Foreign policy of Herbert Hoover covers the international activities and policies of

Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 and a member of the Republican Party, holding office during the onset of the Gr ...

for his entire career, with emphasis to his roles from 1914 to 1933. ARA-Hoover

World War I

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

broke out in August 1914, pitting Germany and its allies against France and Britain and their allies. The US was neutral, and about 125,000 American tourists and visitors were trapped in Europe and needed to get home immediately. The transatlantic passenger ships were temporarily cancelled, and banks were closed so they were short of money. They flooded the American embassies especially in London. Hoover volunteered and soon took charge of operations in London in cooperation with other London-based American businessmen and the US ambassador. Hoover raised money locally until gold appropriated by Congress arrived. His team helped tens of thousands with loans and travel assistance. He finished his emergency role by October.

Belgium and occupied France 1914–1917

Food Administrator in US 1917–1918

Post-war relief in Europe

American relief and Russian famine of 1921

Under Hoover's direction, very large scale food relief was distributed to Europe after the war though the American Relief Administration. In 1921, to ease famine in Russia, the ARA's director in Europe, Walter Lyman Brown, began negotiated an agreement with Soviet People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs,

Maxim Litvinov Maxim Maximovich Litvinov (; born Meir Henoch Wallach; 17 July 1876 – 31 December 1951) was a Russian revolutionary and prominent Soviet statesman and diplomat. A strong advocate of diplomatic agreements leading towards disarmament, Litvinov w ...

in August, 1921; an additional implementation agreement was signed by Brown and People's Commissar for Foreign Trade

Leonid Krasin Leonid Borisovich Krasin (russian: Леони́д Бори́сович Кра́син; 15 July 1870 – 24 November 1926) was a Russian Soviet politician, engineer, social entrepreneur, Bolshevik revolutionary politician and a Soviet diplomat. In ...

on December 30, 1921. The U.S. Congress appropriated $20,000,000 for relief under the Russian Famine Relief Act of late 1921. At its peak, the ARA employed 300 Americans, more than 120,000 Russians and fed 10.5 million people daily. Its Russian operations were headed by Col.

William N. Haskell Lieutenant General William Nafew Haskell Jr. (13 August 1878, in Albany, New York – 13 August 1952, in Greenwich, Connecticut) was a U.S. military officer. He was a 1901 graduate of the United States Military Academy. After graduation from Wes ...

. The Medical Division of the ARA functioned from November 1921 to June 1923 and helped overcome the

typhus Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposure. ...

epidemic then ravaging Russia. Hoover strongly detested Bolshevism, and felt the American aid would demonstrate the superiority of Western capitalism and thus help contain the spread of communism. The ARA's operations in Russia were shut down on June 15, 1923, after it was discovered that Russia renewed the export of grain.

Secretary of Commerce, 1921-1928

President, 1929–1933

In his Memoirs Hoover recalled his main efforts to promote peace: # Ending intervention policy in Latin America. # Advocated adherence to the world court with reservations. # Negotiated treaties calling for arbitration and conciliation. # Expanded the Kellogg-Briand peace pact. # Cooperated with the League of Nations and activities that did not involve force. # Reduced naval competition with Great Britain. # Ended British expansion of its naval and air bases in the Western hemisphere. # Worked to sustain democratic government in Germany. # Worked with other nations to restrain Japanese aggression in China. Although he did use military force to protect American interests in China. # Worked a limit the international naval arms race. # In 1931 imposed a moratorium on intergovernmental debts to reduce the impact of the Great Depression

Disarmament

Hoover placed a priority on

disarmament Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons. Disarmament generally refers to a country's military or specific type of weaponry. Disarmament is often taken to mean total elimination of weapons of mass destruction, such as ...

, which he hoped would allow the United States to shift money from the military to domestic needs. Hoover and his Secretary of State

Henry L. Stimson Henry Lewis Stimson (September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American statesman, lawyer, and Republican Party politician. Over his long career, he emerged as a leading figure in U.S. foreign policy by serving in both Republican and D ...

focused on extending the 1922

Washington Naval Treaty The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, was a treaty signed during 1922 among the major Allies of World War I, which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction. It was negotiated at the Washington Nav ...

, which sought to prevent a naval arms race. As a result of Hoover's efforts, the United States and other major naval powers signed the 1930 London Naval Treaty. The treaty represented the first time that the naval powers had agreed to cap their tonnage of auxiliary vessels, as previous agreements had only affected

capital ship The capital ships of a navy are its most important warships; they are generally the larger ships when compared to other warships in their respective fleet. A capital ship is generally a leading or a primary ship in a naval fleet. Strategic im ...

s. Hoover's Chief of Naval Operations

William V. Pratt William Veazie Pratt (28 February 1869 – 25 November 1957) was an admiral in the United States Navy. He served as the President of the Naval War College from 1925 to 1927, and as the 5th Chief of Naval Operations from 1930 to 1933. Early l ...

