Fissure (botany)

This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary of leaf morphology. For other related terms, see Glossary of phytopathology, Glossary of lichen terms, and List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names.

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{{term, term= caducous , content= caducous
{{defn, defn= Falling off early, e.g. the {{gli, sepals of poppies, which fall off when the {{gli, petals begin to open. Compare ''{{gli, persistent'' and ''{{gli, fugacious''.

{{term, term= caespitose , content= cespitose, caespitose
{{defn, defn= Tufted or turf-like, e.g. the growth form of some grasses.

{{term, term= calcarate , content= wikt:calcarate, calcarate
{{defn, defn= possessing a {{gli, spur.

{{term, term= calcareous , content= calcareous
{{defn, defn= A soil type or a lichen substrate rock type that is rich in or largely composed of calcium carbonate.

{{term, term= calceolate
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a slipper.{{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=41

{{term, term= calcicole , content= calcicole
{{defn, defn= A plant which thrives in {{gli, calcareous soil. Also calciphile, calciphyte. Antonym: ''calcifuge''. {{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=41

{{term, term= callose, content= callose
{{defn, defn= Hardened; thickened; callous.

{{term, term= callus
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''pl.'' calli 1.  A protruding mass of tissue
{{defn, no=2, defn= Undifferentiated tissue growth formed in response to wounding; may be grown ''in vitro''.
{{defn, no=3, defn= In orchids, fleshy outgrowths from the {{gli, labellum which can be variously shaped from {{gli, papilla, papillae to plates.
{{defn, no=4, defn= In grasses, a hardened extension from the base of a {{gli, floret (formed from the {{gli, rachilla joint and/or the base of the {{gli, lemma), which may or may not elongate and is often covered in hairs or bristles.

{{term, term= calyciflorous
{{defn, defn= Having {{gli, petals and {{gli, stamens attached to the {{gli, calyx.

{{term, term= calycophyll , content= calycophyll
{{defn, defn= Leaf-like structure formed from a {{gli, sepal or {{gli, calyx lobe which enlarges, usually many-fold, before or after {{gli, anthesis, especially when most of the other sepals or calyx lobes retain their original size. More extreme than an {{gli, accrescent calyx, calycophylls are found in Rubiaceae. Compare ''{{gli, semaphyll'' and ''{{gli, pterophyll''.

{{term, term= calyculate
{{defn, defn= Having an {{gli, epicalyx.

{{term, term= calyculus , content= calyculus
{{defn, no=1, defn= A cup-shaped structure formed from {{gli, bracts resembling an outer {{gli, calyx.
{{defn, no=2, defn= In some Asteraceae, a circle of bracts below the {{gli, involucre.

{{term, term= calyptra , content= calyptra
{{defn, defn= A hood or lid. See ''{{gli, operculum''.

{{term, term= calyx , content= sepal, calyx
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' calyces Collective term for the {{gli, sepals of one flower; the outer {{gli, whorl of a flower, usually green. Compare ''{{gli, corolla''.

{{term, term= calyx tube , content= calyx tube
{{defn, defn= A tube formed by the fusion of the sepals ({{gli, calyx), at least at the base.

{{term, term= cambium , content= cambium
{{defn, defn= Tissue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth.

{{term, term= campanulate , content= {{vanchor, wikt:campanulate, campanulate
{{defn, defn= Bell-shaped.

{{term, term= camptodromous , content= camptodromous
{{defn, defn= {{gli, pinnate, Pinnate {{gli, venation in which the {{gli, secondary veins curve toward the margins, in some cases becoming nearly parallel with them, and not reconnecting with other veins to form loops.

{{term, term= campylotropous , content= campylotropous
{{defn, defn= When the {{gli, ovule is oriented transversely (i.e. with its axis at right angles to its stalk) and with a curved embryo sac. Compare ''{{gli, amphitropus'', ''{{gli, anatropous'', and ''{{gli, orthotropous''.

{{term, term= canaliculate , content= wikt:canaliculate, canaliculate
{{defn, defn= Channelled; having a longitudinal groove.

{{term, term= canescent , content= wikt:canescent, canescent
{{defn, defn= Approaching white in color, as in a leaf covered with white down or wool.

{{term, term= canopy , content= canopy (biology), canopy
{{defn, defn= Branches and foliage of a tree; the {{gli, crown. Also refers to the protective upper layer of a forest. Compare ''{{gli, trunk''.

{{term, term= capillary , content= capillary
{{defn, no=1, defn= Tube, pore, or passage with a narrow, internal cross-section.
{{defn, no=2, defn= Slender; hair-like.

{{term, term= capitate , content= wikt:capitate, capitate
{{defn, no=1, defn= (of an {{gli, inflorescence) Having a knob-like head, with the flowers unstalked and aggregated into a dense cluster.
{{defn, no=2, defn= (of a {{gli, stigma) Like the head of a pin.

{{term, term= capitulum , content= flower head, capitulum
{{defn, defn= Dense cluster of {{gli, sessile or {{gli, subsessile {{gli, flowers or {{gli, florets, e.g. a flower {{gli, head in the daisy family Asteraceae. See ''{{gli, pseudanthium''.

{{term, term= capsule , content= capsule (fruit), capsule
{{defn, defn= Dry {{gli, fruit formed from two or more united {{gli, carpels and {{gli, dehiscent, dehiscing when ripe (usually by splitting into pieces or opening at summit by teeth or pores).

{{term, term= carduoid , content= carduoid
{{defn, defn= In Asteraceae, having a {{gli, style with a ring of sweeping hairs borne on the shaft of the style below the style branches.

{{term, term= carina
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, keel''.

{{term, term= carinal canal
{{defn, defn= Longitudinal cavity in the {{gli, stems of ''Equisetum'' and extinct Equisetopsida, coinciding with a ridge in the stem surface.

{{term, term= carneous , content= carneous
{{defn, defn= Flesh-colored, especially as applied to some flowers.

{{term, term= carnose, carnous , content= carnose, carnous
{{defn, defn= Fleshy or pulpy in texture, especially as applied to some tissues or organs. Contrast ''{{gli, coriaceous'' and ''{{gli, corneous''.

{{term, term= Caropodium , content= ''Caropodium ''
{{defn, defn= Genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. Native range: Turkey to Iran. Not to be confused with ''{{gli, Carpopodium, Carpopodium''

{{term, term= carpel , content= carpel
{{defn, defn= The basic female reproductive organ in {{gli, angiosperm, angiosperms, either consisting of a single {{gli, sporophyll or a single {{gli, locule of a compound {{gli, ovary, with a {{gli, style and a {{gli, stigma. The {{gli, gynoecium is the collective term for all of the carpels of a single {{gli, flower.

{{term, term= carpellary , content= carpellary
{{defn, defn= Referring to carpels or to associated structures or outgrowths of carpels, for example staminodes attached to carpels in Nymphaeaceae, were frequently referred to as carpellary attachments. The current and past usage of the terms "carpellary attachments", {{gli, paracarpel, paracarpels, and {{gli, staminodes is confused and varies among authors.

{{term, term= carpopodium , content= carpopodium
{{defn, defn= On {{gli, achenes (Cypselae), an elongation of the base of the {{gli, gynoecium which looks distinct; the {{gli, abscission zone, where the achene is separated from the {{gli, receptacle.
{{defn, no=2, defn= Genus ''Carpopodium'' in the family Brassicaceae; not to be confused with ''{{gli, Caropodium''.

{{term, term= cartilaginous , content= cartilaginous
{{defn, defn= Hard and tough; gristly. Compare ''{{gli, corneous'' and ''{{gli, coriaceous''.

{{term, term= caruncle , content= elaiosome, caruncle
{{defn, defn= A small piece of flesh-like tissue, typically lumpy or warty, growing on the {{gli, testa near the {{gli, hilum. Contrast ''{{gli, aril''.

{{term, term= caryopsis , content= caryopsis
{{defn, defn= A dry, {{gli, indehiscent, one-seeded {{gli, fruit in which the {{gli, seed coat is closely fused to the fruit wall, e.g. in most grasses.

{{term, term= Casparian strip , content= Casparian strip
{{defn, defn= A continuous band of suberin in the radial primary cell walls of the {{gli, endodermis in vascular plant stems and roots that forms a permeability barrier to the passive diffusion of external water and solutes into the vascular tissue.

{{term, term= cassideous , content= cassideous
{{defn, defn= Hood-, helmet- or bonnet-shaped; generally referring to floral anatomy, e.g. in the flowers of ''Aconitum'', ''Satyrium (plant), Satyrium'', etc.

{{term, term= castaneous , content= castaneous
{{defn, defn= Chestnut-colored, reddish-brown.{{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=46

{{term, term= casual alien , content= casual alien
{{defn, defn= An exotic plant that appears with no apparent human assistance but does not develop a sustained population(s), or one that persists only by repeated new introductions. Compare ''{{gli, alien''.

{{term, term= cataphyll , content= cataphyll
{{defn, defn= Any plant structure which is morphologically a {{gli, leaf but which has at most an incidental or transient {{gli, photosynthesis, photosynthetic function. They are either shed when their main function has been completed, or are incorporated into structures where, when dead, they serve a protective or supportive purpose.

{{term, term= catenate , content= catenate, catenulate
{{defn, defn= In the shape of a chain; formed of parts or cells connected as if chained together, e.g. some diatoms, algae, and cyanobacteria such as ''Anabaena''. See also ''{{gli, concatenate''.

{{term, term= catkin , content= catkin
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, spike, usually pendulous, in which the mostly small {{gli, flowers are {{gli, unisexual and without a conspicuous {{gli, perianth, e.g. in Salix, willows, Populus, poplars, Quercus, oaks, and casuarinas. The individual flowers often have scaly {{gli, bracts and are generally {{gli, anemophilous, wind-pollinated. Catkins are usually shed as a unit.

{{term, term= caudate
{{defn, defn= Having a narrow, tail-like appendage or tip, e.g. a {{gli, drip tip. Contrast ''{{gli, acuminate'', ''{{gli, cuspidate'', and ''{{gli, mucronate''.

{{term, term= caudex , content= caudex
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' caudices The {{gli, stem of a plant, especially a {{gli, woody one; also used to mean a {{gli, rootstock, or particularly a {{gli, basal stem structure or storage organ from which new growth arises. Compare ''{{gli, lignotuber''.

{{term, term= caudiciform , content= caudex, caudiciform
{{defn, defn= {{gli, Stem-like or {{gli, caudex-like; sometimes used to mean "pachycaul", meaning "thick-stemmed".

{{term, term= caulescent, content= wikt:caulescent, caulescent
{{defn, defn= possessing a well-developed plant stem, stem above ground, similar to {{gli, cauline. Antonym: ''{{gli, acaulescent'' (lacking an apparent stem).

{{term, term= cauliflory , content= cauliflory
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''adj.'' cauliflorous Having flowers or fruits growing directly from a tree's branches or trunk.{{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=47

{{term, term= cauline , content= wikt:cauline, cauline
{{defn, defn= Borne on an aerial {{gli, stem or {{gli, caulis, as with leaves, flowers, or fruits (when applied to the latter two organs, usually referring to older stems.

{{term, term= caulirosulate , content= wikt:caulirosulate, caulirosulate
{{defn, defn= Borne at the end of the {{gli, stem or {{gli, caulis, as with leaves or bracts.

{{term, term= cell , content= cell (biology), cell
{{defn, no=1, defn= The basic, microscopic unit of plant structure, generally consisting of compartments in a viscous fluid surrounded by a {{gli, cell wall.
{{defn, no=2, defn= A cavity of an {{gli, anther or {{gli, ovary.

{{term, term= cenanthy , content= cenanthous
{{defn, defn= (of a {{gli, perianth) Lacking both {{gli, stamens and {{gli, pistil, i.e. a flower with neither {{gli, androecium nor {{gli, gynoecium.

{{term, term= centrifixed , content= centrifixed
{{defn, defn= Of a two-branched organ attached by its center, e.g. a hair or {{gli, anther.

{{term, term= ceraceous , content= ceraceous
{{defn, defn= Having a waxy appearance, color, or texture, e.g. flowers of many species of ''Ceropegia'', and the waxy fruit of some species of ''Myrica''.

{{term, term= cernuous , content= cernuous, cernua
{{defn, defn= Nodding, falling headlong or face down; inclined, stooping, or bowing forward. Applied to many species with a nodding, stooping {{gli, habit, such as many ''Narcissus (plant), Narcissus'' and ''Dierama'' species. Many plant species bear the {{gli, specific epithet "''cernua''".

{{term, term= cespitose , content= cespitose
{{defn, defn= An alternative spelling of {{gli, caespitose, meaning tufted or turf-like, e.g. the growth form of some grasses.

{{term, term= chamber
{{defn, defn= A cavity of an {{gli, ovary.

{{term, term= channelled
{{defn, defn= Sunken below the surface, resulting in a rounded channel.

{{term, term= chartaceous , content= chartaceous
{{defn, defn= Having a papery texture.

{{term, term= chasmogamous , content= chasmogamous
{{defn, defn= Of flowers that are pollinated when the {{gli, perianth is open. Compare ''{{gli, cleistogamous''.

{{term, term= chasmophyte , content= chasmophyte
{{defn, defn= A plant adapted to growing in crevices or hollows, such as in cliff faces. Compare ''{{gli, cremnophyte''.{{Sfn, Jackson, 1928{{Sfn, Jaeger, 1959

{{term, term= chimera , content= chimera (plant), chimera
{{defn, defn= An individual composed of two or more genetically distinct tissues, most commonly as a result of a {{gli, graft and sometimes by mutations that occur during cell division or cellular transfers during seed development.

{{term, term= chiropterophilous , content= chiropterophilous
{{defn, defn= {{gli, pollination, Pollinated by bats.

{{term, term= chlorophyll , content= chlorophyll
{{defn, defn= Any of a variety of different chemical pigments in {{gli, chloroplasts that are essential for {{gli, photosynthesis.

{{term, term= chloroplast , content= chloroplast
{{defn, defn= An organelle present in plant cells which contains {{gli, chlorophyll.

{{term, term= chlorosis , content= chlorosis
{{defn, defn= An abnormal lack or paleness of color in a normally green organ.

{{term, term= cilia , content= cilia
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''sing.'' cilium; ''adj.'' {{gli, ciliate Very small hairs or hair-like protrusions more or less confined to the {{gli, margins of an organ, as with eyelashes; in motile cells, minute, hair-like protrusions which aid motility.

{{term, term= circinate
{{defn, defn= Spirally coiled with the tip innermost, e.g. circinate {{gli, vernation of the developing {{gli, fronds of most ferns.

{{term, term=cirrhose, content=wikt: cirrhose, cirrhose
{{defn, defn= (of a leaf) Ending in a {{gli, tendril at the {{gli, apex.

{{term, term= cladode , content= cladode
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, photosynthesis, photosynthetic {{gli, branch or {{gli, stem, often leaf-like and usually with foliage leaves either absent or much reduced. Compare ''{{gli, phyllode''.

{{term, term= class , content= class (biology), class
{{defn, defn= The principal category for taxa ranking between {{gli, division and {{gli, order.

{{term, term= clathrate
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a net or lattice; pierced with apertures, as with a cage.

{{term, term= clavate , content= clavate
{{defn, defn= Club-shaped.

{{term, term= clavuncula
{{defn, defn= In the Apocynaceae, an enlarged, drum-shaped {{gli, stigma of which the sides and lower surface are the receptive zones. Coherent with the {{gli, anthers or not.

{{term, term= claw
{{defn, no=1, defn= A narrow, stalk-like, {{gli, basal portion of a {{gli, petal, {{gli, sepal, or {{gli, bract.
{{defn, no=2, defn= In ''Melaleuca'', the united portion of a {{gli, stamen bundle.

{{term, term= cleistogamous , content= cleistogamous
{{defn, defn= Having flowers which self-pollinate and never open fully, or which self-pollinate before opening. Compare ''{{gli, chasmogamous''.

{{term, term= climber , content= vine, climber
{{defn, defn= A plant growing more or less {{gli, erect by leaning on or twining around another structure for support, or by clinging with {{gli, tendril, tendrils.

{{term, term= climbing
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, climber''.

{{term, term= cline , content= cline (biology), cline
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' clinal A continuous morphological variation in form within a species or sometimes between two species.

{{term, term= clone , content= cloning, clone
{{defn, defn= A plant derived from the asexual vegetative reproduction of a parent plant, with both plants having identical genetic compositions.

{{term, term= coalescent , content= coalescent
{{defn, defn= Having plant parts fused or grown together to form a single unit.

{{term, term= cochleariform , content= wikt: cochleariform, cochleariform
{{defn, defn= Concave and spoon-shaped.

{{term, term= cochleate , content= wikt: cochleate, cochleate
{{defn, defn= Coiled like a snail's shell.

{{term, term= coenobium , content= coenobium (morphology), coenobium
{{defn, defn= An arranged colony of algae that acts like a single organism.

{{term, term= coenocyte , content= coenocyte
{{defn, defn= A single cell with multiple cell nucleus, nuclei, formed when nuclear division was not followed by cytokinesis.

{{term, term= coleoptile , content= coleoptile
{{defn, defn= One type of {{gli, sheath in the structure of {{gli, monocotyledonous seeds. The coleoptile is a protective sheath or cap ({{gli, pileus), generally more or less pointed, that covers the monocotyledonous {{gli, plumule as it emerges from the soil. It generally turns green and contributes to photosynthesis until its function is superseded by the main growth of the seedling. Contrast this with the {{gli, coleorhiza, which remains underground until it is superseded as the roots emerge.

{{term, term= coleorhiza , content= coleorhiza
{{defn, defn= One type of {{gli, sheath in the structure of {{gli, monocotyledonous seeds. The coleorhiza connects the coleoptile to the {{gli, radicle and protects the monocotyledonous radicle during germination. Unlike the coleoptile, the coleorhiza is associated with the root and does not emerge from the soil during germination. Contrast ''{{gli, coleoptile''.

{{term, term= collenchyma , content= ground tissue#collenchyma, collenchyma
{{defn, defn= A specialized tissue consisting of living cells with unevenly thickened cellulose and pectin {{gli, cell wall, cell walls that performs a support function in organs such as leaves and young stems that are composed of primary plant tissues.

{{term, term= colleter , content= colleter (botany), colleter
{{defn, defn= A multicellular, {{gli, glandular hair that usually produces a mucilaginous substance and is located on {{gli, sepals, {{gli, stipule, stipules, or {{gli, petiole, petioles, or on nearby parts of {{gli, stems; commonly found on plants in the order Gentianales.

{{term, term= columella , content= columella
{{defn, defn= In flowering plants, the central axis of the {{gli, cone or {{gli, fruit, e.g. in ''Callitris''.

{{term, term= column , content= column (botany), column
{{defn, no=1, A structure extending above the {{gli, ovary and incorporating the {{gli, style and {{gli, stamens also known as the {{gli, gynostegium, e.g. in orchids and milkweeds.
{{defn, no=2, In grasses, the lower, stouter, and usually twisted part of an {{gli, awn, distinct from the slender upper part or bristle.

{{term, term= columnar , content= columnar
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a column.

{{term, term= coma , content= coma (botany), coma
{{defn, no=1, A tuft of hairs from {{gli, testa or {{gli, funiculus at one or both ends of some seeds, e.g. in ''Strophanthus'', ''Asclepias'', or ''Alstonia''.
{{defn, no=2, Sterile {{gli, bracts, e.g. in ''Curcuma'', ''Ananas'', or ''Eucomis''.
{{defn, no=3, Sterile {{gli, flowers, e.g. in ''Muscari'' and ''Leopoldia'', at the {{gli, apex of some {{gli, inflorescence, inflorescences.
{{defn, no=4, A tuft of hairs at the base of some flowers, e.g. in ''Pfaffia gnaphalioides''.
{{defn, no=5, A tuft of hairs at the apex or base of some {{gli, spikelets.
{{defn, no=6, An {{gli, axil tuft of hairs in inflorescences in some Poaceae, e.g. in ''Eragrostis comata''.

