributions to the national security interests of the United States of the activities specified, funds transferred are authorized to be made available to carry out this title. Of the amount available to carry out this title — :::(A) not more than $40,000,000 may be made available for programs relating to demilitarization of defense industries :::(B) not more than $15,000,000 may be made available for programs relating to military-to-military contacts :::(C) not more than $25,000,000 may be made available for joint research development programs :::(D) not more than $10,000,000 may be made available for the study, assessment, and identification of nuclear waste disposal activities by the former Soviet Union in the

Arctic The Arctic ( or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, N ...

region :::(E) not more than $25,000,000 may be made available for Project PEACE :::(F) not more than $10,000,000 may be made available for the Volunteers Investing in Peace and Security (VIPS) program ::(2) Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 is amended by striking out $400,000,000 and inserting in lieu thereof $800,000,000

Subtitle D : Reporting Requirements

Prior Notice to Congress of Obligation of Funds

::(a) Not less than 15 days before obligating any funds made available for a program under this title, the President shall transmit to the Congress a report on the proposed obligation. Each such report shall specify — :::(1) the account, budget activity, and particular program or programs from which the funds proposed to be obligated are to be derived and the amount of the proposed obligation :::(2) the activities and forms of assistance under this title for which the President plans to obligate such funds, including the projected involvement of United States Government agencies and departments and the United States

private sector The private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is owned by private groups, usually as a means of establishment for profit or non profit, rather than being owned by the government. Employment The ...

::(b) Any report that covers proposed industrial demilitarization projects shall contain additional information to assist the Congress in determining the merits of the proposed projects. Such information shall include descriptions of — :::(1) the facilities to be demilitarized :::(2) the types of activities conducted at those facilities and of the types of nonmilitary activities planned for those facilities :::(3) the forms of assistance to be provided by the

United States Government The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, a city within a feder ...

and by the United States private sector :::(4) the extent to which military production capability will consequently be eliminated at those facilities :::(5) the mechanisms to be established for monitoring progress on those projects

Quarterly Reports on Programs

::Not later than 30 days after the end of the last fiscal year quarter of fiscal year 1992 and not later than 30 days after the end of each fiscal year quarter of fiscal yesur 1993, the President shall transmit to the Congress a report on the activities carried out under this title. Each such report shall set forth, for the preceding fiscal year quarter and cumulatively, the following: :::(1) The amounts expended for such activities and the purposes for which they were expended. :::(2) The source of the funds obligated for such activities, specified by program. :::(3) A description of the participation of all United States Government departments and agencies and the United States private sector in such activities. :::(4) A description of the activities carried out under this title and the forms of assistance provided under this title, including, with respect to proposed industrial demilitarization projects, additional information on the progress toward demilitarization of facilities and the conversion of the demilitarized facilities to civilian activities. :::(5) Such other information as the President considers appropriate to fully inform the Congress concerning the operation of the programs authorized under this title.

Subtitle E : Joint Research and Development Programs

Programs with States of Former Soviet Union

::United States Congress encourages the Secretary of Defense to participate actively in joint research and development programs with the independent states of the former Soviet Union through the nongovernmental foundation established for this purpose by the FREEDOM Support Act of 1992. To that end, the Secretary of Defense may spend those funds authorized for support, technical cooperation, in-kind assistance, and other activities with the following purposes: :::(1) To advance defense conversion by funding civilian collaborative research and development projects between scientists and engineers in the United States and in the independent states of the former Soviet Union. :::(2) To assist the establishment of a market economy in the independent states of the former Soviet Union by promoting, identifying, and partially funding joint research, development, and demonstration ventures between United States businesses and scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs in those independent states. :::(3) To provide a mechanism for scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs in the independent states of the former Soviet Union to develop an understanding of commercial business practices by establishing linkages to United States scientists, engineers, and businesses. :::(4) To provide access for United States businesses to sophisticated new technologies, talented researchers, and potential new markets within the independent states of the former Soviet Union. :::(5) To provide productive research and development opportunities within the independent states of the former Soviet Union that offer scientists and engineers alternatives to emigration and help prevent proliferation of weapons technologies and the dissolution of the technological infrastructure of those states.

References

External links

* * * * * {{Nuclear weapons limitation treaty Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1992 in law Arms control Cold War Cold War history of the United States Nuclear history of the United States Military disbanding and disarmament Nuclear proliferation Nuclear weapons policy 102nd United States Congress Soviet Union–United States relations