(1930-1933) agreed with Hoovers's emphasis on disarmament and went along with postponement of new construction and cutting the fleet. Other naval officers disagreed sharply with Hoover's policies. At the 1932

World Disarmament Conference The Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments, generally known as the Geneva Conference or World Disarmament Conference, was an international conference of states held in Geneva, Switzerland, between February 1932 and November 1934 ...

, Hoover urged further cutbacks in armaments and the outlawing of tanks and bombers, but his proposals were not adopted.

China

In 1931, Japan invaded

Manchuria Manchuria is an exonym (derived from the endo demonym " Manchu") for a historical and geographic region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China (Inner Manchuria) and parts of the Russian Far East (Outer M ...

, defeating the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army and establishing Manchukuo, a puppet state. The Hoover administration deplored the invasion, but also sought to avoid antagonizing the Japanese, fearing that taking too strong a stand would weaken the moderate forces in the Japanese government and alienate a potential ally against the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

, which he saw as a much greater threat. In response to the Japanese invasion, Hoover and Secretary of State Stimson outlined the

Stimson Doctrine The Stimson Doctrine is the policy of nonrecognition of states created as a result of a war of aggression. The policy was implemented by the United States government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932, to the Empire of Japan and the Repub ...

, which held that the United States would not recognize territories gained by force.

Trade decline: Higher tariff and hostile retaliation

The Tariff Act of 1930, commonly known as the Smoot–Hawley Tariff, implemented

protectionist Protectionism, sometimes referred to as trade protectionism, is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations. ...

trade policies, was signed by President Hoover on June 17, 1930. The act raised US

tariff A tariff is a tax imposed by the government of a country or by a supranational union on imports or exports of goods. Besides being a source of revenue for the government, import duties can also be a form of regulation of foreign trade and pol ...

s on over 20,000 imported goods. The new law and tariffs imposed by America's trading partners in retaliation were major factors of the reduction of American exports and imports by 67% during

the Depression The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagion ...

. Most of the decline was due to a plunge in GDP in the US and worldwide. However beyond that was additional decline. Some countries protested and others also retaliated with trade restrictions and tariffs. American exports to the protesters fell 18% and exports to those who retaliated fell 31%. Economists and economic historians have a consensus view that the Smoot–Hawley Tariff worsened the effects of the Great Depression.

Latin America

According to William Leuchtenburg, during Hoover's term, the world order established in the immediate aftermath of World War I began to crumble. As president, Hoover largely made good on his pledge made prior to assuming office not to interfere in Latin America's internal affairs. In 1930, he released the Clark Memorandum, a rejection of the

Roosevelt Corollary In the history of United States foreign policy, the Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903. ...

and a move towards non-interventionism in

Latin America Latin America or * french: Amérique Latine, link=no * ht, Amerik Latin, link=no * pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived f ...

. Hoover did not completely refrain from the use of the military in Latin American affairs; he thrice threatened intervention in the

Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic ( ; es, República Dominicana, ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with ...

, and he sent warships to El Salvador to support the government against a left-wing revolution. Notwithstanding those actions, he wound down the

Banana Wars The Banana Wars were a series of conflicts that consisted of military occupation, police action, and intervention by the United States in Central America and the Caribbean between the end of the Spanish–American War in 1898 and the inceptio ...

, ending the

occupation of Nicaragua The United States occupation of Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933 was part of the Banana Wars, when the US military invaded various Latin American countries from 1898 to 1934. The formal occupation began in 1912, even though there were various other ...

and nearly bringing an end to the occupation of Haiti. The

, articulated by President

Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...

in 1904, states that the United States could intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries if they committed flagrant and chronic financial wrongdoings. The U.S. took over the police role to stop interventions by European powers. Hoover in 1930 endorsed the Clark Memorandum that repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary in favor of what was later called the

Good Neighbor policy The Good Neighbor policy ( ) was the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt towards Latin America. Although the policy was implemented by the Roosevelt administration, President Woodrow Wilson had prev ...