{{term, term= commercial name , content= commercial name
{{defn, defn= A name often of no botanical standing and not governed by the ICNCP. The term generally applies to names such as Trademark Names, names covered by Plant Breeders Rights, Patents and Promotional Names, which are often used to enhance the sale of a plant.

{{term, term= commissure , content= commissure
{{defn, defn= The seam or face at which two {{gli, carpels adhere. See also {{gli, fissure and {{gli, suture.

{{term, term= community , content= plant community, community
{{defn, defn= An ecological assemblage of plants that characteristically occur together.

{{term, term= compound
{{defn, defn= Composed of several parts, e.g. a {{gli, leaf composed of multiple {{gli, leaflets, a {{gli, gynoecium composed of multiple {{gli, carpels, or an {{gli, inflorescence made up of multiple smaller inflorescences.

{{term, term= compound palmate
{{defn, defn= Having {{gli, leaflets that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a {{gli, petiole), like spread-out fingers radiating from the palm of a hand. Compare ''{{gli, palmate''.

{{term, term= compressed , content= compression (botany), compressed
{{defn, defn= Flattened lengthwise, either laterally (from side to side) or dorsally (from front to back).

{{term, term= concatenate , content= concatenate
{{defn, defn= Joined together in a chain-like form. See also ''wikt:concatenate, concatenate'' and ''{{gli, catenate''.

{{term, term= concolorous , content= wikt:concolorous, concolorous
{{defn, defn= Having the same color throughout; uniformly colored.

{{term, term= conduplicate , content= conduplicate
{{defn, defn= Arranged such that two sides of a flat surface are folded along the midline to face each other. See also ''wikt:ptyxis, ptyxis'', ''{{gli, aestivation'', and ''{{gli, vernation''.

{{term, term= cone , content= cone (botany), cone
{{defn, defn= A type of {{gli, fruit, usually {{gli, woody, {{gli, ovoid to {{gli, globular, including {{gli, scale, scales, {{gli, bracts, or {{gli, bracteole, bracteoles arranged around a central axis, e.g. in gymnosperms, especially conifers and ''Casuarina''.

{{term, term= conflorescence
{{defn, defn= A rarely used term describing substantial differences between the overall structure of an {{gli, inflorescence and that of its individual branches, e.g. the bottlebrush multiple-flower head of members of the genus ''Callistemon''.

{{term, term= connate , content= connation, connate
{{defn, defn= Fused to another organ (or organs) of the same kind, e.g. {{gli, petals in a {{gli, gamopetalous {{gli, corolla tube. Compare ''{{gli, adnate''.

{{term, term= connective , content= connective
{{defn, defn= The part of an {{gli, anther that connects the anther cells.

{{term, term= connivent , content= connivent
{{defn, defn= Coming into contact or converging.

{{term, term= conspecific , content= conspecific
{{defn, defn= Belonging to the same {{gli, species.

{{term, term= contiguous , content= geographic contiguity, contiguous
{{defn, defn= Adjoining, touching, but not united.

{{term, term= contort , content= contort (botany), contort
{{defn, defn= (of {{gli, sepals or {{gli, petals) A type of imbricate {{gli, aestivation in which one side of each segment overlaps one of the adjacent segments and the other side is overlapped by the other adjacent segment. See ''{{gli, convolute''.

{{term, term= contorted , content= contorted
{{defn, defn= Twisted out of the normal shape.

{{term, term= convolute , content= convolute (botany), convolute
{{defn, no=1, Referring to the arrangement of floral or foliar organs in a {{gli, bud when each organ or segment has one edge overlapping the adjacent organ or segment; a form of {{gli, imbricate arrangement. See ''{{gli, contort''.
{{defn, no=2, defn= (of {{gli, leaf, leaves) A type of {{gli, vernation in which one leaf is rolled up inside another.
{{defn, no=3, defn= A type of vernation of two leaves at a {{gli, node, in which one half of each leaf is exposed and the other half is wrapped inside the other leaf.

{{term, term= corcle , content= corcle
{{defn, defn= A plant {{gli, embryo, {{gli, plumule, or plumule plus {{gli, radicle.

{{term, term= cordate , content= cordate (leaf shape), cordate
{{defn, defn= Heart-shaped, with the notch lowermost; of the base of a {{gli, leaf, like the notched part of a heart. Contrast ''{{gli, obcordate''.

{{term, term= coriaceous , content= coriaceous
{{defn, defn= Leathery; stiff and tough, but flexible. Compare ''{{gli, corneous''.

{{term, term= corm , content= corm
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''adj.'' cormose, cormous A fleshy, swollen {{gli, stem base, usually underground and functioning in the storage of food reserves, with {{gli, bud, buds naked or covered by very thin scales; a type of {{gli, rootstock.

{{term, term= cormel , content= Corm#Cormels, cormel
{{defn, defn= A small {{gli, corm (or cormlet), forming at the base of a growing larger corm.{{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=58

{{term, term= corneous , content= corneous
{{defn, defn= Horny in texture; stiff and hard, but somewhat tough. Compare ''{{gli, coriaceous''.

{{term, term= corolla , content= corolla (flower), corolla
{{defn, defn= A collective term for the {{gli, petals of a {{gli, flower. Compare ''{{gli, calyx''.

{{term, term= corona , content= corona (perianth), corona
{{defn, no=1, In flowering plants, a ring of structures that may be united in a tube, arising from the {{gli, corolla or {{gli, perianth of a flower and standing between the perianth lobes and the {{gli, stamens. The trumpet of a daffodil is a corona.
{{defn, no=2, In grasses, a hardened ring of tissue surmounting the {{gli, lemma in some species.

{{term, term= cortex , content= cortex (botany), cortex
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''pl.'' cortexes or cortices A region of tissue located between the {{gli, epidermis, surface cells and the {{gli, vascular cylinder.{{sfn, Beentje, 2010, page=33

{{term, term= corticolous
{{defn, defn= Growing on {{gli, bark or on wood with the bark stripped off. Compare ''{{gli, lignicolous''.

{{term, term= corymb , content= corymb
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' corymbose An {{gli, inflorescence with branches arising at different points but reaching about the same height, giving the flower cluster a flat-topped appearance.

{{term, term= costa , content= costa
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, rib.

{{term, term= costapalmate
{{defn, defn= Having a definite {{gli, costa (midrib), unlike the typical {{gli, palmate or fan leaf, but with the {{gli, leaflets arranged radially as in a palmate leaf.

{{term, term= cotyledon , content= cotyledon
{{defn, defn= The primary leaf or leaves of a plant embryo which upon germination develops into the seed-leaf or the first set of leaves.

{{term, term= craspedodromous , content= craspedodromous
{{defn, defn= {{gli, pinnate, Pinnate {{gli, venation in which the {{gli, secondary vein, secondary veins terminate at the {{gli, margins, often as teeth.

{{term, term= crateriform , content= crateriform
{{defn, defn= In the shape of a saucer or shallow cup; hemispherical or more shallow.

{{term, term= cremnophyte , content= cremnophyte
{{defn, defn= A plant adapted to growing on, especially hanging from, cliff faces or crevices. Compare ''{{gli, chasmophyte''.{{Sfn, Jackson, 1928{{Sfn, Jaeger, 1959

{{term, term= crenate , content= crenate
{{defn, defn= Having blunt or rounded teeth; scalloped.

{{term, term= crenulate , content= crenulate
{{defn, defn= Minutely scalloped.

{{term, term= crisped , content= wikt:crisped, crisped
{{defn, defn= Finely curled, as with the edges of leaves and petals.

{{term, term= cristarque cell , content= cristarque cell
{{defn, defn= A sclereid which contains a {{gli, druse and has the lignin deposited excentrically on the {{gli, cell wall to form a cup shape, or in cross section (geometry), cross-section, a ∪-shape.

{{term, term= crown , content= crown (botany), crown
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, canopy''.

{{term, term= cross , content= hybrid (biology), cross
{{defn, defn= To make something interbreed; the act of hybridization.

{{term, term= cruciform , content= cruciform
{{defn, defn= Cross-shaped.

{{term, term= crustaceous , content= crustaceous
{{defn, defn= Hard, thin and brittle.

{{term, term= crustose
{{defn, defn= Forming a closely applied surface layer or crust.

{{term, term= cryptogam , content= cryptogam
{{defn, defn= Any of the "lower plants" which produce spores and do not have {{gli, stamens, {{gli, ovary, ovaries, or {{gli, seed, seeds; literally, plants whose sexual reproductive organs are not conspicuous. This group typically includes the ferns, bryophytes, and algae, and sometimes fungi (including lichenized fungi). Compare ''{{gli, phanerogam''.

{{term, term= cucullate , content= cucullate (plant), cucullate
{{defn, defn= Hood-like or hooded, commonly referring to the shape of leaves or petals, e.g. ''Pelargonium cucullatum''. Similarly derived terms include ''cuculliform'' and ''cuccularis''.

{{term, term= culm , content= culm (botany), culm
{{defn, defn= In grasses, sedges, rushes, and some other {{gli, monocotyledon, monocotyledons, an {{gli, aerial {{gli, stem bearing the {{gli, inflorescence, extending strictly from the base of the plant to the lowest {{gli, involucral bract (or base of the inflorescence).

{{term, term= cultigen , content= cultigen
{{defn, defn= A plant whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity.

{{term, term= cultivar , content= cultivar
{{defn, defn= A term derived from "cultivated variety" denoting an assemblage of Horticulture, cultivated plants clearly distinguished by one or more characters (morphological, physiological, cytological, chemical, or other). When reproduced (either sexually or asexually), the assemblage retains its distinguishing characters. A cultivar may arise in cultivation or be introduced from the wild. It is a variant that is of horticulture, horticultural interest or value. Cultivar names are written with single quotation marks around them, e.g. 'Blue Carpet' or 'Alba'. All new names established after 1 January 1959 must be in common language (that is, not in Latin), but names established in Latin prior to this date are retained in Latin form.

{{term, term= cultivar epithet , content= cultivar epithet
{{defn, defn= The defining part of a name that denominates a {{gli, cultivar. Cultivars are designated by fancy (q.v.) epithets appended either to the scientific name or to the common name of the taxon to which they belong; they are not italicized but placed in single quotation marks, e.g. ''Rubus nitidoides'' 'Merton Early'. 'Merton Early' is the cultivar epithet.

{{term, term= cuneate
{{defn, defn= Wedge-shaped, with straight sides converging at a base.

{{term, term= cupule , content= calybium and cupule, cupule
{{defn, defn= A cup-shaped structure composed of {{gli, coalescent {{gli, bracts, such as the cup of an acorn. See ''{{gli, calybium''.

{{term, term= cupular , content= cupular
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a {{gli, cupule.

{{term, term= cupulate , content= cupulate
{{defn, defn= Bearing {{gli, cupule, cupules.

{{term, term= cupuliform , content= cupuliform
{{defn, defn= Nearly hemispherical, shaped like a cupola or dome.

{{term, term= cusp , content= wikt:cusp, cusp
{{defn, defn= A hard, pointed tip, stiffer and more formidable than a {{gli, mucro, hence {{gli, cuspidate.

{{term, term= cuspidate , content= wikt:cuspidate, cuspidate
{{defn, defn= Tipped with a {{gli, cusp, as with some leaves.

{{term, term= cuticle , content= plant cuticle, cuticle
{{defn, defn= A waterproofing layer covering the {{gli, epidermis of {{gli, aerial plant surfaces and composed of the polymers cutin, and/or Cutan (polymer), cutan and waxes.

{{term, term= cutting , content= cutting (plant), cutting
{{defn, defn= An {{gli, apical tip of {{gli, shoot structure, {{gli, root, or {{gli, leaf which is cut from a plant and used for asexual vegetative propagation.

{{term, term= cyathium , content= cyathium
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''pl.'' cyathia An {{gli, inflorescence of {{gli, unisexual flowers surrounded by {{gli, involucre, involucral bracts, especially the flowers of ''Euphorbia''.

{{term, term= cyathophyll , content= cyathophyll
{{defn, defn= In ''Euphorbia'', the {{gli, bract-like structure on which the {{gli, involucre sits, usually but not always occurring in twos. They may sometimes be brightly colored and confused with {{gli, petals.

{{term, term= cylindrical , content= cylindrical
{{defn, defn= Rod-like and two to three times as long as wide. Compare ''{{gli, baculiform''.

{{term, term=cynaroid , content=cynaroid
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, carduoid''.

{{term, term= cyme , content= cyme (botany), cyme
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' {{gli, cymose A type of {{gli, inflorescence in which the main axis and all lateral branches end in a {{gli, flower (each lateral may be repeatedly branched).

{{term, term= cymose , content= cyme (botany), cymose
{{defn, Having a {{gli, cyme or cymes.

{{term, term= cypsela , content= Asteraceae#Fruits and seeds, cypsela
{{defn, defn= A type of dry, one-seeded, {{gli, indehiscent {{gli, fruit formed from an {{gli, inferior ovary.

{{glossary end

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D

{{glossary

{{term, term= deciduous , content= deciduous
{{defn, defn= {{gli, dehiscent, Dehiscing and falling seasonally, as with {{gli, bark, {{gli, leaf, leaves, or {{gli, petals. Contrast ''{{gli, persistent''.

{{term, term= declinate , content={{vanchor, wikt:declinate, declinate
{{defn, defn= Curving downward, and then upward at the tip. Often qualified, e.g. declinate-ascendant.

{{term, term= decompound
{{defn, defn= Divided to more than one level, e.g. in {{gli, bipinnate leaves, in which the {{gli, leaflets of what would otherwise be a {{gli, pinnate leaf are themselves pinnately divided.

{{term, term= decorticate
{{defn, no=1, (intr. v.) To shed the outer bark of a tree, usually seasonally as part of the natural growth cycle.
{{defn, no=2, (tr. v.) To strip the peel, crust, bark, or other surface tissues from a plant or from harvested material, such as in extracting fiber from harvested ''Agave'' leaves.

{{term, term= decumbent
{{defn, defn= Having branches growing horizontally along the ground but which are turned up at the ends.

{{term, term= decurrent , content= decurrent
{{defn, defn= Extending downward beyond the point of {{gli, point of insertion, insertion, e.g. when the base of a leaf or a fungal gill is prolonged downward along the {{gli, stem in a raised line or narrow wing.

{{term, term= decussant
{{defn, defn= A synonym of ''{{gli, decussate''; the usage ''decussant'' is questionable and occurs rarely, probably as an error. The formally correct usage is ''{{gli, decussate''.

{{term, term= decussate , content={{vanchor, wikt:decussate, decussate
{{defn, defn= {{gli, opposite, Opposite with successive pairs borne at right angles to the last; generally applied to the phyllotaxis, arrangement of leaves.

{{term, term= definite
{{defn, defn= Of a constant number, e.g. twice as many {{gli, stamens as {{gli, petals or {{gli, sepals (or less), or an {{gli, inflorescence ending in a {{gli, flower or an aborted floral {{gli, bud, typically a {{gli, cymose inflorescence. Contrast ''{{gli, indefinite''.

{{term, term= deflexed
{{defn, defn= Bent downward. Contrast ''{{gli, inflexed''.

{{term, term= dehiscent , content= dehiscence (botany), dehiscent
{{defn, defn= Breaking open at maturity to release contents; refers e.g. to the opening of {{gli, fruit, fruits to release {{gli, seed, seeds, of {{gli, anthers to release {{gli, pollen, and of {{gli, sporangium, sporangia to release {{gli, spore, spores. Contrast ''{{gli, indehiscent''.

{{term, term= deltoid , content= delta (letter), deltoid
{{defn, defn= Shaped like the uppercase Greek letter Δ, i.e. like a more or less equilateral triangle.

{{term, term= dendroid
{{defn, defn= {{gli, tree, Tree-like; branching like a tree.

{{term, term= dentate, content= leaf margin, dentate
{{defn, defn= {{gli, toothed, Toothed, especially in reference to {{gli, leaf {{gli, margins.

{{term, term= denticulate , content= leaf margin, denticulate
{{defn, defn= Finely {{gli, toothed; a diminutive form of {{gli, dentate.

{{term, term= deserticolous, content= deserticolous
{{defn, defn= Inhabiting a desert.

{{term, term= determinate , content= determinate growth, determinate
{{defn, defn= Limited, usually in growth. Contrast ''{{gli, indeterminate''.

{{term, term= diadelphous, content= diadelphous
{{defn, defn= Referring to a class of {{gli, adelphous structure in which the {{gli, stamens or similar organs are connected in two {{gli, adelphia, adelphiae instead of just one.

{{term, term= diaspore , content= diaspore (botany), diaspore
{{defn, defn= Any reproductive part of a plant adapted for dispersal and for establishing new plants; may be a disseminule such as a {{gli, seed, or other parts such as specialized {{gli, bud, buds, branches, inflorescences, or fruits.

{{term, term= dichasium , content= dichasium
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, cymose {{gli, inflorescence with all branches below the terminal flower in {{gli, regular opposite pairs. Compare ''{{gli, monochasium'' and ''{{gli, pleiochasium''.

{{term, term= dichlamydeous
{{defn, defn= Having a {{gli, perianth which is divided into a separate {{gli, calyx and {{gli, corolla. Compare ''{{gli, homochlamydeous''.

{{term, term= dichotomous , content= dichotomous
{{defn, defn= Forking into two equal branches. This may result from an equal division of the growing tip, or may be sympodial, in which the growing tip is aborted and replaced. Typically refers to mode of branch growth, as in ''Aloidendron dichotomum'', but also to other organs, such as the dichotomous venation, venation patterns on leaves, the thorns of various species of ''Carissa'' (which morphologically are branches), and the {{gli, thallus, thalli or hyphae of various algae and fungi.

{{term, term= dicotyledon , content= dicotyledon
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also abbreviated dicot. A flowering plant whose embryo has two or more {{gli, cotyledon, cotyledons (seed leaves). Contrast ''{{gli, monocotyledon''.

{{term, term= digitate , content= digitate
{{defn, defn= With segments spreading from a common center, like the fingers of a hand. See also ''{{gli, palmate'' and ''{{gli, palmatisect''. See also ''Leaf shape''.

{{term, term= digitiform , content= :wikt:digitiform, digitiform
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a finger.

{{term, term= dimorphic
{{defn, defn= Occurring in two different forms (with respect to shape and/or size), e.g. of {{gli, stamens, Frond dimorphism, fronds, or leaves. See also ''{{gli, monomorphic'' (having a single form) and ''Polymorphism (biology), polymorphic'' (having many forms).

{{term, term= dioecious , content= dioecious
{{defn, defn= (of vascular plants) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast {{gli, monoecious.

{{term, term= dioicous , content= dioicous
{{defn, defn= (of a {{gli, bryophyte {{gli, gametophyte) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast ''{{gli, monoicous''.

{{term, term= diploid , content= ploidy#Diploid, diploid
{{defn, defn= Having two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a {{gli, sporophyte cell, i.e. one set from each of the parental {{gli, gamete, gametes. This is often expressed symbolically as ''2n'', where ''n'' = the number of chromosomes in the {{gli, haploid gamete.

{{term, term= diplostemonous , content= stamen, diplostemonous
{{defn, defn= Having {{gli, stamens arranged in two {{gli, whorl, whorls, with the outer whorl alternating with the {{gli, petals while the inner whorl is opposite the petals. Compare ''{{gli, obdiplostemonous'' and ''{{gli, haplostemonous''.

