A flat (short for scenery flat) or coulisse is a flat piece of

theatrical Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, usually actor, actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The p ...

scenery Theatrical scenery is that which is used as a setting for a theatrical production. Scenery may be just about anything, from a single chair to an elaborately re-created street, no matter how large or how small, whether the item was custom-made or ...

which is painted and positioned on

stage Stage or stages may refer to: Acting * Stage (theatre), a space for the performance of theatrical productions * Theatre, a branch of the performing arts, often referred to as "the stage" * ''The Stage'', a weekly British theatre newspaper * Sta ...

so as to give the appearance of buildings or other background. Flats can be soft covered (covered with cloth such as

muslin Muslin () is a cotton fabric of plain weave. It is made in a wide range of weights from delicate sheers to coarse sheeting. It gets its name from the city of Mosul, Iraq, where it was first manufactured. Muslin of uncommonly delicate handsp ...

) or hard covered (covered with

decorative plywood Plywood is a material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another. It is an engineered wood from the family of manufactured ...

such as luan). Soft-covered flats have changed little from their origin in the Italian Renaissance. Flats with a frame that places the width of the lumber parallel to the face are called "Broadway" or "stage" flats. Hard-covered flats with a frame that is perpendicular to the paint surface are referred to as "Hollywood" or "studio" flats. Usually flats are built in standard sizes of , , or tall so that walls or other scenery may easily be constructed, and so that flats may be stored and reused for subsequent productions. Often affixed to

battens A batten is most commonly a strip of solid material, historically wood but can also be of plastic, metal, or fiberglass. Battens are variously used in construction, sailing, and other fields. In the lighting industry, battens refer to lin ...

flown in from the

fly tower A fly system, or theatrical rigging system, is a system of rope lines, blocks (pulleys), counterweights and related devices within a theater (structure), theater that enables a stage crew to fly (hoist) quickly, quietly and safely components suc ...

or loft for the scenes in which they are used, they may also be stored at the sides of the stage, called wings, and braced to the floor when in use for an entire performance.

Flat construction

Parts of a flat

Rails (or plates) are the top and bottom framing members of a flat. Rails run the full width of the flat (, for a , flat). Stiles (or studs) are the vertical members of the frame. The length of the stiles is the full height of the flat, minus the combined width of the rails (, for a , flat constructed of , rails). Toggles are horizontal cross pieces that run between the stiles or studs. The number and placement of toggles depends on the type of flat. The length of the toggles is the total width of the flat minus the combined width of the stiles (, for a , soft-cover flat constructed of , stiles). Corner blocks are used to join the corners of a soft-cover flat. They are normally made of plywood, and are triangles with corners of 45°, 45°, and 90°. They are most often made by ripping the plywood at and then mitering it at 45 degree angles to create triangles with legs. Keystones join the toggles to the stiles of soft-cover flats. They are long, and normally rip sawn to the same width as the toggles (usually ) on one end, and on the other, forming a shape similar to the keystone of an archway. Straps can be used in place of keystones. They are long and wide (same as toggle) rectangles. They are easier to construct than keystones, but not as strong due to their narrower dimension and reduced glue/nailing surface area. A

coffin lock Coffin lock is a slang term for a blind panel connector (also called a butt-joint fastener) often used in scenic construction to join together stage decks or scenery in a butt joint. These are two part connectors (male and female) that draw togeth ...

or screws may be used to join securely adjacent flats, or traditionally with a lash line cleat, where cotton sash cord is lashed around cleats installed on the flat's edges. This allows for quick standing and striking of the set.

Styles

Broadway or stage flats are generally constructed of nominal ( actual) pine boards. The boards are laid out flat on the shop floor, squared, and joined with the keystones and corner blocks. The keystones and corner blocks are inset from the outside edge, which allows for flats to be hinged or butted together. They are then glued in place, and stapled or screwed down. The flat can then be flipped over and covered with muslin or decorative plywood. Toggles in a Broadway flat are placed on centers. Broadway flats can also be constructed using Half-lap and Cross-lap joints instead of keystones and corner blocks, and joins stiles, rails, and toggles, by sawing a deep half-lap at the ends of the pieces, and/or a deep dado groove mid-piece, which are then glued and stapled together. Dados can be made using a radial arm saw or table saw, and a dado stack cutter (two outer circular saw blades and one or more "chippers" between them, giving a much wider cut). Setting up for a dado stack is approximately the same as for preparing keystones and cornerblocks, but requires less layout, as the length of stiles, rails and, toggles are equal to the face of your flat. Hollywood or studio flats can be made in various thicknesses to suit a particular design, but are most often made of nominal ( actual) pine boards. The boards are laid out on edge on the shop floor, the ends are glued together and stapled or screwed. Keystones and corner blocks are not normally used. Once assembled, the flat can be covered with or decorative plywood, which is glued on and stapled. The toggles in a Hollywood flat are placed on centers. Hollywood flats may receive a muslin skin over the decorative plywood face. The face is covered in a mixture of water and white glue, the muslin is applied and the entire flat is covered with the water/glue mixture again, to shrink and attach the muslin.

References

* Friedman, Sally (1994). ''Backstage Handbook: an illustrated almanac of technical information.'', Broadway Press. {{DEFAULTSORT:Flats (Theatre) Stage terminology Scenic design