Haiti and Nicaragua

Hoover appointed

William Cameron Forbes William Cameron Forbes (May 21, 1870 – December 24, 1959) was an American investment banker and diplomat. He served as governor-general of the Philippines from 1909 to 1913 and ambassador of the United States to Japan from 1930 to 1932. He was ...

to lead a commission to Haiti in 1930. Forbes gave Hoover a plan to stabilize Haiti and remove the Marines. An agreement in August 1931 started the withdrawal and a similar plan led to Hoover's withdrawal of troops from Nicaragua. Franklin Roosevelt later completed the process, calling it the "

." It ended three decades of intervention, but ignored the rise of dictators. The statement was met with initial disapproval from France and many American citizens, but, after much telephonic lobbying by Hoover, went on to gain support from 15 nations by July 6. It was approved by the

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...

in December. In 1932 the resumption of payments did not happen. The debts were finally consolidated and paid off in 1953 by the

London Agreement on German External Debts The London Agreement on German External Debts, also known as the London Debt Agreement (German: ''Londoner Schuldenabkommen''), was a debt relief treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and creditor nations. The Agreement was signed in L ...

Ex-president 1933–1964

World War II

Late 1940s

After being frozen out by Roosevelt, Hoover was delighted that his offer of help to the new President Harry S Truman was quickly accepted. They became friends and Hoover took on the role as chief advisor regarding food relief and other help to impoverished Europe.

1950s

When the Korean war broke out in 1950, Hoover first gave his friend Truman public support. But late in the year, as Chinese intervention pushed the American, South Korean and UN forces back to the South, Hoover made a major address that called for a new strategy. His repeated his frequent warning that the massive manpower advantage of the communist states, now including China, made a land made land warfare a losing proposition for America and its allies. Instead it was necessary to relate rely on technological superiority and airpower and seapower. For East Asia, Hoover recommended a different defensive alliance that included Japan, Formosa, and the Philippines, but did not include South Korea. By minimizing reliance on Army land forces, it was a cost-saving procedure. He recommends a Japan being encouraged to build up its forces as well. Hoover's position was widely adopted by formerly isolationist Republicans like Sen. Robert Taft, and criticized by the internationalist-oriented Republicans such as John Foster Dulles. Dwight D. Eisenhower agreed with Hoover's deemphasis on expensive ground armies and followed through in implementing that policy after his election in 1952. Justus D. Doenecke,''Not to the Swift: The Old Isolationists in the Cold War Era'' (1979) pp 224, 231.

Notes

* Best, Gary Dean. ''Life of Herbert Hoover : Keeper of the Torch, 1933-1964'' (2013). * Burner, David. ''Herbert HooverL A Public Life'' (1979). * Clements, Kendrick A. ''The Life of Herbert Hoover: Imperfect Visionary, 1918-1928'' (2010) * Jeansonne, Glen. ''Herbert Hoover: A Life'' (2016), long scholarly biograph
excerpt
* Jeansonne, Glen. ''The Life of Herbert Hoover: Fighting Quaker, 1928-1933'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)
excerpt
* Leuchtenberg, William E. ''Herbert Hoover'' (2009)
online
* Morison, Elting E. ''Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson '' (1960
online
* Nash, George H. "The 'Great Humanitarian': Herbert Hoover, the Relief of Belgium, and the Reconstruction of Europe after War I." ''The Tocqueville Review'' 38.2 (2017): 55–70. * Nash, George H. "An American Epic’: Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I." ''Prologue Magazine'' 21 (1989)

* Nash, George H. ''The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Engineer 1874–1914'' (1983) vol 1
online
* Nash, George H. ''The Humanitarian, 1914–1917, The Life of Herbert Hoover, 2.'' (1988) * Nash, George H. ''Master of Emergencies, 1917–1918, The Life of Herbert Hoover, 3.'' (1996
online
* Smith, Richard Norton. ''An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover'' (1984), focus on post-presidency * Stimson, Henry L. and McGeorge Bundy. ''On Active Services in Peace and War'' (1948
online
* Wilson, Joan Hoff. ''Herbert Hoover: forgotten progressive'' (1975) pp 168–208.