{{term, term= disc , content= glossary of plant morphology#Disk, disc
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also spelled disk. A plate or ring of structures derived from the {{gli, receptacle, and occurring between {{gli, whorl, whorls of floral parts. In some groups, especially Sapindales, the {{gli, nectary is in the form of a prominent disk. In Asteraceae, daisies, the central part of the {{gli, capitulum is a disk, hence flowers borne there are called {{gli, disk floret, disk flowers or florets.

{{term, term= discoid
{{defn, defn= Resembling a disc or plate, having both thickness and parallel faces and with a rounded margin. Also used to describe the flower {{gli, capitulum, head of Asteraceae where there are no ray florets but only disc florets.

{{term, term= discolorous
{{defn, defn= (of {{gli, leaf, leaves) Having upper and lower surfaces of different colors.

{{term, term= disjunct , content= disjunct distribution, disjunct
{{defn, defn= Occurring in widely separated geographic areas, distinctly separate; applies to a discontinuous range in which one or more populations are separated from other potentially interbreeding populations with sufficient distance so as to preclude gene flow between them.

{{term, term= disk floret
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, floret occurring most typically in the {{gli, disc, disk of the {{gli, capitulum of flowers in the family Asteraceae, and to some extent in other plants that bear a flowering head with a disk, such as ''Scabiosa''.

{{term, term= dissected
{{defn, defn= Deeply divided; cut into many segments.

{{term, term= dissepiment
{{defn, defn= A partition or septum in a plant part, usually referring to septa between the {{gli, locule, loculi of {{gli, capsule, capsules or of other fruits with multiple partitions.

{{term, term= distal , content= distal
{{defn, defn= Remote from the point of origin or attachment; the free end. Contrast ''{{gli, proximal''.

{{term, term= distichous , content= phyllotaxis, distichous
{{defn, defn= Arranged in two opposite rows (and hence in the same plane).

{{term, term= distinct
{{defn, defn= Separate or free; not united.

{{term, term= distyly , content= distyly
{{defn, defn= The condition in which the flowers of a species occur in two forms that differ only by the length of the {{gli, style and {{gli, stamens, and flowers of only one of these forms appear on any one plant. Compare ''{{gli, heterostyly''.

{{term, term= diurnal , content= diurnality, diurnal
{{defn, defn= Of the day; occurring or opening in the daytime.

{{term, term= divaricate , content= divaricate
{{defn, defn= Wide-spreading.

{{term, term= divergent
{{defn, defn= Spreading in different directions, generally upward.

{{term, term= division , content= division (botany), division
{{defn, defn= A taxonomic rank below {{gli, kingdom in the standard taxonomic hierarchy. "Division" is generally used only for plants, and is the approximate botanical equivalent of the term {{gli, phylum, which is used for animals and other kingdoms.

{{term, term= domatia , content= domatium, domatia
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''sing.'' domatium Any hollow structure formed by a plant that is inhabited by animals such as ants or mites.

{{term, term= dorsal , content= dorsal (location), dorsal
{{defn, defn= From Latin ''dorsum'', a ridge or the back of an animal. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral, general "dorsal" refers to "the rear or back or upper surface", but in botany, botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example:

* facing away from the axis ({{gli, abaxial) in a lateral organ of an erect plant
* facing away from the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the upper surface of a more or less horizontal leaf ({{gli, adaxial) or the upper part of the crown of the plant
* facing away from the substrate in a {{gli, prostrate or climbing plant or floating leaves such as those of Nymphaea.
Derived or related terms include Anatomical terms of location, dorsad, "toward the dorsal", and Anatomical terms of location, dorsum, "the dorsal part of the organ or organism as a unit". Related anatomical terms of location include {{gli, ventral, {{gli, lateral.

{{term, term= dorsifixed
{{defn, defn= Attached at or by the back, e.g. {{gli, anthers on a {{gli, filament.

{{term, term= dorsiventral , content= dorsiventral
{{defn, defn= Having structurally and visibly different upper and lower surfaces, e.g. some leaves. Compare ''{{gli, bilateral'' and ''isobilateral''.

{{term, term= drip tip
{{defn, defn= A long, narrow, {{gli, acuminate, {{gli, caudate, or {{gli, cuspidate extension at the tip of a {{gli, leaf or {{gli, leaflet. Commonly an adaptation to rainy conditions, as it promotes shedding of water by its dripping from the narrow tip. The term ''drip tip'' is not anatomically descriptive in the way that ''acuminate'' or ''cuspidate'' are, for example; rather, it is a description of the functional shape that aids dripping, regardless of the specific geometry of the shape itself.

{{term, term= drupe , content= drupe
{{defn, defn= A type of {{gli, succulent {{gli, fruit formed from one {{gli, carpel; the single {{gli, seed is enclosed by a stony layer of the fruit wall, e.g. in peaches and olives. Also called a ''{{gli, kernel''.

{{term, term= drupelet , content= drupelet
{{defn, defn= A small {{gli, drupe formed from one of the carpels in an {{gli, apocarpous flower. Drupelets usually form a {{gli, compound fruit, as in ''Rubus'', but they may become widely separated, as in ''Ochna''.

{{term, term= druse , content= druse (botany), druse
{{defn, defn= A globular mass of calcium oxalate crystals, usually with the crystals radiating from an organic matter, organic core.

{{glossary end

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E

{{glossary

{{term, term= -eae , content= {{linktext, -eae
{{defn, defn= A suffix added to the stem of a {{gli, generic name to form the name of a {{gli, tribe, e.g. ''Aster (genus), Aster'' → Astereae.

{{term, term= ebracteate , content= ebracteate
{{defn, defn= Lacking {{gli, bracts; synonym, synonymous with ''ebracteolate''.

{{term, term= ecological amplitude , content= ecological amplitude
{{defn, defn= The range of environmental conditions in which an organism can survive.

{{term, term= edaphic , content= edaphic
{{defn, defn= Of or influenced by the soil.

{{term, term= elaiosome , content= elaiosome
{{defn, defn= An external structure attached to the {{gli, seed of many species of plants. Elaiosomes generally look fleshy and in some species they are rich in oils or other nutritious materials. Their functions vary and are not always obvious; commonly they attract ants or other animals that aid in dispersal, but they may also repel other animals from eating the seed.{{Sfn, Hanzawa, Beattie, Holmes, 1985

{{term, term= elephophily , content= elephophily
{{defn, defn= A form of {{gli, pollination whereby {{gli, pollen or {{gli, spore, spores are distributed by the feet of elephants, as in ''Rafflesia arnoldii#Reproduction, Rafflesia arnoldii''.

{{term, term= ellipsoid , content= ellipsoid
{{defn, defn= A three-dimensional shape that is {{gli, elliptical in all sections through the long axis.

{{term, term= elliptical , content= elliptic (leaf shape), elliptical
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also elliptic. Planar, shaped like a flattened circle, symmetrical about both the long and the short axis, tapering equally both to the tip and the base; {{gli, oval.

{{term, term= emarginate , content= emarginate
{{defn, defn= Typically in reference to leaf margins: notched or recessed at some part of the edge, such as the {{gli, apex; the recess usually is broad and shallow. The location of a leaf's emargination(s) might be one or more of apical, lateral or basal

{{term, term= embryo , content= embryo
{{defn, defn= The young plant contained by a {{gli, seed prior to {{gli, germination.

{{term, term= emergent , content= emergent
{{defn, defn= A plant taller than the surrounding vegetation or, among aquatic plant species, one that bears {{gli, flowers and commonly {{gli, leaf, leaves above the surface of the water. Aquatic examples include water lilies, reeds, and papyrus. Some pondweeds such as ''Stuckenia'' are not emergent until they flower, at which time only their flowers appear above the water surface.

{{term, term= enation , content= enation
{{defn, defn= Leaf-like outgrowth from a surface.{{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=78

{{term, term= enantiostyly , content= enantiostyly
{{defn, defn= The condition in which the {{gli, gynoecium protrudes laterally, to the right ({{gli, dextrostyly) or to the left ({{gli, sinistrostyly) of the {{gli, androecium, e.g. ''Senna (plant), Senna''.

{{term, term= endemic , content= endemism, endemic
{{defn, defn= Having a natural distribution restricted to a particular geographic region. Compare ''{{gli, native''.

{{term, term= endocarp , content= endocarp
{{defn, defn= The innermost layer of the wall of a fruit; in a {{gli, drupe, the stony layer surrounding the seed.

{{term, term= endodermis , content= endodermis
{{defn, defn= The innermost layer of the {{gli, cortex of vascular plant {{gli, root, roots, also present in the stems of pteridophytes. The radial walls are impregnated with suberin to form a permeability barrier known as the Casparian strip.

{{term, term= endosperm , content= endosperm
{{defn, no=1, ({{gli, angiosperm, angiosperms) A Storage organ, nutritive tissue surrounding the {{gli, embryo of the {{gli, seed, usually triploid, originating from the fusion of both polar nuclei with one gamete after the fertilization of the egg.
{{defn, no=2, ({{gli, gymnosperm, gymnosperms) The {{gli, prothallus within the embryo sac.

{{term, term= endospory
{{defn, defn= The production of {{gli, spore, spores that germinate into a reduced multicellular gametophyte contained within the spore wall. Contrast ''{{gli, exospory''.

{{term, term= ensiform , content= ensiform
{{defn, defn= Shaped like the blade of a sword.

{{term, term= entire , content= entire leaf, entire
{{defn, no=1, Not divided.
{{defn, no=2, (of a {{gli, margin) Smooth and not {{gli, lobed or {{gli, toothed (though possibly wavy or {{gli, scalloped).

{{term, term= entomophily , content= entomophily
{{defn, defn= A form of {{gli, pollination whereby {{gli, pollen or {{gli, spore, spores are distributed by insects.

{{term, term= epecophyte , content= epecophyte
{{defn, defn= Species of recent appearance, usually numerous and constant in the country, but confined to artificial habitats, such as meadows and ruderal vegetation and are dependent on humans for existence.{{Sfn, Schulze, Zwölfer, 2012, p=261

{{term, term= ephemeral , content= ephemeral
{{defn, defn= Short-lived. See also ''{{gli, caducous''.

{{term, term= epicalyx , content= epicalyx
{{defn, defn= An {{gli, involucre resembling an outer {{gli, calyx, e.g. as in ''Hibiscus''.

{{term, term= epicarp , content= epicarp
{{defn, defn= The outer layer of the wall of a {{gli, fruit, i.e. the "skin".

{{term, term= epicormic , content= epicormic
{{defn, defn= Used to refer to {{gli, bud, buds, {{gli, shoot, shoots, or {{gli, flowers developing from the old wood of trees, especially after injury or fire.

{{term, term= epicotyl , content= epicotyl
{{defn, defn= The part of the plant axis or stem between the {{gli, cotyledon, cotyledonary node and the first foliage leaves.

{{term, term= epicuticular wax , content= epicuticular wax
{{defn, defn= A layer of crystalline or amorphous wax deposited on the surface of the {{gli, cuticle.

{{term, term= epidermis , content= epidermis (botany), epidermis
{{defn, defn= An organ's outermost layer of cells, usually only one cell thick.

{{term, term= epigynous , content= epigynous
{{defn, defn= Borne on the {{gli, ovary; describes floral parts when attached above the level of the ovary and arising from tissue fused to the ovary wall. Compare ''{{gli, hypogynous'' and ''{{gli, perigynous''.

{{term, term= epilithic , content= wikt:epilithic, epilithic
{{defn, defn= Growing on stone. Compare ''{{gli, lithophytic'', a plant growing on stone.

{{term, term= epipetalous , content= epipetalous
{{defn, defn= Of {{gli, stamens that are attached to the {{gli, petals.

{{term, term= epipetric , content= wikt:epilithic, epipetric
{{defn, defn= Growing on rock or stone, {{gli, lithophytic, {{gli, epilithic.

{{term, term= epiphloedal , content= epiphloedal
{{defn, defn= Growing on the surface of {{gli, bark. Contrast ''{{gli, endophloedal'' (growing inside, not on, the bark) and ''{{gli, epilithic'' (growing on rock, not bark).

{{term, term= epiphyte , content= epiphyte
{{defn, defn= A plant, alga or fungus that grows on another plant without deriving nourishment from it but using it for support.

{{term, term= epiphytic , content= epiphytic
{{defn, defn= Of an {{gli, epiphyte; living on the surface of a plant. Compare ''{{gli, epilithic'', ''{{gli, lithophytic''.

{{term, term= episepalous , content= episepalous
{{defn, defn= Of {{gli, stamens that are attached to the {{gli, sepals.

{{term, term= epitepalous , content= epitepalous
{{defn, defn= Of {{gli, stamens that are attached to the {{gli, tepal, tepals.

{{term, term= epithet , content= epithet
{{defn, defn= The adjectival component in a binomial scientific name, usually more specifically called a {{gli, specific epithet; the final word or combination of words in a name of more than one word (other than a term denoting rank) that denominates an individual taxon. The simplest and commonest example is the second word in a two-word name of a species, such as "''mirabilis''" in ''Welwitschia mirabilis''.

{{term, term= epizoochory
{{defn, defn= A type of {{gli, seed dispersal that occurs when seeds or {{gli, fruit, fruits physically adhere to the outside of vertebrate animal bodies.

{{term, term= epruinose , content= epruinose
{{defn, defn= Not {{gli, pruinose.

{{term, term= equitant , content= equitant
{{defn, defn= (of a {{gli, leaf) Folded lengthwise and clasping another leaf.

{{term, term= erect
{{defn, defn= Upright, more or less perpendicular to the ground or point of attachment. Compare ''{{gli, patent'' (spreading) and ''{{gli, erecto-patent'', between erect and patent.

{{term, term= ericoid , content= ericoid
{{defn, defn= Having leaves like those of the European heaths (''Erica (plant), Erica''); small and sharply pointed.

{{term, term= erose , content= erose
{{defn, defn= (of a {{gli, margin) Irregular as though nibbled or worn away.

{{term, term= ethelochoric
{{defn, defn= Deliberate introduction by seedlings, seeds or plants in a new habitat by humans.

{{term, term= etiolation , content= etiolation
{{defn, defn= Weak growth due to lack of light, resulting in elongated stems and yellowish color.{{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=83

{{term, term= even-pinnate
{{defn, defn= Having an even number of {{gli, leaflets in a {{gli, compound leaf; synonym, synonymous with ''{{gli, paripinnate''.

{{term, term= evergreen , content= evergreen
{{defn, defn= Not {{gli, deciduous; having leaves all year.

{{term, term= ex
{{defn, defn= In nomenclature, indicating that the preceding author proposed the name but did not legitimately publish it, and that the succeeding author referred to the first author when legitimately publishing the name. See Author citation (botany).

{{term, term= exalbuminous
{{defn, defn= In seeds of a given species, having no {{gli, endosperm, i.e. no {{gli, albumen, e.g. in Fabaceae and Combretaceae.

{{term, term= exocarp , content= exocarp
{{defn, defn= The outer layer of the {{gli, pericarp, often the skin of fleshy {{gli, fruit, fruits.

{{term, term= exospory
{{defn, defn= The production of {{gli, spore, spores that germinate into free-living multicellular gametophytes. Contrast ''{{gli, endospory''.

{{term, term= exotesta , content= testa (botany), exotesta
{{defn, defn= The outer layer of the {{gli, testa (seed coat). It is derived from the outer {{gli, integument of the {{gli, ovule.

{{term, term= exotic , content= introduced species, exotic
{{defn, defn= Not native; introduced from another region or country.

{{term, term= exserted , content= exserted
{{defn, defn= Projected beyond, e.g. {{gli, stamens beyond the {{gli, corolla tube.

{{term, term= exstipulate , content= exstipulate
{{defn, defn= Lacking {{gli, stipule, stipules.

{{term, term= extrastaminal , content= extrastaminal
{{defn, defn= Outside the {{gli, stamens or {{gli, androecium, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk.

{{term, term= extrorse , content= extrorse
{{defn, defn= (of {{gli, anther {{gli, locule, locules) Opening toward the outside of the {{gli, flower. Contrast ''{{gli, introrse'' and ''{{gli, latrorse''.

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

F

{{glossary

{{term, term= F1 hybrid , content= F1 hybrid
{{defn, defn= A single {{gli, cross; a plant breeding term for the result of a repeatable cross between two pure bred lines.

{{term, term= F2 hybrid , content= F2 hybrid
{{defn, defn= A plant breeding term for the result of a plant arising from a {{gli, cross between two {{gli, F1 hybrids; may also refer to {{gli, self-pollination in a population of F1 hybrids.

{{term, term= fabiform , content= fabiform
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a kidney bean.

{{term, term= facultative , content= facultative
{{defn, defn= Able to perform a particular life function, or to live generally, in more than one way. Compare ''{{gli, obligate''.

{{term, term= falcate , content= falcate
{{defn, defn= Curved like the blade of a scythe.

{{term, term= family , content= family (biology), family
{{defn, defn= A taxonomic group of one or more {{gli, genus, genera with features, ancestry, or both in common. It is the term for the principal rank between {{gli, order and genus.

{{term, term= farina
{{defn, defn= Powdery, pale yellow, crystalline secretion consisting of flavonoids in ''Primula'' and other species.

{{term, term= farinaceous , content= farinaceous
{{defn, defn= Powderiness that is mealy.

{{term, term= fascicle , content= Fascicle (botany), fascicle
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''adj.'' {{gli, fasciculate A cluster of flowers, leaves, needles, vascular tissue, etc., e.g. a tuft of leaves all arising from the same node.

{{term, term= fasciculate , content= fasciculate
{{defn, defn= Branching in clusters, e.g. a bundle of sticks or needles; having {{gli, fascicle, fascicles.

{{term, term= faucal , content= faucal
{{defn, defn= Pertaining to the {{gli, fauces; located in the throat of a {{gli, calyx or {{gli, corolla.

{{term, term= fauces , content= fauces
{{defn, defn= The throat of a {{gli, calyx or {{gli, corolla; the conspicuously widened portion between the mouth and the {{gli, apex of the tube. In Boraginaceae, the site of distinctive appendages.

{{term, term= faveolate , content= faveolate
{{defn, defn= Honeycombed; having regular, angled {{gli, pits. Compare ''{{gli, foveolate''.

{{term, term= felted , content= felted
{{defn, defn= Covered with very dense, interlocked, and matted hairs with the appearance or texture of felt or woolen cloth.

{{term, term= female flower
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, pistillate flower''.

{{term, term= fenestrate , content= leaf window, fenestrate
{{defn, defn= Having translucent or transparent areas that let light through; this variously affects the behavior of animal visitors or permits photosynthesis in many arid-region plants that grow only to the soil surface. Also refers loosely to perforations, for which ''{{gli, perforate'' is the more precise term.

{{term, term= ferruginous
{{defn, defn= Ruddy or rust-colored.

{{term, term= fertile , content= fertility, fertile
{{defn, defn= Capable of producing fruit; of flowers when they produce seed, or of anthers containing pollen.

{{term, term= fertilization , content= fertilization
{{defn, defn= The union of male and female {{gli, gamete, gametes during sexual reproduction.

{{term, term= fiber , content= ground tissue#fibres, fiber
{{defn, no=1, defn= A fiber cell.
{{defn, no=2, defn= Any flexible, strong, stringy, and very elongate structure.

{{term, term= fiber cell , content= fiber cell
{{defn, defn= A type of cell that is found in sclerenchyma; it is much elongated, and dies soon after an extensive modification of its cell wall. The cell wall is usually thickly lignified but is sometimes gelatinous.

{{term, term= filament
{{defn, no=1, defn= The stalk of a {{gli, stamen.
{{defn, no=2, defn= Any very narrow, thread-like structure that is one or a few cells thick.

{{term, term= filamentous
{{defn, defn= Consisting of {{gli, filaments or {{gli, fibers; hairlike.

