A Flora is a

book A book is a medium for recording information in the form of writing or images, typically composed of many pages (made of papyrus, parchment, vellum, or paper) bound together and protected by a cover. The technical term for this phys ...

or other work which describes the

plant Plants are predominantly Photosynthesis, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all curr ...

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

occurring in an area or time period, often with the aim of allowing identification. The term is usually capitalized to distinguish it from the use of "

flora Flora (: floras or florae) is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous (ecology), indigenous) native plant, native plants. The corresponding term for animals is ''fauna'', and for f ...

" to mean the plants rather than their descriptions. Some classic and modern Floras are listed below. Traditionally Floras are books, but some are now published on CD-ROM or

website A website (also written as a web site) is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified by a common domain name and published on at least one web server. Examples of notable websites are Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Wikip ...

s. The area that a Flora covers can be either geographically or politically defined. Floras usually require some specialist botanical knowledge to use with any effectiveness. A Flora often contains diagnostic keys. Often these are ''dichotomous'' keys, which require the user to repeatedly examine a plant, and decide which one of two alternatives given in the Flora best applies to the plant. Floras produced at a local or regional level rarely contain identification keys. Instead they aim to impart more detailed understanding of the local status and distribution of that area's plants. Maps showing species distribution may be included, and nowadays are computer-generated from

biological database Biological databases are libraries of biological sciences, collected from scientific experiments, published literature, high-throughput experiment technology, and computational analysis. They contain information from research areas including genom ...

s. Specific reference may be made to new arrivals and historic records in order to impart understanding of the changes in an area's vegetation over time.

Classic Floras

;Europe * ''

Flora Hercynia Flora (: floras or florae) is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. The corresponding term for animals is ''fauna'', and for fungi, it is ''funga''. Sometimes ba ...

'', Johannes Thal.

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...

1588 * ''

Flora Londinensis ''Flora Londinensis'' is a folio sized book that described the flora found in the London region of the mid 18th century. The ''Flora'' was published by William Curtis in six large volumes. The descriptions of the plants included hand-coloured ...

'', William Curtis.

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...

1777–1798 * '' Flora Graeca'', John Sibthorp. (England) 1806–1840 * '' Flora Danica'', Simon Paulli.

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establishe ...

, 1847. * ''

Flora Jenensis Flora (: floras or florae) is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. The corresponding term for animals is ''fauna'', and for fungi, it is ''funga''. Sometimes ba ...

'',

Heinrich Bernhard Rupp Heinrich Bernhard Rupp (or Ruppius) (born 22 August 1688 in Giessen, died 7 March 1719 in Jena) was a German botanist. He first studied Medicine in 1704 and met then Johann Jacob Dillenius (1684-1747). He first studied in Iena in 1711, then in Leid ...

, 1718. * ''Flora Suecica'',

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, ...

. 1745. ;India * ''Hortus indicus malabaricus'', Hendrik van Rheede 1683–1703 ;Indonesia * ''Flora Javae'',

Carl Ludwig Blume Charles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume (9 June 1796, Braunschweig – 3 February 1862, Leiden) was a Germany, German-Netherlands, Dutch botanist. He was born at Braunschweig in Germany, but studied at Leiden University and spent his ...

and Joanne Baptista Fischer. 1828.

Modern Floras

Americas

;Caribbean * Britton, N. L., and Percy Wilson. ''Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands — Volume V, Part 1: Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Pandanales to Thymeleales''. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1924. ;Central & South America
''Flora Brasiliensis''''Flora of São Paulo'' in Brazil

''Flora of Chile''
*
Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica
'
''Flora of Ecuador''
*''Flora of Guatemala'' *
Flora de Nicaragua
'

*''Flora of the Guianas'' *''Flora of Panama''

*''Flora of Suriname'' *'' Flora Mesoamericana'' (1994-ongoing
Introduction''Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana''
*''Flora Neotropica'' (1968-ongoing

. ;North America
''Flora of North America''
* Kearney, Thomas H. ''Arizona Flora''.

University of California Press The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish scholarly and scientific works by facult ...

