Fixed verse forms are a kind of

template Template may refer to: Tools * Die (manufacturing), used to cut or shape material * Mold, in a molding process * Stencil, a pattern or overlay used in graphic arts (drawing, painting, etc.) and sewing to replicate letters, shapes or designs ...

formula In science, a formula is a concise way of expressing information symbolically, as in a mathematical formula or a ''chemical formula''. The informal use of the term ''formula'' in science refers to the general construct of a relationship betwee ...

that

poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...

can be composed in. The opposite of fixed verse is

free verse Free verse is an open form of poetry, which in its modern form arose through the French ''vers libre'' form. It does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any musical pattern. It thus tends to follow the rhythm of natural speech. Definit ...

poetry, which by design has little or no pre-established guidelines. The various

poetic form Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings in a ...

s, such as meter,

rhyme scheme A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme with each other. An example of the ABAB rh ...

, and

stanzas In poetry, a stanza (; from Italian ''stanza'' , "room") is a group of lines within a poem, usually set off from others by a blank line or indentation. Stanzas can have regular rhyme and metrical schemes, but they are not required to have eithe ...

guide and limit a poet's choices when composing poetry. A fixed verse form combines one or more of these limitations into a larger form. A form usually demands strict adherence to the established guidelines that to some poets may seem stifling, while other poets view the rigid structure as a challenge to be innovative and creative while staying within the guidelines.

Examples of fixed verse forms

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Haiku is a type of short form poetry originally from Japan. Traditional Japanese haiku consist of three phrases that contain a ''kireji'', or "cutting word", 17 '' on'' (phonetic units similar to syllables) in a 5, 7, 5 pattern, and a ''kigo'', or se ...

: A Japanese form designed to be small and concise by limiting the number of lines and the number of syllables in a line. Japanese haiku are three-line poems with the first and the third line having five syllables and the middle having seven syllables.

English-language Haiku A haiku in English is an English-language poem written in the Japanese poetry style known as haiku, which correlates the two languages. The degree to which haiku in English resemble classic Japanese haiku varies, but many of these poems draw on s ...

may be shorter than seventeen syllables, though some poets prefer to keep to the 5-7-5 format. ::Whitecaps on the bay: ::A broken signboard banging ::In the April wind. ::— Richard Wright (collected in ''Haiku: This Other World'', Arcade Publishing, 1998) ;

Limerick Limerick ( ; ga, Luimneach ) is a western city in Ireland situated within County Limerick. It is in the province of Munster and is located in the Mid-West which comprises part of the Southern Region. With a population of 94,192 at the 2016 ...

: The limerick is an English form, usually humorous and often obscene. It consists of five lines with an AABBA rhyme scheme, the third and fourth lines shorter than the other three. ::There was an Old Man with a beard, ::Who said, 'It is just as I feared! ::Two Owls and a Hen, ::Four Larks and a Wren, ::Have all built their nests in my beard!' ::—

Edward Lear Edward Lear (12 May 1812 – 29 January 1888) was an English artist, illustrator, musician, author and poet, who is known mostly for his literary nonsense in poetry and prose and especially his limerick (poetry), limericks, a form he popularised. ...

;

Sonnet A sonnet is a poetic form that originated in the poetry composed at the Court of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in the Sicilian city of Palermo. The 13th-century poet and notary Giacomo da Lentini is credited with the sonnet's invention, ...

: The sonnet is a European form and at its most basic requires that the total length be fourteen lines. There are two primary forms of the sonnet: *;

English Sonnet A sonnet is a poetic form that originated in the poetry composed at the Court of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II in the Sicilian city of Palermo. The 13th-century poet and notary Giacomo da Lentini is credi ...

*: In addition to above requirements, the English Sonnet must be four stanzas, the first three being

quatrains A quatrain is a type of stanza, or a complete poem, consisting of four lines. Existing in a variety of forms, the quatrain appears in poems from the poetic traditions of various ancient civilizations including Persia, Ancient India, Ancient Greec ...

and the last a

couplet A couplet is a pair of successive lines of metre in poetry. A couplet usually consists of two successive lines that rhyme and have the same metre. A couplet may be formal (closed) or run-on (open). In a formal (or closed) couplet, each of the ...

. Also the rhyme scheme for the quatrains is A-B-A-B and the final couplet is rhyming. :::Let me not to the marriage of true minds :::Admit impediments, love is not love :::Which alters when it alteration finds, :::Or bends with the remover to remove. :::O no, it is an ever fixed mark :::That looks on tempests and is never shaken; :::It is the star to every wand'ring bark, :::Whose worth's unknown although his height be taken. :::Love's not time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks :::Within his bending sickle's compass come, :::Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, :::But bears it out even to the edge of doom: :::If this be error and upon me proved, :::I never writ, nor no man ever loved. :::—

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's nation ...

, ''Sonnet 116'' *;

Italian Sonnet A sonnet is a poetic form that originated in the poetry composed at the Court of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in the Sicilian city of Palermo. The 13th-century poet and notary Giacomo da Lentini is credited with the sonnet's invention ...

: The Italian sonnet requires that the fourteen lines be broken into one

octave In music, an octave ( la, octavus: eighth) or perfect octave (sometimes called the diapason) is the interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon that has been refer ...

(two

quatrain A quatrain is a type of stanza, or a complete poem, consisting of four lines. Existing in a variety of forms, the quatrain appears in poems from the poetic traditions of various ancient civilizations including Persia, Ancient India, Ancient Greec ...

s), which describe a problem, followed by a

sestet A sestet is six lines of poetry forming a stanza or complete poem. A sestet is also the name given to the second division of an Italian sonnet (as opposed to an English or Spenserian Sonnet), which must consist of an octave, of eight lines, succeede ...