{{term, term= filiform , content={{vanchor, wikt:filiform, filiform
{{defn, defn= Thread-like, e.g. {{gli, stamen {{gli, filaments or leaf shapes.

{{term, term= fimbria
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' fimbriae Slender, hair-like projection; fringe.

{{term, term= fimbriate , content={{vanchor, wikt:fimbriate, fimbriate
{{defn, defn= Fringed, e.g. where the ends of a petal are split into two or more divisions. Having {{gli, fimbriae.

{{term, term= fissure , content= fissure
{{defn, defn= A split or crack, often referring to fissured bark; a line or opening of Dehiscence (botany), dehiscence.

{{term, term= fistule , content= fistule
{{defn, defn= A tube-shaped cavity.

{{term, term= fistulose , content= fistulose
{{defn, defn= Hollow; usually applied to a tube-shaped cavity, as in a Reed (plant), reed.

{{term, term= flabellate , content= Flabellate (leaf), flabellate
{{defn, defn= Fan-shaped, e.g. a flabellate (fan-shaped) leaf.

{{term, term= flaccid
{{defn, defn= Limp; tending to wilt. Compare ''{{gli, turgid''.

{{term, term= flexistyly
{{defn, defn= Depending on the degree of maturation of the {{gli, stamens, the {{gli, style moves up or down (cataflexistyle or (ana-)hyperflexisyle).

{{term, term= flexuous , content= flexuous
{{term, term= flexuose , multi=y
{{defn, defn= Bent alternately in different directions; zigzag.

{{term, term= floccose , content= wikt:floccose, floccose
{{defn, defn= Having a soft and wooly covering of hairs.

{{term, term= flora , content= flora
{{defn, no=1, defn= All the plants growing in a certain region or country.
{{defn, no=2, defn= An enumeration of them, generally with a guide to their identification (e.g. the ''Flora of North America'', ''Flora of China (series), Flora of China'', ''Flora of Victoria'', ''Flora of New South Wales'', and so on). In this case, ''flora'' is written with a capital ''F''.

{{term, term= floral envelope
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, perianth''.

{{term, term= floral leaves , content= floral leaves
{{defn, defn= The upper leaves at the base of the flowering branches.

{{term, term= floral diagram, content= floral diagram
{{defn, defn= A graphical means to describe flower structure, usually a schematic cross-section through a young flower.

{{term, term= floral formula , content= floral formula
{{defn, defn= A description of flower structure using numbers, letters, and various symbols.

{{term, term= floral tube
{{defn, defn= An imprecise term sometimes used as a synonym of ''{{gli, hypanthium'', ''{{gli, corolla tube'', or ''{{gli, calyx tube''.

{{term, term= floret , content= floret
{{defn, defn= A small {{gli, flower, usually referring to the individual true flowers clustered within an {{gli, inflorescence, particularly those of the Poaceae grasses and the pseudanthium, pseudanthia of family Asteraceae.

{{term, term= flower , content= flower
{{defn, defn= The sexual reproductive structure of the {{gli, angiosperms, typically with a {{gli, gynoecium, {{gli, androecium, {{gli, perianth, and an {{gli, axis.

{{term, term= foliate , content= foliate
{{defn, defn= Preceded by a number to signify having a certain number of leaflets, e.g. {{Nowrap, ''3-foliate'' means "having three leaflets".

{{term, term= foliicolous , content= foliicolous
{{defn, defn= A growth habit of certain lichens, algae, and fungi that prefer to grow on the leaves of vascular plants.

{{term, term= follicle , content= Follicle (fruit), follicle
{{defn, defn= A dry fruit formed from one {{gli, carpel splitting along a single {{gli, suture to which the seeds are attached, e.g. from the ''{{gli, pod'' of a legume.{{Sfn, Rendle, 1911

{{term, term= foliole , content= foliole
{{defn, defn= A small, leaf-like appendage on the front or back.{{of what?, date=December 2022

{{term, term= foliose
{{defn, defn= Leaf-like; flattened like a {{gli, leaf.

{{term, term= forb , content= forb
{{defn, defn= Any non-woody {{gli, flowering plant that is not a {{gli, grass, Cyperaceae, sedge, or Juncaceae, rush.

{{term, term= forest , content= forest
{{defn, defn= Vegetation dominated by trees with single trunks, including closely arranged trees with or without an understory of shrubs and herbs.

{{term, term= forma , content= forma (in common usage, ''form (botany), form'')
{{defn, defn= A taxonomic category subordinate to species and within the taxonomic hierarchy, below {{gli, variety (''{{gli, varietas''), and usually differentiated by a minor character.

{{term, term= foveolate
{{defn, defn= Having regular tiny {{gli, pits. Compare ''{{gli, faveolate''.

{{term, term= free
{{defn, defn= Not united with other organs of the same type; not attached at one end.

{{term, term= free central , content= free central
{{defn, defn= (of {{gli, placentation) {{gli, Ovules attached to a free-standing column in the center of a {{gli, unilocular {{gli, ovary.

{{term, term= frond , content= frond
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, leaf of a fern, cycad, or Palm (plant), palm.

{{term, term= frutescent
{{defn, defn= {{gli, shrub, Shrub-like ({{gli, fruticose) or becoming shrub-like.

{{term, term= fruticose
{{defn, defn= Shrubby; having the branching character of a {{gli, shrub.

{{term, term= fruit , content= fruit
{{defn, defn= A seed-bearing structure, present in all {{gli, angiosperm, angiosperms, formed from the mature {{gli, ovary and sometimes associated floral parts upon {{gli, fertilization.

{{term, term= fugacious , content= fugacious
{{defn, defn= Disappearing, falling off, or withering. Compare ''{{gli, persistent'' and ''{{gli, caducous''.

{{term, term= funicle , content= funicle (funiculus) {{anchor, funiculus
{{defn, defn= The stalk of an {{gli, ovule.

{{term, term= funnelform , content= funnelform
{{defn, defn= Having a form gradually widening from the base to the {{gli, apex; funnel-shaped.

{{term, term= furcate , content= furcate
{{defn, defn= Forked, usually applied to a {{gli, terminal division; with two long {{gli, lobes.

{{term, term= fused
{{defn, defn= Joined together.

{{term, term= fusiform , content= wikt:fusiform, fusiform
{{defn, defn= Rod-shaped and narrowing gradually from the middle toward each end; spindle-shaped.

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

G

{{glossary

{{term, term= galbulus , content= galbulus
{{defn, defn= In {{gli, gymnosperm, gymnosperms, a fleshy cone ({{gli, megastrobilus); chiefly relates to cones borne by Juniperus, junipers and Cupressus, cypresses, which are often mistakenly called {{gli, berry, berries.

{{term, term= galea , content= galea (botany), galea
{{defn, defn= An overhanging, helmet-shaped, structure that protects the reproductive parts from precipitation, wind or unwanted visitors.

{{term, term= gall , content= gall
{{defn, defn= Abnormal outgrowth on external plant tissues, caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites.

{{term, term= gamete , content= gamete
{{defn, defn= A cell or nucleus that fuses with another of the opposite sex during sexual reproduction.

{{term, term= gametophore , content= gametophore
{{defn, defn= Specialized structures on the {{gli, gametophyte, gametophytes of some {{gli, bryophyte species, for example many species in the order Marchantiales; in such species the gametes are produced on the gametophores, which amount to sex organs.

{{term, term= gametophyte , content= gametophyte
{{defn, defn= The ploidy#Haploid and monoploid, haploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that bears {{gli, gametes. In bryophytes the gametophyte is the dominant vegetative phase; in ferns and their allies it is a small free-living plant known as the prothallus; in gymnosperms and angiosperms the gametophytes are reduced to microscopic structures dependent on the {{gli, sporophyte, male gametophytes contained in pollen grains and females contained within the ovules.

{{term, term= gamopetalous, conten=gamopetalous
{{defn, defn= with joined or fused petals

{{term, term=gamophyllous, content=gamophyllous
{{defn, defn=a single perianth-whorl of united segments. Compare ''{{gli, symphyllous'' (synonym), ''{{gli, apophyllous'', and ''{{gli, polyphyllous''.

{{term, term= gemma, content=gemma (botany), gemma
{{defn, defn= an asexual reproductive structure found in liverworts and mosses.

{{term, term= gene pool , content= gene pool
{{defn, defn= The complete range of genetic variation found within a population.

{{term, term= genus , content= genus
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' genera A group of one or more {{gli, species with features or ancestry (or both) in common. Genus is the principal category of taxa intermediate in rank between {{gli, family and species in the standard nomenclatural hierarchy.

{{term, term= generic name , content= name of a biological genus, generic name
{{defn, defn= The name of a taxonomic {{gli, genus, such as ''Acacia'' and ''Eucalyptus''.

{{term, term= genotype , content= genotype
{{defn, defn= The genetic make-up of an individual.

{{term, term= geophilous , content= wikt:geophilous, geophilous
{{defn, defn= Growing or rooting in the ground.

{{term, term= germination , content= germination
{{defn, no=1, defn= of seeds, describing the complex sequence of physiological and structural changes that occur from resting to growth stage.
{{defn, no=2, defn= of a pollen grain; production of a pollen tube when contacting a stigma receptive to it.
{{defn, no=3, defn= of a spore of fungi/bacterium; change of state – from resting to vegetative.

{{term, term= gibbous , content= gibbous (gibbose)
{{defn, defn= (of part of an organ) Swollen, usually with a pouch-like enlargement at the base.

{{term, term= glabrescent , content= glabrescent
{{defn, defn= Becoming {{gli, glabrous, almost glabrous; glabrate.

{{term, term= glabrous , content= glabrousness (botany), glabrous
{{defn, no=1, defn= Lacking surface ornamentation such as hairs, scales or bristles; smooth.

{{term, term= gland , content= gland (botany), gland
{{defn, defn= A secretory structure within or on the surface of a plant.

{{term, term= glandular hair , content= glandular hair
{{defn, defn= A hair tipped with a gland.

{{term, term= glaucous , content= glaucous
{{defn, defn= Describes the external surface of a plant part that has a whitish covering, in some cases with a blueish cast. Often applied to plants with a wooly or {{gli, arachnoid surface, but properly referring to {{gli, pruinose surfaces, meaning those with a waxy {{gli, bloom. The surface of the young leaves of many Eucalyptus, eucalypts provide good examples, and so do some {{gli, xerophyte, xerophytes.

{{term, term= globose , content= globose
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also globular. Roughly spherical. See also {{gli, subglobose.

{{term, term= globulose , content= globulose
{{defn, defn= Approximately spherical.

{{term, term= glochid , content= glochid
{{defn, defn= A tiny barbed hair or bristle, e.g. the fine defensive hairs in cactus species such as ''Opuntia''.

{{term, term= glumes , content= glumes
{{defn, defn= {{gli, bracts subtending the floret(s) of a Cyperaceae, sedge, or similar plant; in Poaceae, grasses forming the lowermost organs of a {{gli, spikelet (there are usually 2 but 1 is sometimes reduced; or rarely, both are absent).

{{term, term= glutinous , content= glutinous
{{defn, defn= Sticky.

{{term, term= graft , content= grafting, graft
{{defn, no=1, defn= The artificial union of plant parts.
{{defn, no=2, defn= A plant {{gli, shoot suitable for grafting; loosely, a {{gli, scion, {{gli, sucker, or branch.

{{term, term= graft chimaera , content= graft chimaera (sometimes graft hybrid)
{{defn, defn= A taxon whose members consist of tissue from two or more different plants in intimate association originated by grafting. The addition sign "+" is used to indicate a graft-chimaera either as a part of a formula (e.g. ''Crataegus monogyna'' + ''Mespilus germanica'') or in front of an abbreviated name (e.g. + Crataegomespilus, + ''Crataegomespilus'' 'Dardari'). The nomenclature of graft hybrids is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.

{{term, term= graminoid , content= graminoid
{{defn, defn=

{{term, term= granular
{{defn, defn= (of a surface) Covered with small rounded protuberances.

{{term, term= grass , content= grass
{{defn, defn= A plant of the family Poaceae.

{{term, term= grassland , content= grassland
{{defn, defn= Low vegetation dominated by Poaceae, grasses.

{{term, term= groundcover , content= groundcover
{{defn, no=1, defn= Dense vegetation that covers the ground.
{{defn, no=2, defn= A term applied to describe a plant that covers the soil surface so densely that it smothers all beneath it.

{{term, term= group , content= cultivar group, group
{{defn, defn= A formal category equivalent to or below the rank of {{gli, genus which distinguishes
# an assemblage of two or more cultivars within a species or hybrid;
# plants derived from a hybrid in which one or more of the parent species is not known or is of uncertain origin; or,
# a range of cultivated plants of a species or hybrid which may exhibit variation but share one or more characters, which makes it worth distinguishing them as a unit.

{{term, term= guard cell , content= guard cell
{{defn, defn= Each of two cells surrounding the {{gli, stoma which control gas exchange between the {{gli, apoplast of the plant and the external environment.

{{term, term= guttate
{{defn, defn= Having droplet-shaped spots. Compare ''{{gli, punctate'' and ''{{gli, maculate''.

{{term, term= guttation
{{defn, defn= The secretion of liquid water from uninjured plant parts. See ''{{gli, hydathode''.

{{term, term= guttulate , content= guttulate
{{defn, defn= Having or appearing to be spotted with oil droplets; of spores, having oil droplets inside.

{{term, term= gymnosperm , content= gymnosperm
{{defn, defn= A seed-bearing plant with unenclosed ovules borne on the surface of a {{gli, sporophyll. Gymnosperms are among the oldest clades of vascular plants, and today are represented by approximately 1,000 extant species worldwide, including, among others, conifers, ''Ginkgo'', ''Gnetum'' and cycads. Compare ''{{gli, angiosperm''.

{{term, term= gynaecium , content= gynaecium
{{defn, defn= Alternative term for ''{{gli, gynoecium'', but with partly different etymology.

{{term, term= gynobasic , content= gynobasic
{{defn, defn= Of a style, arising near the base of the {{gli, gynoecium, e.g. between the lobes of the {{gli, ovary.

{{term, term= gynodioecious , content= gynodioecious
{{defn, defn= Of a species, with some plants bearing only {{gli, bisexual flowers and others bearing only female flowers.

{{term, term= gynomonoecious , content= gynomonoecious
{{defn, defn= Of a species, with {{gli, bisexual flowers and female flowers on the same plant.

{{term, term= gynoecium , content= gynoecium
{{defn, defn= The collective term for the female reproductive parts of a flower or for the {{gli, carpels of a flower, whether united or free. Contrast {{gli, androecium. Abbreviation: ''G''. For instance, ''{{underline, G'' indicates a {{gli, superior ovary; G(5) indicates having five fused carpels.

{{term, term= gynophore , content= gynophore
{{defn, defn= A stalk supporting the {{gli, gynoecium and situated above the level of {{gli, insertion of the other floral parts.

{{term, term= gynostegium
{{defn, defn= A compound organ in milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae) and orchids formed by fusion of the {{gli, filament, filaments of the {{gli, stamens with the {{gli, style. Also known as the {{gli, column.

{{glossary end

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H

{{glossary

{{term, term= habit , content= habit (biology), habit
{{defn, defn= The general external appearance of a plant, including size, shape, texture, and orientation.

{{term, term= habitat , content= habitat
{{defn, defn= The place where a plant lives; the environmental conditions of its home.

{{term, term= hair , content= hair
{{defn, defn= A single elongated cell or row of cells borne on the surface of an organ.

{{term, term= half-inferior ovary , content= half-inferior ovary
{{defn, defn= An {{gli, ovary partly below and partly above the level of attachment of the other floral parts. Compare ''{{gli, inferior ovary'' and ''{{gli, superior ovary''.

{{term, term= halonate , content= halonate
{{defn, defn= Having a transparent coating, or being of a spore's outer layer.

{{term, term= halophyte , content= halophyte
{{defn, defn= A plant adapted to living in highly saline habitats; a plant that accumulates high concentrations of salt in its tissues.

{{term, term= hand-pollination , content= hand-pollination
{{defn, defn= The controlled act of pollination that excludes the possibility of open-pollination.

{{term, term= haploid , content= haploid
{{defn, defn= Having one set of chromosomes, e.g. the complement of chromosomes in each of the cells of the {{gli, gametophyte, the nucleus of a {{gli, gamete, and the {{gli, spore, spores. This is expressed symbolically as ''n'', where ''n'' = the gametic number of chromosomes. Compare ''{{gli, diploid'', ''{{gli, triploid'', and ''{{gli, tetraploid''.

{{term, term= haplostemonous, content= stamen#haplostemonous, haplostemonous
{{defn, defn= Having a single series of {{gli, stamens equal in number to the proper number of {{gli, petals, and alternating with them. Compare ''{{gli, diplostemonous'' and ''{{gli, obdiplostemonous''.

{{term, term= harmomegathy , content= harmomegathy
{{defn, defn= process by which pollen grains in arid environments close off their Aperture (botany), apertures to avoid losing water

{{term, term= hastate , content= leaf shape, hastate
{{defn, defn= Triangular in outline, the basal lobes pointing outward, so that the base appears {{gli, truncate; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare ''{{gli, sagittate'', which refers to basal lobes pointing backward.

{{term, term= haustorium , content= haustorium
{{defn, defn= In parasitic plants, a structure developed for penetrating the host's tissues.

{{term, term= head , content= head (botany), head
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, capitulum, a {{gli, pseudanthium.

{{term, term= heathland , content= heathland
{{defn, defn= Vegetation dominated by small {{gli, shrub, shrubs which usually have {{gli, ericoid leaves.

{{term, term= helicoid , content= helicoid
{{defn, defn= Coiled; of a {{gli, cymose inflorescence, when the branching is repeatedly on the same side (the apex is often {{gli, recurved). Compare ''{{gli, scorpioid''.

{{term, term= hemerochoric , content= hemerochory
{{defn, defn= A plant that has been transported voluntarily or involuntarily by humans in a territory which it could not have colonized by its own natural mechanisms of dissemination, or at least much more slowly.{{Sfn, Schulze, Zwölfer, 2012, p=261

{{term, term= hemi-legume , content= hemi-legume
{{defn, defn= A legume fruit in which the seed or seeds and one valve of the pod are dispersed as a unit. The valve catches the wind and blows away with the seeds, as in ''Acacia tenuifolia'' and ''Peltogyne paniculata''.

{{term, term= herb , content= Herbaceous plant, herb
{{defn, defn= Any {{gli, vascular plant that does not develop a {{gli, woody stem at any point during its life cycle, e.g. a Narcissus (plant), daffodil.

{{term, term= herbaceous , content= herbaceous
{{defn, defn= Not {{gli, woody; usually green and soft in texture.

{{term, term= herbarium , content= herbarium
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' herbaria A collection of preserved, usually pressed and dried, plant material used for identification and comparison; also a building in which such collections are stored.

{{term, term= hermaphrodite , content= hermaphrodite
{{defn, defn= A synonym of ''{{gli, bisexual''.

{{term, term= hesperidium , content= hesperidium
{{defn, defn= A form of berry that occurs most familiarly in the genus ''Citrus''. The fruit tends to be large for a berry, ranging from not much more than a centimeter in small fruited genera such as ''Murraya'', to 15{{Nbspcm or more in some varieties of ''Citrus''. The outer rind typically is thick and tough with many oil glands, while the carpels within are packed with juicy fibers.

{{term, term= heteroblastic , content= heteroblasty (botany), heteroblastic
{{defn, defn= Having parts, especially leaves, that are distinctly different between the Juvenile (organism), juvenile and adult stages.

{{term, term= heteromorphic , content= heteromorphic
{{defn, defn= Having two or more distinct morphologies (e.g. of different size and shape). Compare ''{{gli, isomorphic''.