Scholarly studies

* Accinelli, Robert D. "The Hoover Administration and the World Court." ''Peace & Change'' 4.3 (1977): 28–36. * Banholzer, Simon, and Tobias Straumann. "Why the French Said 'Non': A New Perspective on the Hoover Moratorium of June 1931." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 56.4 (2021): 1040–1060. doi:10.1177/0022009420949924 * Braeman, John. "Power and Diplomacy: the 1920's Reappraised." The Review of Politics 44.3 (1982): 342–369. * Brandes, Joseph. ''Herbert Hoover and economic diplomacy; Department of Commerce policy 1921-1928'' (1962
online
borrow * Burk, Kathleen. "The Lineaments of Foreign Policy: The United States and a 'New World Order,' 1919–39." ''Journal of American Studies'' 26.3 (1992): 377–391. * Cabanes, Bruno. "The hungry and the sick: Herbert Hoover, the Russian famine, and the professionalization of humanitarian aid" in Bruno Cabanes, ''The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism, 1918-1924'' (Cambridge UP, 2014) 189–247. * Chapman, Michael E. "Ironies of Character: Hoover's Foreign Policy with Asia." in ''A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover'' (2014): 502–521. * Costigliola, Frank. ''Awkward dominion: American political, economic, and cultural relations with Europe, 1919-1933'' (Cornell UP, 1984). * Current, Richard N. "The Stimson Doctrine and the Hoover Doctrine." ''American Historical Review'' 59.3 (1954): 513–542
online
* DeConde, Alexander. ''Herbert Hoover's Latin-American policy'' (1951
online
* DeConde, Alexander, ed. ''Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy: Studies of the Principal Movements and Ideas'' (4 vol 1979) * DeConde, Alexander. '' A History of American Foreign Policy'' (1963), textbook. * Doenecke, Justus D. "The Anti-Interventionism of Herbert Hoover." ''Journal of Libertarian Studies'' 8.2 (1987): 311–340
online
* Doenecke, Justus D. ''Not to the Swift: The Old Isolationists in the Cold War Era'' (1979) * Dozer, Donald. ''Good Neighbors? Three Decades of Inter-American Relations, 1930-1960'' (1959) * Druelle, Clotilde. ''Feeding Occupied France during World War I: Herbert Hoover and the Blockade'' (2019) * Ellis, L. Ethan. ''Republican Foreign Policy, 1921-1933'' (1968
online
* Fausold, Martin L. ''The Presidency of Herbert C. Hoover'' (UP of Kansas, 1985), aa major scholarly surve
online
* Ferrell, Robert H. ''American Diplomacy in the Great Depression: Hoover–Stimson Foreign Policy, 1929–1933'' (1957). * Gelfand, Lawrence E. ed. ''Herbert Hoover--the Great War and Its Aftermath, 1914-23'' (U of Iowa Press, 1979). Eight essays by scholars
online
* George Jr, James H. "Another Chance: Herbert Hoover and World War II Relief." ''Diplomatic History'' 16.3 (1992): 389–407
online
* Herring, George C. ''From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776'' (Oxford University Press, 2008), textbook. * Jeansonne, Glen S. "Hoover goes to Belgium." ''History Today'' (Jan 2015) 65#1 pp 19–24. online; popular history * Kennedy, Greg. "Depression and security: Aspects influencing the United States Navy during the Hoover administration." ''Diplomacy and Statecraft'' 6.2 (1995): 342–372. * Koyoma, Kumiko. 2009. “The Passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act: Why Did the President Sign the Bill?” ''Journal of Policy History'' 21 (2): 163-86 * Kubo, Fumiaki, Ryūji Hattori, and Satoshi Hattori. "The 1930s: Japan’s War with China and American Non-Recognition." in ''The History of US-Japan Relations'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2017). 83–102
online
* Lippmann, Walter. ''The United States in world affairs: An account of American foreign relations: 1931'' (Harper, 1932). * Lippmann, Walter. ''The United States in world affairs: An account of American foreign relations: 1932'' (Harper, 1933). * Lochner, Louis P. ''Herbert Hoover and Germany'' (1960
online
* McKercher, B. J. C. "'A Certain Irritation': The White House, the State Department, and the Desire for a Naval Settlement with Great Britain, 1927–1930." ''Diplomatic History'' 31.5 (2007): 829–863
online
* McKercher, B. J. C. "Chrysalis Of Power: Us Foreign Policy And The Retreat From Isolationism, 1919–1941." in ''A Companion to US Foreign Relations: Colonial Era to the Present'' (2020) pp: 345–381. * McPherson, Alan. "Herbert Hoover, Occupation Withdrawal, and the Good Neighbor Policy." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly '' 44.4 (2014): 623–63
online
* Maddox, Robert James. ''William E. Borah and American Foreign Policy: 1907-1929'' (1964). * Myers, William Starr; Walter H. Newton, eds. ''The Hoover Administration; a documented narrative'' (1936) pp 577–61
online
many documents included in the narrative. * Nash, Lee, ed. ''Understanding Herbert Hoover: Ten Perspectives'' (1987); essays by scholars on various topics
online
* Parafianowicz, Halina. "Hoover's Moratorium and Some Aspects of American Policy Towards Eastern and Central Europe in 1931," ''American Studies''. (1987) 6#1 pp 63–84. * Parrini, Carl P. ''Heir to empire: United States economic diplomacy, 1916-1923'' (1969
online
* Pemberton, Jo-Anne. "The Hoover Plan, Reparations and the French Constructive Plan." in Pemberton, ''The Story of International Relations, Part Two'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019) pp. 185–277. On war debts owed to US. * Rappaport, Armin. ''Henry L. Stimson and Japan, 1931-33'' (1963) * Robinson, Edgar Eugene, and Vaughn Davis Bornet. ''Herbert Hoover: President of the United States'' (1975). 398 pp; a weak defense of Hoover's policies * Rogers, Benjamin F. “‘Dear Mr. President’: The Hoover-Truman Correspondence.” ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 16#3 (1986), pp. 503–10
online
* Thorne, Christopher. ''The Limits of Foreign Policy: The West, the League and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1931–1933'' (1972) * Van Meer, Elisabeth. "The Transatlantic Pursuit of a World Engineering Federation" ''Technology & Culture'' (2012) 53#1 pp 120–145
online
* Walker III, William O. "Crucible for peace: Herbert Hoover, modernization, and economic growth in Latin America." ''Diplomatic History'' 30.1 (2006): 83–117
online jstor
* Webster, Andrew. ''Strange Allies: Britain, France and the Dilemmas of Disarmament and Security, 1929–1933'' (Routledge, 2019). * Weissman, Benjamin M. ''Herbert Hoover and famine relief to Soviet Russia, 1921–1923'' (Hoover Institution Press, 1974). * Wheeler, Gerald E. "Republican Philippine Policy, 1921-1933." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 28.4 (1959): 377–390
online jstor
* Wilson, Joan Hoff. ''American Business and Foreign Policy: 1920–1933'' (University Press of Kentucky, 1971). * Wilson, John R. M. “Herbert Hoover’s Military Policy.” in ''Herbert Hoover and World Peace'', ed. Lee Nash. (2010) pp 115–32. * Wilson, John R. M. “The Quaker and the Sword: Herbert Hoover’s Relations with the Military.” ''Military Affairs'' 38#2 (1974), pp. 41–47
online
* Wynn, Neil A. ''Historical dictionary from the great war to the great depression'' (Scarecrow Press, 2013)
online

