Forcing may refer to:
Mathematics and science
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Forcing (mathematics)
In the mathematical discipline of set theory, forcing is a technique for proving consistency and independence (mathematical logic), independence results. Intuitively, forcing can be thought of as a technique to expand the set theoretical universe ...
, a technique for obtaining independence proofs for set theory
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Forcing (computability)
Forcing in computability theory is a modification of Paul Cohen's original set-theoretic technique of forcing to deal with computability concerns.
Conceptually the two techniques are quite similar: in both one attempts to build generic objects ...
, a modification of Paul Cohen's original set theoretic technique of forcing to deal with the effective concerns in recursion theory
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Forcing (horticulture)
Forcing is the horticultural practice of bringing a cultivated plant into active growth outside of its natural growing season. Plants do not produce new growth or flowers (and hence fruit) during the winter, and many species only produce flowers ...
, bringing a cultivated plant into growth outside of its natural season.
*Forcing, driving a
harmonic oscillator
In classical mechanics, a harmonic oscillator is a system that, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force ''F'' proportional to the displacement ''x'':
\vec F = -k \vec x,
where ''k'' is a positive const ...
at a particular frequency
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Cloud forcing
Cloud feedback is a type of climate change feedback, where the overall cloud frequency, height, and the relative fraction of the different types of clouds are altered due to climate change, and these changes then affect the Earth's energy balanc ...
, the difference between the radiation budget components for average cloud conditions and cloud-free conditions
* Forcing
bulbs
In botany, a bulb is a short underground stem with fleshy leaves or leaf basesBell, A.D. 1997. ''Plant form: an illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. that function as food storage organs during ...
, the inducement of plants to flower earlier than their natural season
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Radiative forcing
Radiative forcing (or climate forcing) is a concept used to quantify a change to the balance of energy flowing through a planetary atmosphere. Various factors contribute to this change in energy balance, such as concentrations of greenhouse gases ...
, the difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy in a given climate system
Arts, entertainment, and media
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Forcing (magic)
In stage magic, a force is a method of controlling a choice made by a spectator during a trick. Some forces are performed physically using sleight of hand, such as a trick where a spectator appears to select a random card from a deck but is instea ...
, a technique by which a magician forces one outcome from a card draw
* Forcing, several distinct concepts within the game of
contract bridge
Contract bridge, or simply bridge, is a trick-taking game, trick-taking card game using a standard 52-card deck. In its basic format, it is played by four players in two Team game, competing partnerships, with partners sitting opposite each othe ...
:
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Forcing bid
In the card game contract bridge, a forcing bid is any that obliges the partner to bid over an intermediate opposing pass. Owing to the partnership's bidding system or a bridge convention
A bridge convention is an agreement about an artificial o ...
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Forcing defense
A forcing defense in contract bridge aims to force declarer to repeatedly ruff the defenders' leads. If this can be done often enough, declarer eventually runs out of trumps and may lose control of the hand. A forcing defense is therefore applicabl ...
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Forcing notrump
The forcing notrump is a bidding convention in the card game of bridge.
In Standard American bidding, the response of 1NT to an opening bid of 1 or 1 shows 6 to 9 high card points (HCP) and is ''non-forcing''. Opener, with a balanced minimum, ma ...
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Forcing pass
In the card game bridge, a forcing pass is an agreement or understanding that a pass call obliges the partner to bid, double, or redouble over an intermediate opposing pass, i.e. partner must "keep the bidding open".
: ... – (act) – P ...
** Forcing take-out, an obsolete name for a strong jump shift; see
Glossary of contract bridge terms#forcingtakeout
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Fourth suit forcing
Fourth suit forcing (also referred to as fourth suit artificial; abbreviated as FSF or 4SF) is a contract bridge convention that allows responder to create, at his second turn to bid, a forcing auction. A bid by responder in the fourth suit, t ...
See also
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Force (disambiguation)
{{disambiguation