The ''Flutto'' class were a large

class Class or The Class may refer to: Common uses not otherwise categorized * Class (biology), a taxonomic rank * Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects * Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differentl ...

submarine A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely op ...

s built for the Italian Royal Navy (''

Regia Marina The ''Regia Marina'' (; ) was the navy of the Kingdom of Italy (''Regno d'Italia'') from 1861 to 1946. In 1946, with the Italian constitutional referendum, 1946, birth of the Italian Republic (''Repubblica Italiana''), the ''Regia Marina'' ch ...

'') during the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

. The ''Flutto''s were a development of the 600 Series of medium-sized, or seagoing, submarines. They were built to a partial double-hulled Bernardis design, influenced by war-time experience and construction adapted for mass construction. The ''Flutto''s were good sea-boats with improved internal arrangements, hull strength, anti-aircraft armament and diving times. They are regarded as the best medium-displacement submarines built by Italy up to that time. A total of 48 submarines were ordered, in three series (referred to as "Types"). The name ''Flutto'' means “

wave In physics, mathematics, and related fields, a wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more quantities. Waves can be periodic, in which case those quantities oscillate repeatedly about an equilibrium (res ...

”, and the Type I vessels were named for marine terms and sea-creatures. The Type II and Type III vessels all bore names of metals.

Type I

The first series of 12 vessels were laid down in 1941; six from CRDA, and three each from

OTO Oto, Ōtō, or OTO may refer to: People * Oto (name), including a list of people with the name *The Otoe tribe (also spelled Oto), a Native American people Places *Oto, Spain, a village in the Valle de Broto, in Huesca, Aragon * Otorohanga, a to ...

and Tosi. Of these 10 were commissioned and saw action; two others were unfinished at the

Italian armistice The Armistice of Cassibile was an armistice signed on 3 September 1943 and made public on 8 September between the Kingdom of Italy and the Allies during World War II. It was signed by Major General Walter Bedell Smith for the Allies and Brigad ...

in September 1943 and work on them was abandoned. Of the 10 vessels which became operational, three were sunk by the Allies, and four scuttled at the armistice. These were all raised by the Germans and re-fitted, but all four were sunk in Allied air raids during 1944. Three others were surrendered to the Allies and survived the war. Two vessels, ''Grongo'' and ''Murena'', fitted with containers for carrying ''Maiale'' manned torpedoes, for operations by the

Decima MAS The ''Decima Flottiglia MAS'' (''Decima Flottiglia Motoscafi Armati Siluranti'', also known as ''La Decima'' or Xª MAS) (Italian for "10th Assault Vehicle Flotilla") was an Italian flotilla, with commando frogman unit, of the ''Regia Marina'' ...

special operations force.

Type II

The second series of 24 were to the same design, though enlarged slightly to resolve trim problems highlighted in the first vessels. These were laid down in 1942, 15 from CRDA, six from OTO and three from Tosi. These constructions were overtaken by Italy's collapse in September 1943, and none had been completed at that time. Most of these hulls fell into German hands, and work was continued on several, but none became operational before Germany's surrender in 1945.

Type III

The third series were a copy of the Type II design, and were due to be started in 1943, but none had been laid down by the time of Italy's surrender in September of that year. All were subsequently cancelled.

Ships

Type I * ''Cernia'': Tosi: Work suspended September 1943 at armistice; laid up 1944 * ''Dentice'': Tosi: Work suspended September 1943 at armistice; laid up 1944 * ''Flutto'': Launched at CRDA 19.11.42; sunk 11.7.43 by British

MTBs MTBS is an annual interschools athletics competition (the largest in South Africa) held between four high schools located in Bellville, Western Cape. The competition is mainly an athletics meeting and includes cheerleading and flashes. These s ...

