Florence Kate Upton (22 February 1873 – 16 October 1922) was an American-born English cartoonist and author most famous for creating the Golliwog character, featured in a series of children's books.

Early life

Upton was born in Flushing, New York, to British parents who had immigrated recently. She was the second of four children in a creative and slightly eccentric household. Florence's father, Thomas Harborough Upton, worked as a confidential clerk at the American Exchange Bank in New York. In 1884, the family moved from Flushing to central

Manhattan Manhattan (), known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state ...

, which was more convenient for her father's daily journey to his office. The

National Academy of Design The National Academy of Design is an honorary association of American artists, founded in New York City in 1825 by Samuel Morse, Asher Durand, Thomas Cole, Martin E. Thompson, Charles Cushing Wright, Ithiel Town, and others "to promote the fin ...

, located near the new home, offered free instruction to anyone who could qualify. This prompted her father to enroll in evening classes and Florence, at 15 years old, joined him for the beginning of her formal art training.

Early career

In June 1889 the family was placed in financial difficulty by the sudden death of Thomas Upton. Florence's mother, Bertha, had a trained singing voice and began to give voice lessons in the home. Her older sister Ethelwyn found work, while her younger siblings Alice and Desmond remained in school. Florence, at age 16, obtained work as a professional illustrator. Numerous publications existed at this time, mainly as vehicles for advertising and light fiction of varying merit. Some of the same authors whose stories appeared in the magazines went on to employ Florence to illustrate their novels or books of short stories. Finances eventually stabilised to such a degree that in 1893, the family was able to pay an extended visit to Bertha's relatives, the Hudsons, who lived in the

Hampstead Hampstead () is an area in London, which lies northwest of Charing Cross, and extends from Watling Street, the A5 road (Roman Watling Street) to Hampstead Heath, a large, hilly expanse of parkland. The area forms the northwest part of the Lon ...

area of London. With an established reputation from her published work in New York, Florence had no difficulty in finding employment with London publishers. When the rest of the family returned to the United States she opted to stay in England and began experimenting with ideas to supplement her income so that she could afford further art training.

Golliwogg

Upton began to sketch out ideas for a children's book, using "penny wooden" dolls as her models. However, without a central character on which to hang the tale, progress came to a standstill. Her aunt, Kate Hudson, found a blackface minstrel toy in her attic that had belonged to the Upton children, left behind from an earlier visit. This toy, which she named "Golliwogg", provided inspiration, and the first story was completed in 1894. After the manuscript was rejected by several publishing houses, John William Allen of Longmans, Green & Co. took it home and read it to his children. Their enthusiastic response prompted Allen to advocate for its publication, and Longmans offered Upton a contract. The ''Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and a "Golliwogg"'' was published for Christmas 1895. During her stay in London, Upton provided illustrations for '' The Strand Magazine'', '' The Idler'' and ''

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''. The American Society in London also commissioned a series of drawings and cartoons to decorate the

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of their November 1896 Thanksgiving Banquet. In 1895 she studied art at

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under Walter Wallis. She gave him a copy of her book, which was later given to his grandchildren: its present whereabouts are unknown. After three years of work, she returned to New York to attend the Art Students League, then continued studies in Paris and the Netherlands. Returning to London in 1906 to take up permanent residence, she moved to 21

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in 1910. Through the years Florence and Bertha collaborated on thirteen Golliwogg adventures, beginning with ''The Adventures of two Dutch Dolls and a "Golliwogg"'', in which the text was credited to Bertha. Over the years, public interest in the series waned, and Florence focused on her career as a professional artist. The last of the books was published in 1909. Upton continued to study and paint, concentrating mainly on portraits. She exhibited at the Royal Academy and other prominent venues and rapidly established a reputation as an accomplished society portraitist. Additionally, she received hundreds of commissions from the families of young soldiers. For health reasons Florence was found unfit to serve in any physical capacity during the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

. Instead she aided the war effort by donating her original dolls and drawings to a fund-raising auction for the Red Cross, conducted by

Christie's Christie's is a British auction house founded in 1766 by James Christie (auctioneer), James Christie. Its main premises are on King Street, St James's in London, at Rockefeller Center in New York City and at Alexandra House in Hong Kong. It is ...

in 1917. The sale of the dolls, which as a lot fetched 450 guineas, funded the purchase of an ambulance: it was christened "Golliwogg", and served at the front in France.

Death

At the age of 49, Florence Upton died in her studio on 16 October 1922, from complications following surgery. She is buried in

Hampstead Cemetery Hampstead Cemetery is a historic cemetery in West Hampstead, London, located at the upper extremity of the NW6 district. Despite the name, the cemetery is three-quarters of a mile from Hampstead Village, and bears a different postcode. It is j ...

Legacy

The original Golliwogg and Dutch Dolls resided for many years at

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, the Prime Minister's country estate in Buckinghamshire. They are now at the V&A Museum of Childhood in Bethnal Green, London. The Golliwogg had a considerable impact at the height of its popularity. Florence Upton's friend and biographer Edith Lyttelton recollected, "One of my children, long before we knew who Bertha and Florence Upton were, had a passionate attachment to the doll stories, and a new Golliwogg book was a great excitement in my nursery as in countless others." Florence Upton did not patent the character. Recognising a large and profitable market, many toy companies took advantage of the popularity of the books and manufactured versions of the doll, while other writers and illustrators took equal advantage, many changing the nature of the series. In 1910, John Robertson, of the jam manufacturing family James Robertson & Sons, decided it should be the company's mascot, which it remained until 2002. The prolific Enid Blyton chose to depict golliwogs in a number of her stories as naughty individuals. Other authors took a similar tack. The name "golliwog" came to be used as a degrading term for anyone who was not white-skinned, and new origins were suggested for the word. Florence Upton despaired: "I am frightened when I read the fearsome etymology some deep, dark minds can see in his name."

References

External links

* * *
Works by Bertha Upton and Florence Kate Upton
at Toronto Public Library
"Golliwogg.co.uk"
An independent guide to Golliwogs and the work of Florence K Upton * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Upton, Florence Kate 1873 births 1922 deaths 19th-century American women writers 20th-century American women writers 19th-century English women writers 20th-century English women writers 20th-century English writers American women cartoonists British women cartoonists English cartoonists English children's writers English women writers American people of English descent Alumni of Croydon College Art Students League of New York alumni Burials at Hampstead Cemetery American women children's writers American children's writers American emigrants to England People from Flushing, Queens People from Hampstead American cartoonists