, 1940. *Hickman, James C., editor. ''The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California''.

, 1993. *Hultén, Eric. ''Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants''. Stanford University Press, 1968. *Radford, Albert E. ''Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas''. University of North Carolina Press, 1968. * Wilhelm, G. and L. Rericha. ''Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis''. Indiana Academy of Science, 2017. *Hitchcock, C. Leo, and Arthur Cronquist. ''Flora of the Pacific Northwest''.

University of Washington The University of Washington (UW, simply Washington, or informally U-Dub) is a public research university in Seattle, Washington. Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast; it was established in Seat ...

Press, 1973. *Chadde, Steve W.. ''A Great Lakes Wetland Flora''. 2nd ed. Pocketflora Press, 2002. *Strausbaugh, P. D. and E. L. Core. ''Flora of West Virginia''. 2nd ed.

Seneca Books Seneca may refer to: People and language * Seneca (name), a list of people with either the given name or surname * Seneca people, one of the six Iroquois tribes of North America ** Seneca language, the language of the Seneca people Places Extra ...

Inc., 1964. *Rhoads, A. F. and T. A Block. ''The Plants of Pennsylvania''.

University of Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn or UPenn) is a private research university in Philadelphia. It is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is ranked among the highest-regarded universit ...

Press, 2000. * Britton, N. L. and Hon. A. Brown. ''An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada''. In three volumes.

Dover Publications Dover Publications, also known as Dover Books, is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward and Blanche Cirker. It primarily reissues books that are out of print from their original publishers. These are often, but not always, books ...

, 1913, 1970. * Stone, W.br>Plants of Southern New Jersey. Annual Report of the State Museum of New Jersey'', 1910.

Asia

;China and Japan
''Flora of China''

''Flora of China in eFloras''

;Southeast Asia * '' Flora of Thailand'
''Flora of Thailand''
* ''Florae Siamensis Enumeratio'' * '' Flora Malesiana'' (1984-ongoing
About ''Flora Malesiana''
. * ''Flora of the Malay Peninsula'' * ''

Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam ''Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêtnam'' is a multi-volume flora describing the vascular plants of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, published by the National Museum of Natural History in Paris since the 1960s. It currently consists of 35 volumes ...

'' ;Indian region and Sri Lanka
''Flora of Bhutan''
* Flora of the Presidency of Madras by J.S. Gamble (1915–36)
''Flora of Nepal''
* Bengal Plants by D. Prain (1903) * Flora of the upper Gangetic plains by J. F. Duthie (1903–29) * Botany of Bihar and Orissa by H.H. Haines (1921–25) * Flora of British India (1872–1897) by Sir J.D. Hooker ;Middle East and western Asia * Flora of Turkey * Flora Iranica * Flora Palaestina: ** M. Zohary (1966). Flora Palaestina part 1. ** M. Zohary (1972). Flora Palaestina part 2. ** N. Feinbrun (1978). Flora Palaestina part 3. ** N. Feinbrun (1986). Flora Palaestina part 4. ** A. Danin, (2004). Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Palaestina Area (Flora Palaestina part 5). ** Online updates: https://web.archive.org/web/20070828033350/http://flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?lang=en&action=showfile&fileid=14005

Australasia

* '' Flora of Australia'' *''Flora of New Zealand'' series: **Allan, H.H. 1961, reprinted 1982. ''Flora of New Zealand. Volume I: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons.'' . **Moore, L.B.; Edgar, E. 1970, reprinted 1976. ''Flora of New Zealand. Volume II: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Monocotyledons except Graminae.'' . **Healy, A.J.; Edgar, E. 1980. Flora of New Zealand Volume III. Adventive Cyperaceous, Petalous & Spathaceous Monocotyledons.'' . **Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.; Garnock-Jones, P.J. 1988. ''Flora of New Zealand Volume IV: Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons.'' . **Edgar, E.; Connor, H.E. 2000. ''Flora of New Zealand Volume V: Grasses.'' . **Volumes I-V
First electronic edition
Landcare Research, June 2004. Transcribed by A.D. Wilton and I.M.L. Andres. *Galloway, D.J. 1985. ''Flora of New Zealand: Lichens.'' . *Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1986. ''Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume I.'' . *Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A. 1988. ''Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume II.'' . *Croasdale, H.; Flint, E.A.; Racine, M.M. 1994. ''Flora of New Zealand: Desmids. Volume III.'' . *Sykes, W.R.; West, C.J.; Beever, J.E.; Fife, A.J. 2000. ''Kermadec Islands Flora - Special Edition''. .