{{term, term= heterospory , content= heterospory
{{defn, defn= The production of {{gli, spore, spores of two different sizes (small and large) by the {{gli, sporophyte, sporophytes of land plants. Compare ''{{gli, homospory''.

{{term, term= heterostyly , content= heterostyly
{{defn, defn= The condition of a species having flowers with different style and stamen lengths, but with all the flowers of any one plant being identical. See ''{{gli, distyly''.

{{term, term= hilum , content= hilum (biology), hilum
{{defn, defn= The scar on a seed coat where it separates from its stalk ({{gli, funicle).

{{term, term= hip , content= rose hip, hip
{{defn, defn= The fruit of a rose plant.

{{term, term= hippocrepiform , content= hippocrepiform
{{defn, defn= Horseshoe-shaped.

{{term, term= hirsute
{{defn, defn= Bearing coarse, rough, longish hairs. See {{gli, indumentum.

{{term, term= hispid , content= hispid
{{defn, defn= Bearing long, erect, rigid hairs or bristles, harsh to touch.

{{term, term= hoary
{{defn, defn= Covered with a greyish to whitish layer of very short, closely interwoven hairs, giving a frosted appearance.

{{term, term= holotype , content= holotype
{{defn, defn= A type chosen by the author of a name. Compare ''{{gli, lectotype''.

{{term, term= homochlamydeous , content= homochlamydeous
{{defn, defn= Having a {{gli, perianth which is not divided into a separate {{gli, calyx and {{gli, corolla. Contrast {{gli, dichlamydeous.

{{term, term= homospory
{{defn, defn= The production of {{gli, spore, spores of only one size by the {{gli, sporophyte, sporophytes of land plants. Compare ''{{gli, heterospory''.

{{term, term= hort.
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, (never capitalized) Of gardens, an author citation used in two ways:
1.  as a name misapplied by gardeners
{{defn, no=2, defn= as an invalid name derived from horticultural writings of confused authorship.

{{term, term= husk (or hull), content= husk
{{defn, defn= Protective outer covering of certain seeds, for example, the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn), the leathery covering of the walnut, or the spiky covering of the chestnut.

{{term, term= hyaline , content= hyaline
{{defn, defn= Translucent; usually delicately membranous and colorless.

{{term, term= hybrid , content= Hybrid (biology), hybrid
{{defn, defn= Plant produced by the crossing of parents belonging to two different named groups, e.g. genera, species, varieties, subspecies, forma and so on; i.e. the progeny resulting within and between two different plants. An F1 hybrid is the primary product of such a cross. An F2 hybrid is a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids (or from the self-pollination of an F1 hybrid).

{{term, term= hybrid formula , content= hybrid formula
{{defn, defn= The names of the parents of a hybrid joined by a multiplication sign, e.g. ''Cytisus ardonoi'' × ''C. purgans''.

{{term, term= hydrophily , content= hydrophily
{{defn, defn= Form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by the flow of waters.

{{term, term= hypanthium , content= hypanthium
{{defn, defn= Tube or cup-like structure in a flower that includes the bases of sepals, petals, and stamens, and may or may not be connected ({{gli, adnate) to the {{gli, ovary.

{{term, term= hyper-resupinate , content= hyper-resupinate
{{defn, defn= In botany, describing leaves or flowers that are in the usual position but are borne on a Petiole (botany), petiole or Pedicel (botany), pedicel that is twisted 360 degrees. The term is used to describe organs, such as orchid flowers, that are usually resupinate. Compare ''{{gli, resupinate''.

{{term, term= hypocarpium
{{defn, defn= Enlarged fleshy structure that forms below the fruit from the {{gli, receptacle or {{gli, hypanthium.

{{term, term= hypocotyl , content= hypocotyl
{{defn, defn= Of an embryo or seedling, the part of the plant axis below the {{gli, cotyledon and {{gli, node, but above the root. It marks the transition from root to stem development.

{{term, term= hypocrateriform , content= wikt:hypocrateriform, hypocrateriform
{{defn, defn= Salver-shaped. Synonym of ''{{gli, salverform''. From Greek {{lang, el, kratḗrion: a vessel.

{{term, term= hypogynous , content= hypogynous
{{defn, defn= Borne below the ovary; used to describe floral parts inserted below the ovary's level of insertion. Compare ''{{gli, epigynous'' and ''{{gli, perigynous''.

{{term, term= hysteranthous , content= {{vanchor, wikt:hysteranthous, hysteranthous
{{defn, defn= Type of growth in which new leaves appear after flowering. Also spelled ''histeranthous''. Compare ''{{gli, proteranthous'' and ''{{gli, synanthous''.

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{{glossary

{{term, term= idioblast , content= idioblast
{{defn, defn= A cell, especially of a {{gli, leaf, differing markedly from surrounding cells. They often synthesise specialized products such as crystals.

{{term, term= illegitimate name , content= illegitimate name (''nomen illeg.'')
{{defn, defn= A name not abiding by the rules of the botanical Codes, e.g. later Homonym (biology), homonyms, cultivars that have been Latinised after 1 Jan 1959; {{gli, cultivar names with more than 10 syllables or 30 letters; cultivar names that use confusing names of other plants, e.g. ''Camellia'' 'Rose'.

{{term, term= imbricate , content= imbricate
{{defn, defn= From the Latin for "tiled". Overlapping each other; of {{gli, perianth parts, edges overlapping in the bud (the convoluted arrangement is a special form of imbrication). Dormant buds of many deciduous species are imbricately covered with protective cataphylls called bud scales. Compare with subimbricates meaning lightly overlapping

{{term, term= imparipinnate , content= imparipinnate
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, pinnate leaf with an odd number of {{gli, pinna, pinnae (terminated by a single leaflet). Compare ''{{gli, paripinnate''.

{{term, term= in
{{defn, defn= In nomenclature, where the preceding author published the name in an article or book, authored or edited by the succeeding author.

{{term, term= -inae
{{defn, defn= The suffix added to the stem of a {{gli, generic name to form the name of a subtribe: for instance, Papaveraceae#Corydalinae, Corydalinae from ''Corydalis'' + ''-inae''.

{{term, term= inbreeding , content= inbreeding
{{defn, defn= The production of offspring between closely related parents leading to a high degree of similarity; self-fertilization is the most intense form of inbreeding.

{{term, term= incertae sedis , content= incertae sedis
{{defn, defn= Of unknown taxonomic affinity; relationships obscure.

{{term, term= incised , content= incised
{{defn, defn= Cut deeply and (usually) unevenly (a condition intermediate between toothed and lobed).

{{term, term= included , content= included
{{defn, defn= Enclosed, not protruding, e.g. {{gli, stamens within the {{gli, corolla.

{{term, term= incomplete flower , content=incomplete flower
{{defn, defn= A flower which lacks one or more of its usual parts, such as carpels, sepals, petals, pistils, or stamens.

{{term, term= incurved , content= incurved
{{defn, defn= Bent or curved inward; of {{gli, leaf {{gli, margins, when curved toward the {{gli, adaxial side.

{{term, term= ined.
{{defn, defn= An abbreviation of Latin ''inedita'', an unpublished work. Used to indicate that a botanical name appeared only in a manuscript that was not published, so the name is invalid.

{{term, term= indefinite
{{defn, defn= variable in number, and as a rule numerous, e.g. more than twice as many stamens as petals or sepals, but no particular standard number of stamens. In another usage it is a synonym for the preferable term {{gli, indeterminate, meaning the condition in which an inflorescence is not terminated by a flower, but continues growing until limited by physiological factors. Compare ''{{gli, numerous''. Contrast ''{{gli, definite''.

{{term, term= indehiscent , content= indehiscent
{{defn, defn= Not opening in any definite manner at maturity; usually referring to {{gli, fruit. Contrast ''{{gli, dehiscent''.

{{term, term= indeterminate , content= indeterminate growth, indeterminate
{{defn, defn= usually referring to a stem or inflorescence in which there is no particular terminal bud or {{gli, meristem that stops growth and ends the extension of the stem, which continues until physiological factors stop the growth. Racemes of some Xanthorrhoeaceae, such as many Aloes, and of many Iridaceae, such as Watsonias, are indeterminate. Contrast {{gli, determinate.

{{term, term= indigenous , content= indigenous (ecology), indigenous
{{defn, defn= Native to the area, not introduced, and not necessarily confined to the region discussed or present throughout it (hardly distinct from ‘native’ but usually applied to a smaller area). For example, the Cootamundra Wattle is native to Australia but indigenous to the Cootamundra region of southern New South Wales. Compare ''{{gli, endemic''.

{{term, term= indumentum , content= indumentum
{{defn, defn= Collective term for a surface covering of any kind of trichomes, e.g. hairs, scales.

{{term, term= induplicate
{{defn, defn= Folded upward, or folded with the two adaxial surfaces together.

{{term, term= indusium
{{defn, no=1, defn= Membrane covering the Sorus, sori of some ferns.{{Sfn, Carolin, Tindale, 1994, p=23
{{defn, no=2, defn= Cup enclosing the stigma in Goodeniaceae.{{Sfn, Carolin, Tindale, 1994, p=23

{{term, term= inferior ovary , content= inferior ovary
{{defn, defn= An {{gli, ovary at least partly below the level of attachment of other floral parts. Compare ''{{gli, superior ovary'' and ''{{gli, half-inferior ovary''.

{{term, term= inflated
{{defn, defn= Swollen, like a bladder.

{{term, term= inflexed
{{defn, defn= Bent sharply upward or forward. Compare ''{{gli, deflexed''.

{{term, term= inflorescence , content= inflorescence
{{defn, defn= several flowers closely grouped together to form an efficient structured unit; the grouping or arrangement of flowers on a plant.

{{term, term= infraspecific , content= infraspecific
{{defn, defn= denotes taxonomic ranks below species level, for example subspecies.

{{term, term= infrageneric , content= infrageneric
{{defn, defn= denoting taxonomic ranks below the genus level, for example, subgenera, sections, and series.

{{term, term= infructescence , content= infructescence
{{defn, defn= the grouping or arrangement of fruits on a plant.

{{term, term= infundibular , content= {{vanchor, wikt:infundibular, infundibular (infundibuliform)
{{defn, defn= funnel-shaped, for example in the {{gli, corolla of a flower.

{{term, term= inrolled
{{defn, defn= rolled inward.

{{term, term= insectivorous , content= insectivorous
{{defn, defn= catching, and drawing nutriment from, insects.

{{term, term= insertion, point of
{{defn, defn= The point at which one organ or structure (such as a {{gli, leaf) is joined to the structure which bears it (such as a {{gli, stem).

{{term, term= inserted , content= inserted
{{defn, defn= growing out from

{{term, term= integument , content= integument
{{defn, defn= in general, any covering, but especially the covering of an {{gli, ovule.

{{term, term= intercalary
{{defn, defn= (e.g. of growth) occurring between the apex and the base of an organ

{{term, term= intercalary meristem , content= meristem#Intercalary meristem, intercalary meristem
{{defn, defn= a {{gli, meristem located between the apex and the base of an organ

{{term, term= interjugary glands , content= interjugary glands
{{defn, defn= in pinnate leaves, glands occurring along the leaf {{gli, rachis between the {{gli, pinna, pinnae (occurring below the single, and often slightly larger, gland at or just below the insertion of the pinnae). Compare ''{{gli, jugary''.

{{term, term= internode
{{defn, defn= The portion of a {{gli, stem between two {{gli, node, nodes.

{{term, term= interpetiolar , content= interpetiolar
{{defn, defn= (of stipules) Between the petioles of opposite leaves, e.g in Rubiaceae.

{{term, term= intramarginal
{{defn, defn= inside but close to the margin, for example a {{gli, vein in a leaf.

{{term, term= intrastaminal , content= intrastaminal
{{defn, defn= inside the stamens or {{gli, androecium, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk.

{{term, term= introrse , content= introrse
{{defn, defn= of anther {{gli, locule, locules, with opening toward the center of flower (at least in bud). Compare ''Stamen, extrorse'' and ''Stamen, latrorse''.

{{term, term= invalid
{{defn, defn= Use of names not validly published according to the Code, i.e. they are not strictly 'names' in the sense of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.

{{term, term= involucre , content= involucral bract, involucre
{{defn, defn= A structure surrounding or supporting, usually a head of flowers. In Asteraceae, it is the group of phyllaries (bracts) surrounding the inflorescence before opening, then supporting the cup-like receptacle on which the head of flowers sits. In Euphorbiaceae it is the cuplike structure that holds the nectar glands, nectar, and head of flowers, and sits above the bract-like {{gli, cyathophyll structure. Involucres occur in Marchantiophyta, Cycads, Fungus, fungi, and many other groups.

{{term, term= involute
{{defn, defn= Rolled inward, for example when the margins of a {{gli, leaf are rolled toward the {{gli, adaxial (usually upper) surface. Compare ''{{gli, revolute''.

{{term, term= iridescent , content=iridescence, iridescent
{{defn, defn= Having a reflective colored sheen produced by structural coloration, as in the speculum of the mirror orchid ''Ophrys speculum''.

{{term, term= irregular
{{defn, defn= Not able to be divided into two equal halves through any vertical plane. See also {{gli, asymmetrical. Compare ''{{gli, zygomorphic'', ''{{gli, actinomorphic'', and ''{{gli, regular''.

{{term, term= isobifacial , content= isobifacial
{{defn, defn= (of flat structures, especially leaves) Having both surfaces similar, usually referring to cell types or to the number and distribution of {{gli, stoma, stomata.

{{term, term= isomerous , content= merosity, isomerous
{{defn, defn= Having an equal number of parts in the Whorl (botany), whorls.

{{term, term= isomorphic
{{defn, defn= with all features morphologically similar, i.e. of similar size and shape. Compare ''{{gli, heteromorphic''.

{{term, term= isotomic , content= isotomic
{{defn, defn= Having branches of equal diameter. Compare ''{{gli, anisotomic''.

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J

{{glossary

{{term, term= joint
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, node or junction of two parts; {{gli, articulate, articulation.

{{term, term= jugary , content= jugary
{{defn, defn= associated with a {{gli, jugum or something yoke-like; see for example {{gli, jugary gland.

{{term, term= jugary gland, content= jugary gland
{{defn, defn= A gland occurring on the {{gli, rachis of a {{gli, pinnate or {{gli, bipinnate leaf on a {{gli, jugum, the junction or attachment of pairs of {{gli, pinna, pinnae or {{gli, pinnule, pinnules, as in some Acacia species. Compare ''{{gli, interjugary''.

{{term, term= jugate , content= jugate
{{defn, defn= yoke-like; describing a structure of paired items joined together as in a {{gli, jugum or something yoke-like, such as some leaves and fruit.

{{term, term= jugum , content= jugum
{{defn, defn= applied to various yoke-like organs, usually in the sense of their being paired, such as a pair of {{gli, pinna, pinnae on a {{gli, rachis.

{{term, term= juvenile leaves , content= juvenile leaves
{{defn, defn= Leaves formed on a young plant, typically differing from the adult leaves in form.

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K

{{glossary

{{term, term= keel , content= keel (petal), keel
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''adj.'' keeled A prominent longitudinal ridge like the keel of a boat, e.g. the structure of the {{gli, corolla formed by the fusion of the lower edge of the two abaxial anterior petals of flowers in the Fabaceae.

{{term, term= kernel
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, drupe.

{{term, term= kettle trap , content= kettle trap
{{defn, defn= another term for the kettle-like pitchers of any of the carnivorous pitcher plants, in which they trap their prey.

{{term, term= key innovation , content= key innovation
{{defn, defn= A novel phenotypic trait that allows subsequent evolutionary radiation and success of a taxonomic group.

{{term, term= kidney shape , content= kidney shape
{{defn, defn= A term describing a kidney-shaped object such as a bean or a leaf; more formally, wikt:oblate, oblately wikt:cordate, cordate, or wikt:crescent, crescent-shaped with the ends rounded.

{{term, term= kingdom , content= kingdom (biology), kingdom
{{defn, defn= the highest generally employed category of the taxonomic hierarchy, above that of division (phylum). The Plant Kingdom includes vascular plants, bryophytes and green algae and is also known as the {{gli, clade Viridiplantae.

{{term, term= Klausenfrucht , content= Klausenfrucht
{{defn, defn= Klausen or Klausenfrucht (german) is a special type of fruits in Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae. A dry, dehiscent fruit formed from a superior ovary with axil or basal placentation, with an adherent calyx, from more than one carpel and usually breaking apart into 1-seeded units by separating each carpel by false septa. One unit is a half carpel, mostly there are four units, seeds. English terms are eremocarp, schizocarp, mericarp or nutlets.

{{term, term= knee , content= knee
{{defn, defn= abrupt bend in a root or stem, commonly at a {{gli, node; a cypress knee, or {{gli, pneumatophore, is a type of bend or knob in the root of some plants, especially conifers such as some of the Taxodioideae, that shows as a projection of the root above ground level or mud level.
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L

{{glossary

{{term, term= labellum , content= labellum (botany), labellum
{{defn, defn= lip; one of three or five petals which is (usually) different from the others, e.g. in Orchidaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae and Stylidiaceae.

{{term, term= labiate
{{defn, defn= lipped; where a {{gli, corolla is divided into two parts, called an upper and lower lip, the two resembling an open mouth with lips.

{{term, term= lacerate , content= {{vanchor, wikt:lacerate, lacerate
{{defn, defn= jagged, as if torn.

{{term, term= laciniate , content= laciniate
{{defn, defn= Of {{gli, lobes – with ends irregularly divided into deeply divided, narrow, pointed segments; Of {{gli, margins – deeply divided into pointed segments in an irregular manner.

{{term, term= lacuna , content= lacuna
{{defn, defn= An empty space, hole, cavity, pit, depression, or discontinuity.

{{term, term= lamella , content= wikt:lamella, lamella
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' lamellae Thin, plate-like layer. {{ghat, ''adj.'' lamellate Composed of an assemblage of many layers.

{{term, term= lamina , content= simple leaf, lamina
{{defn, defn= the blade of a leaf or the expanded upper part of a {{gli, petal, {{gli, sepal or {{gli, bract.

{{term, term= lanate
{{defn, defn= covered in or composed of wooly hairs.

{{term, term= lanceolate , content= lanceolate
{{defn, defn= longer than broad, narrowly ovate, broadest in the lower half and tapering to the tip, like a lance or spear head; (sometimes, and incorrectly, used to mean narrowly elliptic).

{{term, term= lateral , content= wikt:lateral, lateral
{{defn, defn= attached to the side of an organ, e.g. leaves or branches on a stem. For more detail see {{gli, dorsal.

{{term, term= latex , content= latex
{{defn, defn= a milky fluid that exudes from such plants such as Euphorbia, spurges, Ficus, figs and Taraxacum, dandelions.

{{term, term= laticiferous
{{defn, defn= latex-bearing, producing a milky juice.

{{term, term= latrorse , content= latrorse
{{defn, defn= a type of anther {{gli, dehiscence in which the {{gli, anthers open laterally toward adjacent anthers. Compare ''Stamen, introrse'' and ''Stamen, extrorse''.

{{term, term= lauroid
{{defn, defn= resembling ''Laurus'', the laurel genus, particularly its leaves.

{{term, term= lax
{{defn, defn= loose, not compact.

{{term, term= leaf , content= leaf
{{defn, defn= an outgrowth of a stem, usually flat and green; its main function is food manufacture by photosynthesis. Abbreviation: lvs.

{{term, term= leaf gap , content= leaf gap
{{defn, defn= a parenchymatous area in the stele (biology), stele above (distal to) a {{gli, leaf trace.

{{term, term= leaf scar , content= leaf scar
{{defn, defn= A healing layer forming on a {{gli, stem where a {{gli, leaf has fallen off.

