![Little Ducth Church](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Little_Ducth_Church.jpg)
The Foreign Protestants were a group of
French Lutheran
Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched th ...
and
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
** Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
Protestant
Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...
immigrants
Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. Commuters, tourists, and ...
to
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland".
Most of the population are native Eng ...
. They largely settled in Halifax at Gottingen Street (named after the German town of
Göttingen
Göttingen (, , ; nds, Chöttingen) is a college town, university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the Capital (political), capital of Göttingen (district), the eponymous district. The River Leine runs through it. At the end of 2019, t ...
) and
Dutch Village Road as well as
Lunenburg.
History
In 1749, the
British colony
The British Overseas Territories (BOTs), also known as the United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs), are fourteen territories with a constitutional and historical link with the United Kingdom. They are the last remnants of the former Bri ...
of Nova Scotia was almost completely populated by native
Mi'kmaq
The Mi'kmaq (also ''Mi'gmaq'', ''Lnu'', ''Miꞌkmaw'' or ''Miꞌgmaw''; ; ) are a First Nations people of the Northeastern Woodlands, indigenous to the areas of Canada's Atlantic Provinces and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec as well as the northe ...
and 10,000
French-speaking
French ( or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul, and more specifically in Nor ...
and
Roman Catholic
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
Acadians
The Acadians (french: Acadiens , ) are an ethnic group descended from the French who settled in the New France colony of Acadia during the 17th and 18th centuries. Most Acadians live in the region of Acadia, as it is the region where the des ...
. The British, specifically the
Board of Trade
The Board of Trade is a British government body concerned with commerce and industry, currently within the Department for International Trade. Its full title is The Lords of the Committee of the Privy Council appointed for the consideration of ...
, wanted to settle Protestants in the region. Attracting British immigrants was difficult since most preferred to go to the warmer
southern colonies. Thus, a plan was developed to aggressively recruit foreign
Protestants
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followers perceived to b ...
, who came mostly from German duchies and principalities on the
Upper Rhine
The Upper Rhine (german: Oberrhein ; french: Rhin Supérieur) is the section of the Rhine between Basel in Switzerland and Bingen in Germany, surrounded by the Upper Rhine Plain. The river is marked by Rhine-kilometres 170 to 529 (the sc ...
. The
Duchy of Württemberg
The Duchy of Württemberg (german: Herzogtum Württemberg) was a duchy located in the south-western part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was a member of the Holy Roman Empire from 1495 to 1806. The dukedom's long survival for over three centuries ...
was the major source, which included the French region of
Montbéliard
Montbéliard (; traditional ) is a town in the Doubs Departments of France, department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Regions of France, region in eastern France, about from the border with Switzerland. It is one of the two Subprefectures in F ...
, and there were also "Foreign Protestants" from what is now the
tripoint
A tripoint, trijunction, triple point, or tri-border area is a geographical point at which the boundaries of three countries or subnational entities meet. There are 175 international tripoints as of 2020. Nearly half are situated in rivers, l ...
of
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
,
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
and
Switzerland
). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
.
The recruiting drive was led by John Dick, a recruiting agent for settlers in the New World. The British government agreed to provide free passage to the colony, free land, and one year of rations upon arrival. Over 2,000 of the "Foreign Protestants" arrived between 1750 and 1752, in 12 ships:
*''Alderney'' (1750)
*''Nancy'' (1750)
*''Ann'' (1750)
*''Gale'' (1751)
*''Speedwell'' (1751)
*''Pearl'' (1751)
*''Murdoch'' (1751)
*''Speedwell'' (1752)
*''Betty'' (1752)
*''Sally'' (1752)
*''Pearl'' (1752)
*''Gale'' (1752)
The immigrants disembarked at
Halifax, where they were put in temporary quarters. The Foreign Protestants stayed at Halifax to assist the British in building the new outpost. They built their own chapel in Halifax,
Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church
The Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church is the second-oldest building in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, after St. Paul's Church. It was built for the Foreign Protestants, and is the oldest site in Canada associated with Lutheranism. It is a National Hi ...
. Issues arose as a number struggled with high rents in the "shanty town" they had to live in, as well as trouble accessing building materials and having to pay exorbitant prices, while they awaited their promised lands.
Governor Hopson and his council had a large number of the Protestants removed and resettled in the Summer of 1753 to Merliguish/Merligash, renamed to Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.
Conditions in Lunenburg were initially quite poor and rumours that the people were not receiving all of the support authorized by the British Parliament resulted in the
Lunenburg Rebellion
The Lunenburg Rebellion (also known as "The Hoffman Insurrection") was an insurrection in December 1753 by the new settlers at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, over poor living conditions as well as weariness of the Foreign Protestant settlers from repeate ...
in December 1753. The Foreign Protestants also faced numerous Mi'kmaw attacks, such as the
Raid on Lunenburg (1756)
The Raid on Lunenburg occurred during the French and Indian War when Mi'kmaw and Maliseet fighters attacked a British settlement at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia on May 8, 1756. The native militia raided two islands on the northern outskirts of the f ...
.
Legacy
Most of the foreign Protestants settled along the
South Shore between
Liverpool
Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a popul ...
and Halifax. The area is still inhabited by their descendants, and last names like, Berghaus (anglicized to Barkhouse), Corkum, Creaser, Crouse, Ernst, Himmelman, Hebb, Hirtle, Lohnes, Joudrey, Kaiser, Knickle, Mariette (anglicized to Marriott), Mettetel (anglicized to Matatall), Morash, Naas, Petterquin (anglicized to Patriquin), Rehfus (anglicized to Rafuse), Reichert (anglicized to Richards), Schmidt (anglicized to Smith), Seeberger (anglicized to Seaboyer), Teubert (anglicized to Tibert), Vogler, Wenzel (anglicized to Wentzell), Whynacht (anglicized to Whynot), Weil (anglicized to Wile), Zinck, Zwicker, or the various ways to spell Rhodeniser are common.