Historiography

* Doenecke, Justus D. "Historians' Views of the Republican Era: Was Roosevelt an Entirely New Turn?" in ''A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover'' (2014): 543–565. * Goodall, Alex. "U.S. Foreign Relations under Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover: Power and Constraint." in ''A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover'' (2014): 53–76. * Hatfield, Mark, ed. ''Herbert Hoover Reassessed: Essays Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Inauguration of Our Thirty-First President'' (US Government Printing Office, 1981).
online free
major collection of 29 essays by scholars; 8 deal with foreign policy, pp 313–448. * Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover and the Historians—Recent Developments: A Review Essay" ''Annals of Iowa'' 78#1 (2018) p. 75-86 https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.12547 * Hogan, Michael J. ed. ''Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941'' (Cambridge UP, 2000). * Kahan, Paul. "Herbert Hoover's Diplomacy Toward Latin America." in ''A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover'' (2014) pp: 484–501.

Primary sources

* Hoover, Herbert. ''An American Epic: Introduction: The Relief of Belgium and Northern France, 1914-1930'' (1959
online
als
online review
* Hoover, Herbert. ''An American epic. 2, Famine in forty five nations : organization behind the front 1914-1923'' (1960
online
* Hoover, Herbert. ''An American epic. 3, Famine in forty-five nations. The battle on the front line 1914-1923'' (1961

* Hoover, Herbert. ''Memoirs volume 1: Years of Adventure 1874-1920'' (1952
online
* Hoover, Herbert. ''Memoirs volume 2: The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920–1933'' (1952
online
* Hoover, Herbert. ''Memoirs volume 3: The Great Depression, 1929–1941'' (1952
online
* Hawley, Ellis, ed. ''Herbert Hoover: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President'', (4 vols. 1974–1977). * Myers, William Starr; Walter H. Newton, eds. ''The Hoover Administration; a documented narrative''. (1936
online
many documents included in the narrative.

External links

Saladin Ambar, "Woodrow Wilson: Foreign Affairs" (Miller Center, 2021)

Eugene P. Trani, "Warren Harding: Foreign Affairs" (Miller Center, 2021)
*
David Greenberg, "Calvin Coolidge: Foreign Affairs" (Miller Center, 2021)

David E. Hamilton, "Herbert Hoover: Foreign Affairs" (Miller Center, 2021)
{{DEFAULTSORT:History of U.S. foreign policy, 1913-1933 1929 establishments in the United States 1933 disestablishments in the United States History of the foreign relations of the United States Presidency of Herbert Hoover Aftermath of World War I in the United States