{{term, term= leaf trace , content= leaf trace
{{defn, defn= A vascular bundle connecting the Stele (biology), stele to a {{gli, leaf.

{{term, term= leaflets , content= leaflet (botany), leaflets
{{defn, defn= The ultimate segments of a {{gli, compound {{gli, leaf.

{{term, term= legume , content= legume
{{defn, no=1, defn= a fruit characteristic of the family Fabaceae, formed from one carpel and either {{gli, dehiscent along both sides, or {{gli, indehiscent.
{{defn, no=2, defn= a crop species in the family Fabaceae.
{{defn, no=3, defn= a plant of the family Fabaceae.

{{term, term= lemma , content= lemma (botany), lemma
{{defn, defn= the lower of 2 {{gli, bracts enclosing a Poaceae, grass flower.

{{term, term= lenticel , content= lenticel
{{defn, defn= Typically {{gli, lenticular (lens-shaped) stoma, porous tissue in bark with large {{gli, intercellular spaces that allows direct gas exchange, exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark.

{{term, term= lenticular , content= lenticular lens, lenticular
{{defn, no=1, defn= lens-shaped.
{{defn, no=2, defn= covered in {{gli, lenticel, lenticels.

{{term, term= lepidote , content= lepidote
{{defn, defn= covered with small scales.

{{term, term= leprose
{{defn, defn= powdery

{{term, term= liana , content= liana
{{defn, defn= a woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground ({{gli, liane is also used).

{{term, term= liane , content= liane
{{defn, defn= a woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground. See also {{gli, liana.

{{term, term= ligneous
{{defn, defn= having hard lignified tissues or woody parts, woody

{{term, term= lignum
{{defn, defn= Dead wood, typically in the context of a substrate for lichens.

{{term, term= lignicolous
{{defn, defn= Growing on wood tissue after bark as fallen or been stripped off (compare to {{gli, corticolous).

{{term, term= lignotuber , content= lignotuber
{{defn, defn= a woody swelling of the stem below or just above the ground; contains adventitious buds from which new shoots can develop, e.g. after fire.

{{term, term= ligulate , content= ligulate
{{defn, no=1, defn= bearing a {{gli, ligule.
{{defn, no=2, defn= strap-shaped.

{{term, term= ligule , content= ligule
{{defn, no=1, defn= A small membranous appendage on the top of the {{gli, sheath of grass leaves.
{{defn, no=2, defn= A minute {{gli, adaxial appendage near the base of a {{gli, leaf, e.g. in Selaginella.
{{defn, no=3, defn= An extended, strap-like {{gli, corolla in some daisy florets.

{{term, term= ''linea'', line, British line, Paris line
{{defn, defn= Various pre-metric units somewhat larger than 2 mm, used in botany into the 20th century. See Line (unit) and Ligne, Paris line.

{{term, term= linear
{{defn, defn= Very narrow in relation to its length, with the sides mostly parallel. See Leaf shape.

{{term, term= lingulate
{{defn, defn= tongue-shaped.

{{term, term= lip , content= lip
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, labellum.

{{term, term= lithophytic , content= lithophytic
{{defn, defn= A plant growing on rocks; an {{gli, epilithic plant.

{{term, term= lobe , content= lobe (anatomy), lobe
{{defn, defn= Part of a {{gli, leaf (or other organ), often rounded and formed by incisions to about halfway to the {{gli, midrib.

{{term, term= loculicidal , content= loculicidal
{{defn, defn= (of a fruit) {{gli, dehiscent, Dehiscing through the centers of {{gli, locule, loculi. Compare ''{{gli, septicidal''.

{{term, term= locule , content= locule
{{defn, defn= A chamber or cavity containing seeds within an {{gli, ovary, pollen within an {{gli, anther or spores in a {{gli, sporangium.

{{term, term= lodicule , content= lodicule
{{defn, defn= One of two or three minute organs at the base of the {{gli, ovary of a {{gli, grass flower, representing parts of a strongly reduced {{gli, perianth.

{{term, term= lomentum , content= lomentum or loment
{{defn, defn= A pod-like {{gli, indehiscent fruit that develops constrictions between the segments and at maturity breaks into one-seeded segments instead of splitting open.

{{term, term= longicidal , content= longicidal
{{defn, defn= (of {{gli, anthers) Opening lengthwise by longitudinal slits. Compare ''{{gli, poricidal''.

{{term, term= lunate , content= lunate
{{defn, defn= Crescent-shaped.

{{term, term= lumen
{{defn, defn= The cavity bounded by a plant cell wall.

{{term, term= lyrate , content= lyrate
{{defn, defn= Lyre-shaped; deeply lobed, with a large terminal {{gli, lobe and smaller lateral ones.

{{glossary end

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M

{{glossary

{{term, term= maculate
{{defn, defn= Spotted; marked with spots.

{{term, term= male flower
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, staminate flower.

{{term, term= mallee , content= mallee (habit), mallee
{{defn, defn= A growth habit in which several woody stems arise separately from a {{gli, lignotuber; a plant with such a growth habit, e.g. many Eucalyptus species; vegetation characterized by such plants.

{{term, term= mangrove , content= mangrove
{{defn, defn= Any {{gli, shrub or small {{gli, tree growing in salt or brackish water, usually characterized by pneumatophores; any tropical coastal vegetation characterized by such species.

{{term, term= margin , content= leaf margin, margin
{{defn, defn= The edge of a structure, as in the edge of a {{gli, leaf blade.

{{term, term= marginal
{{defn, defn= Occurring at or very close to a {{gli, margin.

{{term, term= marsh , content= marsh
{{defn, defn= A waterlogged area or swamp.

{{term, term= mast , content= mast (botany), mast
{{defn, defn= Edible fruit and nuts produced by woody species of plants (e.g. acorns and beechmast) which is consumed on the ground by wildlife species and some domestic animals.

{{term, term= mealy
{{defn, defn= Covered with coarse, floury powder.

{{term, term= medulla
{{defn, defn={{gli, pith. See also medullary ray (botany), medullary rays in wood.

{{term, term= megasporangium
{{defn, defn= the larger of two kinds of sporangium produced by heterospory, heterosporous plants, producing large spores that contain the female {{gli, gametophyte, gametophytes. Compare ''{{gli, microsporangium''.

{{term, term= megaspore , content= megaspore
{{defn, defn= the larger of two kinds of spores produced by a heterospory, heterosporous plant, giving rise to the female {{gli, gametophyte. Compare ''{{gli, microspore''.

{{term, term= megasporophyll
{{defn, defn= in heterospory, hetersoporous plants, a modified leaf bearing one or more {{gli, megasporangium, megasporangia. Compare ''{{gli, microsporophyll''.

{{term, term= megastrobilus , content= megastrobilus
{{defn, defn= the larger of two kinds of cones or {{gli, strobilus, strobili produced by gymnosperms, being female and producing the seeds. Compare ''{{gli, microstrobilus''.

{{term, term= membranous , content= biological membrane, membranous
{{defn, defn= thin, translucent and flexible, seldom green.

{{term, term= mericarp , content= mericarp
{{defn, defn= one segment of a fruit (a {{gli, schizocarp) that splits at maturity into units derived from the individual {{gli, carpels, or a carpel, usually 1-seeded, released by the break-up at maturity of a fruit formed from 2 or more joined carpels.

{{term, term= meristem , content= meristem
{{defn, defn= Any actively dividing plant tissue.

{{term, term= mesic , content= mesic habitat, mesic
{{defn, defn= Moist, avoiding both extremes of drought and wet; pertaining to conditions of moderate moisture or water supply; applied to organisms (vegetation) occupying moist habitats.

{{term, term= mesocarp , content= mesocarp
{{defn, defn= The fleshy portion of the wall of a {{gli, succulent fruit inside the skin and outside the stony layer (if any), surrounding the seed(s); {{gli, sarcocarp.

{{term, term= mesomorphic , content= mesomorphic
{{defn, defn= Soft and with little fibrous tissue, but not {{gli, succulent.

{{term, term= mesophyll , content= mesophyll
{{defn, no=1, defn= The {{gli, parenchyma tissues between the upper and lower epidermis. They vary in function, but usually include the photosynthetic tissue of a {{gli, leaf.
{{defn, no=2, defn= In ecology, the blade of a leaf or {{gli, leaflet that has a surface area 4500–18225 mm²; a plant, or vegetation, that has mesophyll (sized) leaves.

{{term, term= mesophyllous , content= mesophyllous
{{defn, defn= (of vegetation) Of moist habitats and having mostly large and soft leaves.

{{term, term= mesophyte , content= mesophyte
{{defn, defn= A plant thriving under intermediate environmental conditions of moderate moisture and temperature, without major seasonal fluctuations.

{{term, term=micropyle, content=ovule#Integuments, micropyle and chalaza, micropyle
{{defn, defn=Opening at apex of ovule.

{{term, term= microsporangium
{{defn, defn= The smaller of two kinds of {{gli, sporangium produced by a {{gli, heterospory, heterosporous plant, producing {{gli, microspore, microspores that contain the male {{gli, gametophyte. Compare ''{{gli, megasporangium''.

{{term, term= microspore , content= microspore
{{defn, defn= The smaller of two kinds of spores produced by a {{gli, heterospory, heterosporous plant. Compare ''{{gli, megaspore''.

{{term, term= microsporophyll
{{defn, defn= In {{gli, heterospory, heterosporous plants, a modified leaf bearing one or more {{gli, microsporangium, microsporangia. Compare ''{{gli, megasporophyll''.

{{term, term= microstrobilus , content= microstrobilus
{{defn, defn= The smaller of two kinds of cones or {{gli, strobilus produced by {{gli, gymnosperm, gymnosperms, being male and producing the pollen. Compare ''{{gli, megastrobilus''.

{{term, term= midrib , content= midrib
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also midvein. The central and usually most prominent {{gli, vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ.

{{term, term= midvein , content= midvein
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, midrib''.

{{term, term= monad , content= monad
{{defn, defn= A single individual that is free from other individuals, not united with them into a group. The term is usually used for pollen to distinguish single grains from {{gli, tetrad, tetrads or polyads.

{{term, term= moniliform , content= moniliform
{{defn, defn= Resembling a string of beads.

{{term, term= monocarpic , content= monocarpic
{{defn, defn= Flowering and setting seed only once before dying. See also {{gli, semelparous.

{{term, term= monochasium , content= monochasium
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, cyme, cymose inflorescence with the branches arising singly. Compare ''{{gli, dichasium'' and ''{{gli, pleiochasium''.

{{term, term= monocot , content= monocot
{{defn, defn= An abbreviation of ''{{gli, monocotyledon''.

{{term, term= monocotyledon , content= monocotyledon
{{defn, defn= A flowering plant whose {{gli, embryo contains one {{gli, cotyledon (seed-leaf). Compare ''{{gli, dicotyledon''.

{{term, term= monoecious , content= monoecious
{{defn, defn= (of vascular plants) {{gli, hermaphrodite, Hermaphroditic, with all flowers {{gli, bisexual, or with male and female reproductive structures in separate flowers but on the same plant, or of an inflorescence that has {{gli, unisexual flowers of both sexes. Contrast ''{{gli, dioecious''.

{{term, term= monoicous , content= monoicous
{{defn, defn= (of {{gli, bryophyte {{gli, gametophyte, gametophytes) {{gli, hermaphrodite, Hermaphroditic or {{gli, bisexual, where both male and female reproductive structures develop on the same individual. Contrast ''{{gli, dioicous''.

{{term, term= monograph , content= monograph
{{defn, defn= Of a group of plants, a comprehensive treatise presenting an analysis and synthesis of taxonomic knowledge of that taxon; the fullest account possible (at the time) of a family, tribe or genus. It is generally worldwide in scope and evaluates all taxonomic treatments of that taxon including studies of its evolutionary relationships with other related taxa, and cytological, genetic, morphological, palaeobotanical and ecological studies. The term is often incorrectly applied to any systematic work devoted to a single taxon. Compare ''{{gli, revision''.

{{term, term= monomorphic , content= polymorphism (biology), monomorphic
{{defn, defn= Of one type, rather than several. See also ''{{gli, dimorphic'' (two types) and Polymorphism (biology), polymorphic (many types).

{{term, term= monophyllous , content= wikt:monophyllous, monophyllous
{{defn, defn= Having a single {{gli, leaf.

{{term, term= monopodial
{{defn, defn= A mode of {{gli, stem growth and branching in which the main axis is formed by a single dominant {{gli, meristem. Contrast ''{{gli, sympodial''.

{{term, term= monostromatic , content= monostromatic
{{defn, defn= Being a single cell thick, as in the alga ''Monostroma''.

{{term, term= monothecous , content= monothecous
{{defn, defn= having a sole compartment or cell. Compare ''{{gli, Dithecous''.

{{term, term= monotypic , content= monotypic
{{defn, defn= Containing only one taxon of the next lower rank, e.g. a family with only one genus, or a genus that includes only a single species.

{{term, term= morphology , content= polymorphism (biology), morphology
{{defn, defn= The shape or form of an organism or part thereof.

{{term, term= mucro , content= leaf, mucro
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''dim.'' mucronule. A sharp, short point, generally at the tip of a leaf or the tip of the midrib of a compound leaf.{{Sfn, Jackson, 1928

{{term, term= mucronate , content= leaf, mucronate
{{defn, defn= Terminating in a {{gli, mucro.

{{term, term= multiple fruit , content= multiple fruit
{{defn, defn= A cluster of {{gli, fruit, fruits produced from more than one {{gli, flower and appearing as a single fruit, often on a swollen axis, as with many species of the family Moraceae. Compare ''{{gli, aggregate fruit''.

{{term, term= muricate , content= muricate
{{defn, defn= Covered with short, hard protuberances.

{{term, term= mutation , content= mutation
{{defn, defn= In times before the nature of genetic encoding was understood, mutation was regarded as an abrupt, and sometimes heritable, variation from the norm of a population; for example a plant might unexpectedly produce "double" flowers, a novel color, or a Habit (biology), habit of growth uncharacteristic of the species or variety. Advances in genetics and molecular biology in the mid-twentieth century, showed that Mutation, biological mutations comprise and reflect changes in the nucleic acid molecules that Genetic code, encode the genome of an organism or virus. The nucleic acid affected could be chromosome, DNA in the chromosomes, or it could be extrachromosomal DNA (typically DNA in the mitochondria or {{gli, chloroplasts). In RNA viruses a mutation would be a change to the genetic information that the RNA encodes.

{{term, term= mycelium , content= mycelium
{{defn, defn= The "vegetative" (nonreproductive) part of a fungus, mostly composed of aggregations of hyphae. It functions in substrate decomposition and absorption of nutrients.

{{term, term= mycorrhiza , content= mycorrhiza
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''pl.'' mycorrhizae; ''adj.'' mycorrhizal One of several types of symbiosis, symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant.

{{term, term= mycotroph , content= mycotroph
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' mycotrophic A plant that obtains most or all of its carbon, water, and nutrients by associating with a fungus.

{{glossary end

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N

{{glossary

{{term, term= native , content= indigenous (ecology), native
{{defn, defn= Naturally occurring in an area, but not necessarily confined to it. Compare ''{{gli, endemic''.

{{term, term= natural hybrid , content= natural hybrid
{{defn, defn= A Hybrid (biology), hybrid taxon produced by chance in the wild.

{{term, term= naturalised , content= naturalisation (biology), naturalised
{{defn, defn= Describing a plant, introduced from another region, that grows and reproduces readily in competition with the natural flora.

{{term, term= nectar , content= nectar
{{defn, defn= A usually sweet, nutrient-rich fluid produced by the flowers of many plants and collected by bees and other Pollinator, pollinators.

{{term, term= nectary , content= nectary
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' nectariferous A specialized gland that secretes {{gli, nectar.

{{term, term= neophyte , content= neophyte (botany), neophyte
{{defn, defn= A plant that has recently been introduced to a geographic area. Contrast ''{{gli, archaeophyte''.

{{term, term= nerve
{{defn, defn= Another name for a {{gli, vein.

{{term, term= node , content= node (botany), node
{{defn, defn= The part of a {{gli, stem from which leaves or branches arise.

{{term, term= nomen conservandum , content= ''Conserved name, nomen conservandum''
{{defn, defn= (Latin) A conserved name, usually a name that became so much better known than the correct name, that a substitution was made.

{{term, term= nomen illegitimum , content= ''nomen illegitimum''
{{defn, defn= A name that is either superfluous at its time of publication because the taxon to which it was applied already has a name, or the name has already been applied to another plant (a homonym).

{{term, term= ''nomen invalidum''
{{defn, defn= A name that is not validly published, and technically is therefore not a botanical name. Abbreviation: ''nom. inval.'' See Validly published name (botany), valid publication.

{{term, term= nomen nudum , content= ''nomen nudum''
{{defn, defn= A name not published in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, usually without a diagnosis or description of the entity to which it applies, and without reference to either; such a name should not be used.

{{term, term= nomenclature , content= nomenclature
{{defn, defn= The naming of things; often restricted to the correct use of scientific names in taxonomy; a system that sets out provisions for the formation and use of names.

{{term, term= noxious , content= noxious weed, noxious
{{defn, defn= Of plants, containing harmful or unwholesome qualities. Applied in conjunction with 'weed' to specifically describe a plant which legislation deems harmful to the environment. Each state and territory in Australia has specific legislation governing noxious weeds.

{{term, term= nucellus , content= nucellus
{{defn, defn= The tissue of the ovule of a seed plant that surrounds the female gametophyte. It is enclosed by integuments and is not of {{gli, epidermis, epidermal origin.

{{term, term= numerous , content= numerous
{{defn, defn= Stamens are described as numerous when there are more than twice as many as sepals or petals, especially when there is no set number of them. Compare ''{{gli, indefinite''.

{{term, term= nut , content= nut (fruit), nut
{{defn, defn= A hard, dry, {{gli, indehiscent fruit containing only one seed.

{{term, term= nutlet , content= pyrena, nutlet
{{defn, no=1, A small {{gli, nut.
{{defn, no=2, One of the lobes or sections of the mature {{gli, ovary of some members of the Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, and Lamiaceae.

{{glossary end

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O

{{glossary

{{term, term= ob- , content= ob- {{anchor, ob
{{defn, defn= A prefix meaning "inversely"; usually the same shape as that described by the word stem, but attached by the narrower end. See {{gli, obcordate, {{gli, oblanceolate and {{gli, obovate.

{{term, term= obconic , content= obconic
{{defn, defn= (of a {{gli, fruit, {{gli, hypanthium, {{gli, pistil, or {{gli, calyx) Shaped like an inverted cone, attached at the apex.

{{term, term= obcordate , content= obcordate
{{defn, defn= (of a leaf {{gli, blade) Broad and notched at the tip; heart-shaped but attached at the pointed end.

{{term, term= obdiplostemonous , content= stamen#obdiplostemonous, obdiplostemonous
{{defn, defn= Having {{gli, stamens arranged in two {{gli, whorl, whorls, and having twice as many stamens as {{gli, petals, with the outer whorl being opposite the petals. Compare ''{{gli, diplostemonous'' and ''{{gli, haplostemonous''.

{{term, term= oblanceolate , content= oblanceolate
{{defn, defn= Having a {{gli, lanceolate shape but broadest in the upper third.

{{term, term= oblate , content= wikt:oblate, oblate
{{defn, defn= Having a spherical shape but flattened at the poles.

{{term, term= obligate , content= obligate parasite, obligate
{{defn, defn= (of parasites) Unable to survive without a host. Contrast {{gli, facultative.

{{term, term= oblique
{{defn, defn= Slanting; of a leaf or stem, larger on one side of the {{gli, midrib than the other, in other words {{gli, asymmetrical.

{{term, term= obloid
{{defn, defn= Having a three-dimensional {{gli, oblong shape, e.g. a fruit.