(two

tercet A tercet is composed of three lines of poetry, forming a stanza or a complete poem. Examples of tercet forms English-language haiku is an example of an unrhymed tercet poem. A poetic triplet is a tercet in which all three lines follow the same ...

s), which gives the resolution to it. :::Methought I saw my late espoused Saint :::Brought to me like Alcestis from the grave, :::Whom Joves great Son to her glad Husband gave, :::Rescu'd from death by force though pale and faint. :::Mine as whom washt from spot of child-bed taint, :::Purification in the old Law did save, :::And such, as yet once more I trust to have :::Full sight of her in Heaven without restraint, :::Came vested all in white, pure as her mind: :::Her face was vail'd, yet to my fancied sight, :::Love, sweetness, goodness, in her person shin'd :::So clear, as in no face with more delight. :::But O as to embrace me she enclin'd :::I wak'd, she fled, and day brought back my night. :::—

John Milton John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet and intellectual. His 1667 epic poem '' Paradise Lost'', written in blank verse and including over ten chapters, was written in a time of immense religious flux and political ...

, ''Sonnet XXIII'' ;

Sestina A sestina (, from ''sesto'', sixth; Old Occitan: ''cledisat'' ; also known as ''sestine'', ''sextine'', ''sextain'') is a fixed verse, fixed verse form consisting of six stanzas of six lines each, normally followed by a three-line envoi. The wor ...

: The sestina has a highly structured form consisting of six stanzas of six lines each, followed by a

(called its

envoi Envoi or envoy in poetry is used to describe: * A short stanza at the end of a poem such as a ballad, used either to address an imagined or actual person or to comment on the preceding body of the poem. * A dedicatory poem about sending the book ...

or tornada) for a total of thirty-nine lines. The same set of six words ends the lines of each of the six-line stanzas, but in a different order each time. ::September rain falls on the house. ::In the failing light, the old grandmother ::sits in the kitchen with the child ::beside the Little Marvel Stove, ::reading the jokes from the almanac, ::laughing and talking to hide her tears. ::She thinks that her equinoctial tears ::and the rain that beats on the roof of the house ::were both foretold by the almanac, ::but only known to a grandmother. ::The iron kettle sings on the stove. ::She cuts some bread and says to the child, ::It's time for tea now; but the child ::is watching the teakettle's small hard tears ::dance like mad on the hot black stove, ::the way the rain must dance on the house. ::Tidying up, the old grandmother ::hangs up the clever almanac ::on its string. Birdlike, the almanac ::hovers half open above the child, ::hovers above the old grandmother ::and her teacup full of dark brown tears. ::She shivers and says she thinks the house ::feels chilly, and puts more wood in the stove. ::It was to be, says the Marvel Stove. ::I know what I know, says the almanac. ::With crayons the child draws a rigid house ::and a winding pathway. Then the child ::puts in a man with buttons like tears ::and shows it proudly to the grandmother. ::But secretly, while the grandmother ::busies herself about the stove, ::the little moons fall down like tears ::from between the pages of the almanac ::into the flower bed the child ::has carefully placed in the front of the house. ::Time to plant tears, says the almanac. ::The grandmother sings to the marvelous stove ::and the child draws another inscrutable house. ::—

Elizabeth Bishop Elizabeth Bishop (February 8, 1911 – October 6, 1979) was an American people, American poet and short-story writer. She was Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1949 to 1950, the Pulitzer Prize winner for Poetry in 1956, the N ...

;

Villanelle A villanelle, also known as villanesque,Kastner 1903 p. 279 is a nineteen-line poetic form consisting of five tercets followed by a quatrain. There are two refrains and two repeating rhymes, with the first and third line of the first tercet rep ...

: A villanelle has only two

rhyme A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds (usually, the exact same phonemes) in the final stressed syllables and any following syllables of two or more words. Most often, this kind of perfect rhyming is consciously used for a musical or aesthetic ...

sounds. The first and third lines of the first

stanza In poetry, a stanza (; from Italian language, Italian ''stanza'' , "room") is a group of lines within a poem, usually set off from others by a blank line or Indentation (typesetting), indentation. Stanzas can have regular rhyme scheme, rhyme and ...

are rhyming

refrain A refrain (from Vulgar Latin ''refringere'', "to repeat", and later from Old French ''refraindre'') is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in poetry — the "chorus" of a song. Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the vi ...

s that alternate as the third line in each successive stanza and form a

at the close. A villanelle is nineteen lines long, consisting of five

s and one concluding

. ::Do not go gentle into that good night, ::Old age should burn and rave at close of day; ::Rage, rage against the dying of the light. ::Though wise men at their end know dark is right, ::Because their words had forked no lightning they ::Do not go gentle into that good night. ::Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright ::Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, ::Rage, rage against the dying of the light. ::Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight, ::And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way, ::Do not go gentle into that good night. ::Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight ::Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, ::Rage, rage against the dying of the light. ::And you, my father, there on the sad height, ::Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. ::Do not go gentle into that good night. ::Rage, rage against the dying of the light. ::—

Dylan Thomas Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet and writer whose works include the poems "Do not go gentle into that good night" and "And death shall have no dominion", as well as the "play for voices" ''Under ...

, ''Do not Go Gentle into That Good Night'' Poetic forms Literature lists