Pacific Islands

* ''Flora Vitiensis Nova, a New Flora of Fiji'' * ''Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i'', Warren L. Wagner and Derral R. Herbst (1991) + suppl

* ''

Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie ''Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie'' is an ongoing multi-volume flora describing the vascular plants of New Caledonia (including the Loyalty Islands, Isles of Pines and Belep islands) in the South-West Pacific. published by the National Museum ...

'' ( New Caledonia * ''Flore de la Polynésie Française'' (J. Florence, vol. 1 & 2, 1997 & 2004)

Europe

;British Isles *

Bowen, Humphry __NOTOC__ Humphry John Moule Bowen (22 June 1929 – 9 August 2001) was a British botanist and chemist. Bowen was born in Oxford, son of the chemist Edmund Bowen. He attended the Dragon School, gaining a scholarship to Rugby School and then ...

. ''The Flora of Berkshire''. Oxford:

Holywell Press Holywell Press Ltd is a family printing and publishing company based in Oxford, England. The firm was established in 1890 by Harry Burrows and Jack Doe. A major customer has been the University of Oxford, including publication of the universi ...

, 1968. . * Morton, Osbourne. ''Marine Algae of Northern Ireland.'' Belfast: Ulster Museum, 1994. *

Stace, Clive Anthony Clive Anthony Stace (born 1938) is a British botanist and botanical author. He studied at King's College London, graduated from University of London in 1959 and then studied at the Natural History Museum, London. He was awarded a PhD in 1963. H ...

, and Hilli Thompson ( illustrator). ''A New Flora of the British Isles''. 2nd ed.

Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII of England, King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press in the world. It is also the King's Printer. Cambr ...

, 1997. . * Beesley, S. and J. Wilde. ''Urban Flora of Belfast''.

Belfast Belfast ( , ; from ga, Béal Feirste , meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingd ...

: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast, 1997. * Killick, John, Roy Perry and

Stan Woodell Stan Woodell (1928 – 24 April 2004) was a British botanist.J. Steel and A.W. McDonald, Stanley Woodell 1928 – 2004'. Stanley Reginald John Woodell was born in Shepherd's Bush, London. He obtained a degree in Botany from Durham University. An ...

. ''Flora of Oxfordshire''. Pisces Publications, 1998. . *

. ''The Flora of Dorset''. Pisces Publications, 2000. . * Milliken, William and Sam Bridgewater. ''Flora Celtica – Plants and people in Celtic Europe''. Birlinn, 200

. Paperback edition, 2013. . ;Rest of Europe *

Flora Europaea The ''Flora Europaea'' is a 5-volume encyclopedia of plants, published between 1964 and 1993 by Cambridge University Press. The aim was to describe all the national Floras of Europe in a single, authoritative publication to help readers identify ...

at the site of The Royal Botanical Gardens of Edinburg
Flora Europaea

Flora of Europe
*

Flora Gallica Flora (: floras or florae) is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. The corresponding term for animals is ''fauna'', and for fungi, it is ''funga''. Sometimes ba ...

, published by Société Botanique de France
Flora iberica

Flora Danica
* Flora of Romania

Africa and Madagascar

* Flore du Gabon * Flore du Cameroun * Flora of Tropical Africa * Flora of Tropical East Africa * Flora of West Tropical Africa * Flore de la Côte d'Ivoire * Flora Capensis * '' Flora Zambesiaca'' * Flora of South Africa * Flore du Rwanda * Flore de Madagascar et des Comores
Flore pratique du Maroc