Passenger Lists
/ref> Many towns such as Lunenburg, bear distinctly German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
** Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
names. While places adapted to the cultural and business requirements including Bridgewater and Riverport. Many of the names of islands, beaches, and points like Kingsburg are also German.
In the mid-18th century, the Foreign Protestants were the ethnonym
An ethnonym () is a name applied to a given ethnic group. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (whose name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms, or endonyms (whose name is created and used ...
ic basis behind the name "New Brunswick
New Brunswick (french: Nouveau-Brunswick, , locally ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. It is the only province with both English and ...
", as well as support behind naming "Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (PEI; ) is one of the thirteen Provinces and territories of Canada, provinces and territories of Canada. It is the smallest province in terms of land area and population, but the most densely populated. The island has seve ...
" for a representative of the Braunschweiger dynasty.
Gallery
File:Ritceymonumentriverportnovascotia.jpg, Johann Phillip Henericie's Monument, 1st European to settle Riverport, Nova Scotia
Riverport is a village in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, Canada. The harbour of Ritcey Cove is free from shoals and safe from every wind, considered one of the finest in North America. Riverport is a five-minute drive to several public beaches ...
File:Otto William Schwartz, Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia.jpg, Otto William Schwartz
Otto William Schwartz (May 12, 1715 – October 5, 1785) was a Tsardom of Russia, Russian-born fur trader and political figure of Germany, German descent in Nova Scotia. He arrived with Governor Edward Cornwallis and represented Lunenburg Co ...
File:John Payzant (1744-1834), Nova Scotia.jpg, John Payzant
John Payzant (17 Oct. 1749 in Jersey – 10 April 1834 in Liverpool, N.S.) was a Foreign Protestants, Foreign Protestant, prominent New Light Congregational minister in Liverpool, Nova Scotia and was taken captive for four years with his siblings ...
(1749–1834) – taken captive
Captive or Captives may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Films
* ''Captive'' (1980 film), a sci-fi film, starring Cameron Mitchell and David Ladd
* ''Captive'' (1986 film), a British-French film starring Oliver Reed
* ''Captive'' (1991 ...
for four years (age 6-10)
File:JohannGottlobSchmeisser.png, Johann Gottlob Schmeisser
Johann Gottlob Schmeisser (22 March 1751 – 21 December 1806) was an Evangelical Lutheran minister who was the second minister of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia and served for 24 years. He arrived during the American Revolution, and, after being in the ...
– earliest known image of Foreign Protestant in Nova Scotia (c.1790)
File:The Jessen Bell, St. John's Anglican Church, Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.jpg, The Jessen Bell
File:Rev Bruin Romcas Comisco, Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.png, Rev Bruin Romkes Comingo, 1st Presbyterian minister ordained in Canada, St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church (Lunenburg)
Notable Foreign Protestants
*Johann Gottlob Schmeisser
Johann Gottlob Schmeisser (22 March 1751 – 21 December 1806) was an Evangelical Lutheran minister who was the second minister of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia and served for 24 years. He arrived during the American Revolution, and, after being in the ...
*Otto William Schwartz
Otto William Schwartz (May 12, 1715 – October 5, 1785) was a Tsardom of Russia, Russian-born fur trader and political figure of Germany, German descent in Nova Scotia. He arrived with Governor Edward Cornwallis and represented Lunenburg Co ...
*Dettlieb Christopher Jessen
Dettlieb Christopher Jessen (February 25, 1730 – August 12, 1814) was one of the founding fathers of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, and helped the village through Father Le Loutre's War, the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. He ...
*Joseph Pernette
Joseph Pernette (1728–1807) was a German-born merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Lunenburg County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1761 to 1770.
He was born in Strasbourg, served in the Breton Volunteers a ...
*John Payzant
John Payzant (17 Oct. 1749 in Jersey – 10 April 1834 in Liverpool, N.S.) was a Foreign Protestants, Foreign Protestant, prominent New Light Congregational minister in Liverpool, Nova Scotia and was taken captive for four years with his siblings ...
See also
*Prince Rupert of the Rhine
Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland, (17 December 1619 (O.S.) / 27 December (N.S.) – 29 November 1682 (O.S.)) was an English army officer, admiral, scientist and colonial governor. He first came to prominence as a Royalist cavalr ...
*Hesse
Hesse (, , ) or Hessia (, ; german: Hessen ), officially the State of Hessen (german: links=no, Land Hessen), is a States of Germany, state in Germany. Its capital city is Wiesbaden, and the largest urban area is Frankfurt. Two other major histor ...
*Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708
The Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 (7 Anne c. 5), sometimes referred to as the Foreign and Protestants Naturalization Act 1708, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The act was passed on 23 March 1709, which was still cons ...
*Huguenots
The Huguenots ( , also , ) were a Religious denomination, religious group of French people, French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss politica ...
References
Other sources
* Bell, Winthrop Pickard. The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia:The History of a piece of arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century. Toronto
Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the ancho ...
: University of Toronto Press
The University of Toronto Press is a Canadian university press founded in 1901. Although it was founded in 1901, the press did not actually publish any books until 1911.
The press originally printed only examination books and the university calen ...
, 1961
History of Bridgewater, NS
The Foreign Protestants
The Foreign Protestants
Montbeliard Monument
{{Swiss diaspora
Canadian people of German descent
Ethnic groups in Nova Scotia
French Canadian culture
German-Canadian culture
History of immigration to Canada
Immigrants to Canada
Immigration to Nova Scotia
Pre-Confederation Nova Scotia
Protestantism in Canada
Settlement schemes