{{term, term= oblong , content= wikt:oblong, oblong
{{defn, defn= Having a length a few times greater than the width, with sides almost parallel and ends rounded.

{{term, term= obovate , content= obovate
{{defn, defn= (of a leaf) Having a length about 1.5 times the width, and widest above the center.

{{term, term= obsolete , content= obsolete
{{defn, defn= Not evident, or at most Vestigiality, rudimentary or Vestigiality, vestigial.

{{term, term= obtrapeziform
{{defn, defn= {{gli, trapeziform, but attached by the narrower trapezoidal base (e.g. of a leaf)

{{term, term= obtuse
{{defn, defn= Blunt or rounded; having converging edges that form an angle of more than 90°. Compare ''{{gli, acute''.

{{term, term= ocrea , content= ocrea
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also spelled ochrea. A {{gli, sheath formed from two {{gli, stipule, stipules encircling the {{gli, node in members of the Polygonaceae.

{{term, term= odd-pinnate , content= odd-pinnate
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also {{gli, imparipinnate Having an odd number of {{gli, leaflets in a {{gli, compound pinnate leaf, such that there is only one terminal leaflet.

{{term, term= oft. , content= oft.
{{defn, defn= An abbreviation of "often". Compare ''{{gli, usu.'' and ''{{gli, s.t.''.

{{term, term= -oideae , content= {{linktext, -oideae
{{defn, defn= A suffix added to the stem of a {{gli, generic name to form the name of a {{gli, subfamily, e.g. ''Fumaria'' → Fumarioideae.

{{term, term= olim , content= wikt:olim, olim
{{defn, defn= Formerly, e.g. "olim B", formerly in the Berlin {{gli, herbarium (''Herbarium Berolinense'').

{{term, term= ontogeny , content= ontogeny
{{defn, defn= The sequence of developmental stages through which an organism passes as it grows.

{{term, term= operculum , content= operculum (botany), operculum (calyptra)
{{defn, defn= A lid or cover that becomes detached at maturity, e.g. in ''Eucalyptus'', a cap covering the bud and formed by the fusion or cohesion of {{gli, perianth parts.

{{term, term= opposite , content= opposite (botany), opposite
{{defn, no=1, defn= Describing leaves or flowers borne at the same level but on directly opposite sides of their common {{gli, axis.
{{defn, no=2, defn= Describing the occurrence of something on the same radius as something else, e.g. {{gli, anthers opposite {{gli, sepals. Compare ''{{gli, alternate''.

{{term, term= opus utique oppressum
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' opera utique oppressa Listed after the botanical name of a plant, or the name of a publication, this indicates that a publication is listed in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants as a suppressed work. Botanical names of the specified rank in the publication are considered not validly published (article 34).

{{term, term= orbicular , content= glossary of leaf shapes#orbicular, orbicular
{{defn, defn= Flat and more or less circular.

{{term, term= order , content= order (biology), order
{{defn, defn= A group of one or more families sharing common features, ancestry, or both.

{{term, term= ortet , content= ortet
{{defn, defn= The original single parent plant from which a {{gli, clone ultimately derives.

{{term, term= orthotropous , content= orthotropous
{{defn, defn= Describes an ovule that is erect, with the {{gli, micropyle directed away from the placenta; {{gli, atropous. Compare ''{{gli, amphitropous'', ''{{gli, anatropous'', and ''{{gli, campylotropous''.

{{term, term= oval , content= oval
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, elliptical''.

{{term, term= ovary , content= ovary (plants), ovary
{{defn, defn= The basal portion of a {{gli, carpel or group of fused carpels, enclosing the {{gli, ovule, ovules.

{{term, term= ovate
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a section through the "long axis" of an egg and attached by the wider end.

{{term, term= ovoid , content= ovoid
{{defn, defn= Egg-shaped, with wider portion at base; 3-dimensional object, ovate in all sections through long-axis.

{{term, term= ovule , content= ovule
{{defn, defn= Loosely, the seed before fertilization; a structure in a seed plant within which one or more {{gli, megaspore, megaspores are formed (after fertilization it develops into a seed).

{{glossary end

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P

{{glossary

{{term, term= pachycaul , content= pachycaul
{{defn, defn= with a disproportionately thick trunk

{{term, term= pachycladous
{{defn, defn= with disproportionately thick stems

{{term, term= palea , content=palea (botany), palea
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' paleae
1.  The upper of two {{gli, bracts enclosing a grass flower, major contributors to chaff in harvested grain.
{{defn, no=2, defn= Chaffy scales on the receptacles of many Asteraceae.
{{defn, no=3, defn= Chaffy scales on the {{gli, stipe of many ferns.

{{term, term= paleate
{{defn, defn= Bearing {{gli, palea, paleae or chaffy scales, as in description of the receptacle of a Flower head, capitulum of a plant in the Asteraceae.

{{term, term= paleaceous
{{defn, defn= Chaff-like in texture.

{{term, term= palmate , content= glossary of leaf shapes#palmate, palmate
{{defn, no=1, defn= leaf with veins radiating out from a central point (usually at the top of a {{gli, petiole), resembling spread out fingers pointing away from the palm.
{{defn, no=2, defn= A {{gli, compound palmate leaf has {{gli, leaflets that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole).

{{term, term= palmatifid , content= palmatifid
{{defn, defn= Deeply divided into several lobes arising from more or less the same level.

{{term, term= palmatisect , content= palmatisect
{{defn, defn= Intermediate between {{gli, palmate and {{gli, palmatifid, i.e. the segments are not fully separated at the base; often more or less {{gli, digitate.

{{term, term= pandurate , content= pandurate
{{defn, defn= shaped like the body of a fiddle (mainly, of plant leaves)

{{term, term= panicle , content= panicle
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''adj.'' paniculate A {{gli, compound {{gli, raceme; an {{gli, indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these.

{{term, term= papilionate , content= papilionate
{{defn, defn= Butterfly-like; having a {{gli, corolla like that of a Pisum, pea.

{{term, term= papilla , content= :wikt:papilla, papilla
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' papillae; ''adj.'' papillose or :wikt:papillate, papillateA small, elongated protuberance on the surface of an organ, usually an extension of one {{gli, epidermis, epidermal cell.

{{term, term= pappus , content= pappus (flower structure), pappus
{{defn, defn= In daisy {{gli, florets, a tuft or ring of hairs or scales borne above the {{gli, ovary and outside the {{gli, corolla (representing the reduced {{gli, calyx); a tuft of hairs on a fruit.

{{term, term= paracarpel , content= paracarpel
{{defn, defn= Ill-defined term, variously interpreted and applied to: organs attached to {{gli, carpels; {{gli, staminodes close to the {{gli, gynoecium; and to a {{gli, pistillode in a {{gli, staminate flower

{{term, term= paraperigonium
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also paraperigone. An anomalous secondary outgrowth of the perianthal {{gli, meristem with Ramification (botany), ramifying Vascular tissue, vasculature. See also {{gli, perigonium, {{gli, perianth, and {{gli, corona.{{Sfn, Meerow, Fay, Guy, Li, 1999

{{term, term= parasite , content= parasite
{{defn, defn= An organism living on or in a different organism, from which it derives nourishment. Some plant species are parasitic. Compare ''{{gli, saprophyte'' and ''{{gli, epiphyte''.

{{term, term= parenchyma , content= parenchyma (botany), parenchyma
{{defn, defn= A versatile ground tissue composed of living primary cells which performs a wide variety of structural and biochemical functions in plants.

{{term, term= parietal
{{defn, defn= Attached to the marginal walls of a structure, e.g. ovules attached to placentas on the wall of the ovary. See placentation.

{{term, term= paripinnate , content= paripinnate
{{defn, defn= Having an even number of {{gli, leaflets (or {{gli, pinna, pinnae), i.e. terminated by a pair of pinnae as opposed to a single pinna. Compare ''{{gli, imparipinnate''.

{{term, term= parthenocarpy , content= parthenocarpy
{{defn, defn= The development or production of {{gli, fruit without {{gli, fertilization. Compare ''{{gli, stenospermocarpy''.

{{term, term= patent
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also patulous. Spreading; standing at 45–50° to the axis. See also ''{{gli, erecto-patent''.

{{term, term= patulous
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, patent''.

{{term, term= pauciflor
{{defn, defn= Having few flowers per {{gli, inflorescence. Compare ''{{gli, pluriflor'' and ''{{gli, uniflor''.

{{term, term= pectinate , content= pectinate
{{defn, defn= {{gli, Pinnate, Pinnately divided with narrow segments closely set like the teeth of a comb.

{{term, term= pedate , content= pedate
{{defn, defn= Having a terminal lobe or {{gli, leaflet, and on either side of it an axis curving outward and backward, bearing lobes or leaflets on the outer side of the curve.

{{term, term= pedicel , content= pedicel (botany), pedicel
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''adj.'' pedicellate The stalk of a {{gli, flower; may also be applied to the stalk of a {{gli, capitulum in the Asteraceae.

{{term, term= peduncle , content= peduncle (botany), peduncle
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' pedunculate The stalk of an {{gli, inflorescence.

{{term, term= peltate , content= peltate
{{defn, defn= Shield-like, with the stalk attached to the lower surface and not to the {{gli, margin.

{{term, term= pellucid , content= pellucid
{{defn, defn= Transmitting light; for example, said of tiny gland dots in the leaves of e.g. Myrtaceae and Rutaceae that are visible when held in front of a light.

{{term, term= pendulous , content= wikt:pendulous, pendulous
{{defn, defn= Hanging, for example an ovule attached to a placenta on the top of the ovary. Compare ''{{gli, suspended''.

{{term, term= penicillate , content= penicillate
{{defn, defn= Tufted like an artist's brush; with long hairs toward one end.

{{term, term= penninervation , content= penninervation
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''adj.'' penninerved With {{gli, pinnate, pinnately arranged {{gli, vein, veins.

{{term, term= pentamerous , content= merosity, pentamerous
{{defn, defn= In five parts, particularly with respect to flowers, five parts in each whorl. See also {{gli, trimerous and {{gli, tetramerous.

{{term, term= pepo
{{defn, defn= A type of {{gli, berry formed from an {{gli, inferior ovary and containing many seeds, usually large with a tough outer skin (e.g. a cucumber, pumpkin or watermelon.)

{{term, term= perennating , content= perennating
{{defn, defn= Of an organ that survives vegetatively from season to season. A period of reduced activity between seasons is usual.

{{term, term= perennial , content= perennial
{{defn, defn= A plant whose life span extends over several years.

{{term, term= perfect , content= perfect flower, perfect
{{defn, defn= (of a {{gli, flower) {{gli, Bisexual; containing both male and female reproductive parts in the same {{gli, inflorescence. Contrast {{gli, imperfect.

{{term, term= perfoliate , content= perfoliate
{{defn, defn= With its base wrapped around the stem (so that the stem appears to pass through it), e.g. of leaves and {{gli, bracts.

{{term, term= perforate
{{defn, defn= With many holes. Used to describe the texture of pollen exine, and also to indicate that tracheary elements have a perforation plate. See also {{gli, fenestrate.

{{term, term= perforation plate
{{defn, defn= in a tracheary element, part of the cell wall that is perforated; present in vessel members but not in tracheids. Should not be confused with a {{gli, pit.

{{term, term= perianth , content= perianth
{{defn, defn= The collective term for the {{gli, calyx and {{gli, corolla of a {{gli, flower (generally used when the two are too similar to be easily distinguishable). Abbreviation: ''P''; for instance, P 3+3 indicates the calyx and corolla each have 3 elements, i.e. 3 sepals + 3 petals.

{{term, term= pericarp , content= pericarp
{{defn, defn= The wall of a fruit, developed from the {{gli, ovary wall.

{{term, term= periclinal , content= periclinal
{{defn, defn= Curved along parallel to a surface. Compare ''{{gli, anticlinal''.

{{term, term= pericycle , content= pericycle
{{defn, defn= A cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants.

{{term, term= perigonium
{{defn, defn= In flowering plants, synonym of {{gli, perianth.
{{defn, no=2, defn= In mosses, the leaves surrounding the antheridia, also called a ''{{gli, splash-cup'', e.g. in ''Polytrichum juniperinum''.

{{term, term= perigynium
{{defn, defn= A sac from a modified tubular bract, or when fully closed an {{gli, utricle, around the {{gli, pistillate flower of sedges

{{term, term= perigynous , content= perigynous
{{defn, defn= Borne around the ovary, i.e. of perianth segments and stamens arising from a cup-like or tubular extension of receptacle (free from the ovary but extending above its base). Compare ''{{gli, epigynous'' and ''{{gli, hypogynous''.

{{term, term= persistent
{{defn, defn= Remaining attached to the plant beyond the usual time of falling, for instance sepals not falling after flowering, flower parts remaining through maturity of fruit. Compare ''{{gli, deciduous'' and ''{{gli, caducous''.

{{term, term= perule , content= perule
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' perulate 1.  The scales covering a leaf or flower bud, or a reduced scale-like leaf surrounding the bud. Buds lacking perulae are referred to as "naked".
{{defn, no=2, defn= In Camellias the final {{gli, bracts and sepals become indistinguishable and are called perules.
{{defn, no=3, defn= A kind of sac formed by the adherent bases of the two lateral {{gli, sepals in certain orchids.

{{term, term= petal , content= petal
{{defn, defn= In a {{gli, flower, one of the segments or divisions of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs, usually soft and conspicuously colored. Compare ''{{gli, sepal''.

{{term, term= petalody , content= petalody
{{defn, defn= The transformation of reproductive organs of flower into {{gli, petals.

{{term, term= petaloid , content= petaloid
{{defn, defn= Like a {{gli, petal; soft in texture and colored conspicuously.

{{term, term= petiolary, content= petiole (botany), petiolary (or petiolar)
{{defn, defn= Associated with a {{gli, petiole, as in petiolary glands.

{{term, term= petiolate
{{defn, defn= (of a {{gli, leaf) Having a {{gli, petiole. Contrast ''{{gli, sessile''.

{{term, term= petiole , content= petiole (botany), petiole
{{defn, defn= The stalk of a {{gli, leaf.

{{term, term= petiolule , content= petiolule
{{defn, defn= The stalk of a {{gli, leaflet.

{{term, term= petricolous , content= petricolous
{{defn, defn= Rock-dwelling; living on or among rocks.

{{term, term= phaneranthous , content= phaneranthous
{{defn, defn= Showy, as in showy flowers that advertise to pollinators, as opposed to {{gli, aphananthous (unshowy)

{{term, term= phanerogam , content= phanerogam
{{defn, defn= Gymnosperms and angiosperms; plants producing stamens and gynoecia; literally plants with conspicuous sexual reproductive organs. Compare cryptogams.

{{term, term= phenology , content= phenology
{{defn, defn= The study of the timing of seasonal biological phenomena, such as flowering, leaf emergence, fruit ripening and leaf fall.

{{term, term= phloem , content= phloem
{{defn, defn= Specialized conducting tissue in vascular plants that transports sucrose from the leaves to other plant organs.

{{term, term= photosynthesis , content= photosynthesis
{{defn, defn= Process by which energy from sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars in cells containing {{gli, chloroplasts. All plants, except certain {{gli, parasite, parasites, can perform photosynthesis.

{{term, term= phyllary , content= phyllary
{{defn, defn= Individual {{gli, bract within an {{gli, involucre or {{gli, involucel.

{{term, term= phyllid , content= phyllid
{{defn, defn= Leaf-like extension of the stem in Bryophytes

{{term, term= phyllode , content= phyllode
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''adj.'' phyllodineous A leaf with the blade much reduced or absent, and in which the petiole and or {{gli, rachis perform the functions of the whole leaf, e.g. many acacias. Compare ''{{gli, cladode''.

{{term, term= phyllopodium , content= phyllopodium
{{defn, defn= (in ferns) A short outgrowth of the stem on which the {{gli, frond is borne and which remains attached to the {{gli, rhizome after the frond has been shed.

{{term, term= phylloplane , content=phylloplane
{{defn, defn= the surface of a leaf, considered as a habitat for organisms.

{{term, term= phyllosphere , content= phyllosphere
{{defn, defn= The above-ground surface of plants as a habitat for {{gli, epiphyte, epiphytic microorganisms.

{{term, term= phylum , content= phylum
{{defn, defn= A level of {{gli, classification or taxonomic rank below {{gli, kingdom and above {{gli, class. Traditionally, in botany the term ''{{gli, division'' has been used instead of ''phylum''.

{{term, term= phytomelan , content= phytomelan
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, Also phytomelanin; ''adj.'' phytomelanous A black, inert, organic material that forms a crust-like covering of some seeds, commonly found in Asparagales, Asteraceae, etc.

{{term, term= pileate , content= pileate
{{defn, defn= Having a cap, a {{gli, pileus.

{{term, term= pileus , content= pileus (mycology), pileus
{{defn, defn= A cap or cap-shaped structure, such as the cap of mushrooms or the {{gli, plumule of some {{gli, monocotyledon, monocotyledons.

{{term, term= piliform , content= piliform
{{defn, defn= Having the shape of a cap, a {{gli, pileus.

{{term, term= pilose , content= pilose
{{defn, defn= covered with soft, weak, thin and clearly separated hairs, which are usually defined as long and sometimes ascending.

{{term, term= pinna , content= frond#Pinnate fronds, pinna
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' pinnae A primary segment of a {{gli, compound leaf.

{{term, term= pinnate , content= pinnate
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, compound leaf with {{gli, leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole or {{gli, axis; also applied to how the lateral {{gli, vein, veins are arranged in relation to the main vein.

{{term, term= pinnatifid , content= pinnatifid
{{defn, defn= {{gli, pinnate, Pinnately lobed.

{{term, term= pinnatisect , content= pinnatisect
{{defn, defn= pinnately divided almost to midrib but segments still confluent.

{{term, term= pinnule , content= pinnate, pinnule or pinnula
{{defn, defn= Usage varies:
ultimate free division (or {{gli, leaflets) of a {{gli, compound leaf,
or
a pinnate subdivision of a multipinnate leaf.

{{term, term= pistil , content= pistil
{{defn, no=1, defn= a single {{gli, carpel when the carpels are free.
{{defn, no=2, defn= a group of carpels when the carpels are united by the fusion of their walls.

{{term, term = pistillate flower , content= pistillate flower
{{defn, defn= a flower containing one or more {{gli, pistil, pistils but no fertile {{gli, stamens. Sometimes called a female flower. Contrast with {{gli, staminate flower

{{term, term= pistillode , content= pistillode
{{defn, defn= A sterile or rudimentary pistil such as may appear in a {{gli, staminate flower.

{{term, term= pit
{{defn, defn= In tracheary elements, a section of the cell wall where the secondary wall is missing, and the primary wall is present. Pits generally occur in pairs and link two cells.

{{term, term= pith , content= pith
{{defn, defn= The central region of a stem, inside the {{gli, vascular cylinder; the spongy ground tissue, parenchymatous central tissue in some stems and roots.

{{term, term= placenta , content= placentation, placenta
{{defn, defn= The tissue within an ovary to which the ovules are attached.

{{term, term= placentation , content= placentation
{{defn, defn= The arrangement of ovules inside ovary; for example axile, free-central, parietal, marginal, basal, or apical.

{{term, term= Plant Breeders Rights , content= Plant Breeders Rights (PBR)
{{defn, defn= These rights, governed by Plant Breeder's Rights Acts give the plant breeder legal protection over the propagation of a cultivar, and the exclusive rights to produce and to sell it, including the right to license others to produce and sell plants and reproductive material of a registered, deliberately bred variety. Compare ''UPOV''.

{{term, term= Plant Variety Rights , content= Plant Variety Rights (PVR)
{{defn, defn= Governed by the Plant Variety Rights the registration of new varieties is now governed by Plant Breeders Rights.