* ''Gorgo'': Launched at CRDA 31.1.42; sunk 21.5.43 by US destroyer ''Nields'' * ''Grongo'': Launched at OTO 6.5.43; scuttled in September 1943 at armistice. Raised by the Germans as ''UIT 20;'' destroyed in air raid in 1944 * ''Marea'': Launched at CRDA 10.12.42; surrendered to the Allies in September 1943 * ''Murena'': Launched at OTO 11.4.43; scuttled in September 1943 at armistice. Raised by the Germans as ''UIT 16;'' destroyed in air raid in 1944 * ''Nautilo'': Launched at CRDA 20.3.43; scuttled in September 1943 at armistice. Raised by the Germans as ''UIT 19;'' destroyed in air raid in 1944 * ''Sparide'': Launched at OTO 21.2.43; scuttled in September 1943 at armistice. Raised by the Germans as ''UIT 15;'' destroyed in air raid in 1944 * ''Spigola'': Tosi; work suspended in September 1943 at armistice. Broken up in 1948 * ''Tritone'': Launched at CRDA 3.1.42; sunk 19.1.43 by destroyer ''Antelope'' and corvette ''Port Arthur'' * ''Vortice'': Launched at CRDA 23.2.43; surrendered to the Allies in September 1943 Type II * ''Aluminio'': OTO; unfinished at armistice in September 1943; broken up by the Germans * ''Antinomio'': OTO; unfinished at armistice in September 1943; broken up by the Germans * ''Bario'': CRDA: unfinished at armistice September 43, continued by Germans, launched 23.1.44 ''UIT 7''. Scuttled May 45 * ''Cromo'': CRDA: unfinished at armistice September 43, broken up by Germans * ''Ferro'': CRDA: unfinished at armistice, continued by Germans as ''UIT 12'' destroyed unfinished May 45 * ''Fosforo'': OTO: unfinished at armistice September 43, broken up by Germans * ''Litio'': CRDA: unfinished at armistice September 43, continued by Germans, launched 19.2.44 as ''UIT 8''. Scuttled May 45 * ''Manganese'': OTO; unfinished at armistice in September 1943; broken up by the Germans * ''Piombo'': CRDA: Unfinished at armistice September 43, continued by Germans as ''UIT 13'', destroyed unfinished May 45 * ''Potassio'': CRDA: Unfinished at armistice September 43, continued by Germans as ''UIT 10'', destroyed unfinished May 45 * ''Rame'': CRDA: Unfinished at armistice September 43, continued by Germans as ''UIT 11'', destroyed unfinished May 45 * ''Silicio'': OTO; unfinished at armistice in September 1943; broken up by the Germans * ''Sodio'': CRDA: unfinished at armistice September 43, continued by Germans, launched 16.3.44 as ''UIT 9''. Scuttled May 45 * ''Zinco'': CRDA: Unfinished at armistice September 43, continued by Germans as ''UIT 14'', destroyed unfinished May 45 * ''Zolfo'': OTO; unfinished at armistice in September 1943; broken up by the Germans *''Amianto'': Tosi: not laid down before armistice; cancelled *''Magnesio'': Tosi: not laid down before armistice; cancelled *''Cadmio'': CRDA: not laid down before armistice; cancelled *''Tridio'': CRDA: not laid down before armistice; cancelled *''Mercurio'': CRDA: not laid down before armistice; cancelled *''Oro'': CRDA: not laid down before armistice; cancelled *''Ottone'': CRDA: not laid down before armistice; cancelled *''Ruthenio'': CRDA: not laid down before armistice; cancelled *''Vanadio'': CRDA: not laid down before armistice; cancelled Type III :(All vessels: Not laid down before armistice; cancelled) *''Attinio'' *''Azoto'' *''Bromo'' *''Carbonio'' *''Elio'' *''Molibdeno'' *''Osmio'' *''Osigeno'' *''Plutonio'' *''Radio'' *''Selenio'' *''Tungsteno''

References

Notes

Bibliography

*Bagnasco, E:''Submarines of World War Two'' (1977) * *

External links

Sommergibili
Marina Militare website {{WWII Italian ships World War II submarines of Italy Flutto Ships built by Cantieri navali Tosi di Taranto Ships built by Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico Ships built by OTO Melara