{{term, term= plastochron , content= plastochron
{{defn, defn= The time between successive leaf initiation events.

{{term, term= pleiochasium , content= wikt:pleiochasium, pleiochasium
{{defn, defn= pl. pleiochasia. An inflorescence in which several buds come out at the same time. Compare ''{{gli, monochasium'' and ''{{gli, dichasium''.

{{term, term= plicate , content= pleated, plicate
{{defn, defn= Pleated; folded back and forth longitudinally like a fan, such as the leaves of fan palm species. The concept often appears in specific names in forms such as ''Kumara plicatilis'' and ''Acacia plicata''. Commonly such names are not correctly appropriate, but are applied to Phyllotaxis, distichous structures rather than plicate.

{{term, term= -plinerved
{{defn, defn= (of leaves) A suffix indicating that the main nerves are lateral and arise from a point distinctly above the base of the leaf. Combined with a numerical prefix to form words like 3-plinerved, 5-plinerved, and so on. Such leaves are especially characteristic of the family Melastomataceae. See for example ''Dissotis''.

{{term, term= plumose , content= plumose
{{defn, defn= Like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a main axis.

{{term, term= plumule , content= plumule
{{defn, defn= The part of an embryo that gives rise to the shoot system of a plant. Compare ''{{gli, radicle.''

{{term, term= pluriflor
{{defn, defn= Having many flowers per inflorescence. See also ''{{gli, pauciflor'' and ''{{gli, uniflor''.

{{term, term= pluriovulate
{{defn, defn= Having many ovules as in placentation, placentae, carpels, or ovary (botany), ovaries.

{{term, term= pneumatophore , content= pneumatophore
{{defn, defn= A vertical appendage, aerial at low tide, on the roots of some plants. Pneumatophore functions are unclear, but possibly related to gas exchange, or to root anchoring. Pneumatophores typically occur on {{gli, mangrove roots, but some {{gli, knee, versions occur on species of conifers, such as some in the Taxodioideae.

{{term, term= pod
{{defn, no=1, defn= A {{gli, legume, the fruit of a leguminous plant, a dry fruit of a single {{gli, carpel, splitting along two {{gli, suture, sutures.
{{defn, no=2, defn= A {{gli, siliqua and {{gli, silicula, the fruit of Brassicaceae, a dry fruit composed of two {{gli, carpels separated by a partition.

{{term, term= podocarpium , content= podocarpium
{{defn, defn= In four {{gli, genus, genera of the coniferous family Podocarpaceae (''Acmopyle'', ''Dacrycarpus'', ''Falcatifolium'', and ''Podocarpus''), a group of fleshy fused {{gli, bracts beneath the female {{gli, cone, often brightly-colored, which swell to enclose the developing seeds above and attract fruit-eating animals.{{Sfn, Eckenwalder, 2009, pp=648–661

{{term, term= pollen , content= pollen
{{defn, defn= powdery mass shed from anthers (of angiosperms) or microsporangia (of gymnosperms); the microspores of seed plants; pollen-grains.

{{term, term= pollen-mass , content= pollen-mass
{{defn, defn= pollen-grains cohering by a waxy texture or fine threads into a single body; {{gli, pollinium, e.g. in Orchidaceae, orchids.

{{term, term= pollen transmitting tissue
{{defn, defn= the tissue in the style (botany), style of a flower through which the pollen tubes grow.

{{term, term= pollination , content= pollination
{{defn, defn= The transfer of {{gli, pollen from a male organ (such as an {{gli, anther) to the receptive region of a female organ (such as a {{gli, stigma).

{{term, term= pollinium , content= pollinium
{{defn, defn= See ''{{gli, pollen-mass''.

{{term, term= polygamodioecious , content= polygamodioecious
{{defn, defn= Having bisexual and male flowers on some plants and bisexual and female flowers on others. Compare ''{{gli, androdioecious'', ''{{gli, andromonoecious'', ''{{gli, dioecious'', ''{{gli, monoecious'', ''{{gli, polygamomonoecious'', and ''{{gli, polygamous''.

{{term, term= polygamomonoecious , content= polygamomonoecious
{{defn, defn= having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant. Compare ''{{gli, androdioecious'', ''{{gli, andromonoecious'', ''{{gli, polygamodioecious'', and ''{{gli, polygamous''.

{{term, term= polygamous , content= polygamous
{{defn, defn= having {{gli, bisexual and {{gli, unisexual flowers on the same plant.

{{term, term= polymorphic , content= wikt:polymorphic, polymorphic
{{defn, defn= Of several different kinds (in respect to shape and/or size), hence Polymorphism (biology), polymorphism. See also {{gli, monomorphic (a single type) and {{gli, dimorphic (two types)

{{term, term=polyphyllous, content=polyphyllous
{{defn, defn=having many leaves or {{gli, perianth segments. Compare ''{{gli, symphyllous'', ''{{gli, gamophyllous'', and ''{{gli, apophyllous''.

{{term, term= polyploid , content= polyploid
{{defn, defn= with more than two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the cell nucleus, nucleus; any sporophyte with cells containing three or more complete sets of chromosomes. Various combinations of words or numbers with '-ploid' indicate the number of {{gli, haploid sets of chromosomes, e.g. triploid = 3 sets, {{gli, tetraploid = 4 sets, pentaploid = 5 sets, hexaploid = 6 sets, and so on.

{{term, term= polystemonous , content= polystemonous
{{defn, defn= having {{gli, numerous {{gli, stamens; the number of stamens being at least twice the number of sepals or petals, but not strictly three or four times that number.

{{term, term= pome , content= pome
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, fruit that has developed partly from the {{gli, ovary wall but mostly from the {{gli, hypanthium (e.g. an apple).

{{term, term= population , content= population
{{defn, no=1, defn= All individuals of one or more species within a prescribed area.
{{defn, no=2, defn= A group of organisms of one species, occupying a defined area and usually isolated to some degree from other similar groups.
{{defn, no=3, defn= In statistics, the whole group of items or individuals under investigation.

{{term, term= poricidal , content= poricidal
{{defn, defn= Opening by Stoma, pores, as with the {{gli, capsule of a poppy or the {{gli, anthers in several families of plants. Compare ''{{gli, longicidal''.

{{term, term= posterior , content= posterior (anatomy), posterior
{{defn, defn= Positioned behind or toward the rear. Contrast ''{{gli, anterior''.

{{term, term= prickle , content= prickle (botany), prickle
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' prickly A hard, pointed outgrowth from the surface of a plant (involving several layers of cells but not containing a {{gli, vein); a sharp outgrowth from the bark, detachable without tearing wood. Compare ''{{gli, thorn''.

{{term, term= primary vein , content= primary vein
{{defn, defn= The single {{gli, vein or array of veins that is conspicuously larger than any others in a leaf. In {{gli, pinnate {{gli, venation, the single primary vein can generally be found in the middle of the leaf; in {{gli, palmate venation, several such veins radiate from a point at or near the base of the leaf.

{{term, term= procumbent , content= procumbent
{{defn, defn= Spreading along the ground but not rooting at the {{gli, node, nodes; not as close to the ground as {{gli, prostrate.

{{term, term= propagule , content= propagule
{{defn, defn= Any structure capable of generating a new plant; includes {{gli, seed, seeds, {{gli, spore, spores, {{gli, bulbil, bulbils, etc.

{{term, term= pro parte , content= pro parte
{{defn, defn= In part. In nomenclature, used to denote that the preceding taxon includes more than one currently recognized entity, and that only one of those entities is being considered.

{{term, term= prophyll , content= prophyll
{{defn, defn= A leaf formed at the base of a {{gli, shoot, usually smaller than those formed later.

{{term, term= prostrate
{{defn, defn= Lying flat on the ground; commonly rooting at nodes that touch the soil surface.

{{term, term= protandrous , content= protandrous
{{defn, defn= Having male sex organs which mature before the female ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen before the stigma is receptive. Compare ''{{gli, protogynous''.

{{term, term= proteranthous , content= proteranthous
{{defn, defn= With new {{gli, leaf, leaves appearing before {{gli, flowers. See also ''{{gli, hysteranthous'' and ''{{gli, synanthous''.

{{term, term= prothallus , content= prothallus
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, gametophyte plant, usually flattened and delicate, e.g. in ferns and fern allies.

{{term, term= protogynous , content= protogynous
{{defn, defn= Having female sex organs which mature before the male ones, e.g. a flower shedding {{gli, pollen after the {{gli, stigma has ceased to be receptive. Compare ''{{gli, protandrous''.

{{term, term= proximal , content= Proximo distal, proximal
{{defn, defn= Near the point of origin or attachment. Compare ''{{gli, distal''.

{{term, term= pruinose , content= pruinose
{{defn, defn= Covered with a powdery, waxy material; having a {{gli, bloom.

{{term, term= pseudanthium , content= pseudanthium
{{defn, defn= A type of {{gli, inflorescence occurring in the Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae, in which multiple flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure, commonly called a ''pseudanthium, head'' or ''{{gli, capitulum''.

{{term, term= pseudo- , content= pseudo-
{{defn, defn= A prefix meaning "false, not genuine", e.g. a pseudo-bulb is a thickened, bulb-like internode in Orchidaceae, orchids, but not an actual {{gli, bulb.

{{term, term=pseudobasifixed
{{defn, defn= (of an {{gli, anther) Connected to the {{gli, filament of the {{gli, stamen by connective tissue which extends in a tube around the filament tip. See also {{gli, basifixed and {{gli, dorsifixed.

{{term, term= pseudostipule , content= pseudostipule
{{defn, defn= An enlarged, persistent {{gli, axillary bud scale that resembles a {{gli, stipule; common in Bignoniaceae.

{{term, term= pseudoverticillate , content= pseudoverticillate
{{defn, defn= Having the appearance of being whorled ({{gli, verticillate), without actually being so.

{{term, term= puberulous , content= wikt:puberulous, puberulous
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, Also puberulent. Covered with minute soft erect hairs.

{{term, term= pubescent , content= pubescent (botany), pubescent
{{defn, defn= Downy; covered with short, soft hairs, especially erect hairs.

{{term, term= pulverulent , content= pulverulent
{{defn, defn= Having powdery or crumbly particles as if pulverized.

{{term, term= pulvinate , content= pulvinate
{{defn, defn= Having a {{gli, pulvinus.

{{term, term= pulvinus , content= pulvinus
{{defn, defn= a swelling at either end of a {{gli, petiole of a leaf or {{gli, petiolule of a leaflet, e.g. in Fabaceae, that permits leaf movement.

{{term, term= punctate , content= punctate
{{defn, defn= (from Latin ''puncta''= puncture or prick-mark) marked with an indefinite number of dots, or with similarly small items such as translucent glands or tiny hollows.

{{term, term= punctiform , content= punctiform
{{defn, defn= Dot-like or in the shape of a prick-mark.

{{term, term= pungent
{{defn, defn= Having a sharp, hard point.

{{term, term= pustule , content= pustule
{{defn, defn= A blister-like swelling.

{{term, term= pustulate , content= pustulate
{{defn, defn= Having {{gli, pustule, pustules.

{{term, term= pyramidal , content= pyramidal
{{defn, defn= (of a growth habit) Conical or pyramid-shaped. Most familiar in some coniferous trees, especially species adapted to snowy climates

{{term, term= pyrene , content= pyrena, pyrene
{{defn, defn= The stone of a {{gli, drupe, consisting of the seed surrounded by the hardened {{gli, endocarp.

{{term, term= pyriform
{{defn, defn= Pear-shaped; a term for solid shapes that are roughly conical in shape, broadest one end and narrowest at the other. As a rule the {{gli, distal third of their length is the broadest, and they are narrowest near the {{gli, proximal end, the base, where the stalk, if any, attaches.

{{term, term= pyrophile , content= pyrophyte#Pyrophile plants, pyrophile
{{defn, defn= Plants which need fire for their reproduction.

{{term, term= pyrophyte , content= pyrophyte
{{defn, defn= Plants which have adapted to tolerate fire.

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

Q

{{glossary

{{term, term= quadrate
{{defn, defn= More or less square.

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

R

{{glossary

{{term, term= raceme , content= raceme
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''adj.'' racemose, An {{gli, indeterminate {{gli, inflorescence in which the main axis produces a series of flowers on lateral stalks, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top. Compare ''{{gli, spike''. Also racemiform or racemoid - having the form of a raceme.

{{term, term= rachilla , content= rachilla (disambiguation), rachilla (rhachilla)
{{defn, no=1, defn= the axis of a grass {{gli, spikelet, above the {{gli, glumes; see ''spikelet''.
{{defn, no=2, defn= the rachis of higher order in leaves that are compound more than once

{{term, term= rachis , content= rachis
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''pl.'' rachises or rachides The axis of an inflorescence or a {{gli, pinnate leaf; for example ferns; secondary {{gli, rachis is the axis of a {{gli, pinna in a bipinnate leaf distal to and including the lowermost {{gli, pedicel attachment.

{{term, term= radial
{{defn, defn= With structures radiating from a central point as spokes on a wheel (e.g. the lateral spines of a cactus).

{{term, term= radiate
{{defn, defn= (of daisies, of a capitulum) With {{gli, ray {{gli, floret surrounding disc florets.

{{term, term= radical , content= caudex, radical
{{defn, defn= Springing from the root; clustered at base of stem.

{{term, term= radicle , content= radicle
{{defn, defn= The part of an {{gli, embryo giving rise to the root system of a plant. Compare ''{{gli, plumule''.

{{term, term= rainforest , content= rainforest
{{defn, defn= A moist temperate or tropical forest dominated by broad-leaved trees that form a continuous canopy.

{{term, term= ramet , content= ramet
{{defn, defn= An individual member of a {{gli, clone.

{{term, term= ramicaul , content= ramicaul
{{defn, defn= a single-leafed stem, as in Pleurothallis orchids.{{sfn, Pell, Angell, 2016, p=169

{{term, term= ray
{{defn, no=1, defn= zygomorphic (ligulate) {{gli, flowers in a {{gli, radiate flowerhead, that is, ray-florets/flowers, for example Asteraceae.
{{defn, no=2, defn= each of the branches of an {{gli, umbel.

{{term, term= receptacle , content= receptacle (botany), receptacle
{{defn, defn= the {{gli, axis of a {{gli, flower, in other words, floral axis; {{gli, torus; for example in Asteraceae, the floral base or {{gli, receptacle is the expanded tip of the peduncle on which the flowers are {{gli, inserted.

{{term, term= recumbent , content= Recumbent (botany), recumbent
{{defn, defn= bent back toward or below the horizontal.

{{term, term= recurved , content= recurved
{{defn, defn= bent or curved backward or downward.

{{term, term= reduplicate
{{defn, defn= folded outward, or with the two {{gli, abaxial surfaces together.

{{term, term= reflexed , content=wikt:reflexed, reflexed
{{defn, defn= bent sharply back or down.

{{term, term= registered name
{{defn, defn= a cultivar name accepted by the relevant International Cultivar Registration Authority.

{{term, term= registration
{{defn, no=1, defn= the act of recording a new cultivar name with an International Cultivar Registration Authority.
{{defn, no=2, defn= recording a new cultivar name with a statutory authority like the Plant Breeder’s Rights Office.
{{defn, no=3, defn= recording a trademark with a trade marks office.

{{term, term= regular
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, actinomorphic.

{{term, term= reniform , content= reniform
{{defn, defn= #kidney shape, Kidney-shaped.

{{term, term= replum , content= wikt:replum, replum
{{defn, defn= a framework-like {{gli, placenta to which the seeds attach, and which remains after each {{gli, valve drops away.

{{term, term= resupinate , content= resupinate
{{defn, defn= Describing leaves or flowers that are in an inverted position because the Petiole (botany), petiole or Pedicel (botany), pedicel, respectively, is twisted 180 degrees. compare: {{gli, hyper-resupinate.

{{term, term= reticulate
{{defn, defn= forming a network (or reticulum), e.g. {{gli, vein, veins that join one another at more than one point.

{{term, term= retrorse , content= retrorse
{{defn, defn= Bent backward or downward. Compare ''{{gli, antrorse''.

{{term, term= retuse , content= retuse
{{defn, defn= Having a blunt ({{gli, obtuse) and slightly notched apex.

{{term, term= revision
{{defn, defn= an account of a particular plant group, like an abbreviated or simplified {{gli, monograph. Sometimes confined to the plants of a particular region. Similar to a monograph in clearly distinguishing the taxa and providing a means for their identification. Compare ''{{gli, monograph''.

{{term, term= revolute
{{defn, defn= rolled under (downward or backward), for example when the edges of leaves are rolled under toward the midrib. Compare ''{{gli, involute''.

{{term, term= rhachis
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, rachis.

{{term, term= rhizodermis , content= rhizodermis
{{defn, defn= the root Epidermis (botany), epidermis, the outermost primary cell layer of the root

{{term, term= rhizome , content= rhizome
{{defn, defn= a perennial underground stem usually growing horizontally. See also {{gli, stolon. Abbreviation: rhiz.

{{term, term= rhizomatous
{{defn, defn= (adj.) a plant whose above ground stem is derived from a below ground stem (rhizome). Compare ''arhizomatous'' (''arhizomatic'')

{{term, term= rhizosphere , content= rhizosphere
{{defn, defn= the below-ground surface of plants and adjacent soil as a habitat for microorganisms.

{{term, term= rhytidome
{{defn, defn= the dead region of the bark and root that lies outside the periderm.

{{term, term= rhombic
{{defn, defn= like a rhombus: an oblique figure with four equal sides. Compare ''{{gli, trapeziform'' and ''{{gli, trullate''.

{{term, term= rhomboid , content= rhomboid
{{defn, defn= a four-sided figure with opposite sides parallel but with adjacent sides an unequal length (like an oblique rectangle); see also ''{{gli, rhombic''.

{{term, term= rhomboidal , content= rhomboidal
{{defn, defn= a shape, for instance of a leaf, that is roughly diamond-shaped with length equal to width.

{{term, term= rimose , content= rimose
{{defn, defn= with many cracks, as in the surface of a lichen, crustose areolate lichen.

{{term, term= root , content= root
{{defn, defn= a unit of a plant's axial system which is usually underground, does not bear leaves, tends to grow downward, and is typically derived from the {{gli, radicle of the {{gli, embryo.

{{term, term= root hairs , content= root hairs
{{defn, defn= outgrowths of the outermost layer of cells just behind the root tips, functioning as water-absorbing organs.

{{term, term= root microbiome , content= root microbiome
{{defn, defn= the dynamic community of microorganisms associated with plant roots.

{{term, term= rootstock , content= rootstock
{{defn, defn= 1. the part of a budded or grafting, grafted plant which supplies the root system, also simply called a {{gli, stock.
{{defn, no=2, defn= plants selected to produce a root system with some specific attribute, e.g. a virus-free rootstock.

{{term, term= rosette , content= rosette (botany), rosette
{{defn, defn= when parts are not whorled or opposite but appear so, due to the contractions of {{gli, internode, internodes, e.g. the petals in a double rose or a basal cluster of leaves (usually close to the ground) in some plants.

{{term, term= rostellate , content= wikt:rostellate, rostellate
{{defn, defn= possessing a beak (rostellum). Synonym of {{gli, rostrate.

{{term, term= rostrate , content= rostrum (anatomy), rostrate
{{defn, defn= with a beak.

{{term, term= rotate
{{defn, defn= circular and flattened; for example a {{gli, corolla with a very short tube and spreading lobes (for instance some Solanaceae).

{{term, term= ruderal , content= ruderal species, ruderal
{{defn, defn= a plant that colonises or occupies disturbed waste ground. See also {{gli, weed.

{{term, term= rudiment
{{defn, defn= In the structure of a plant, an item that is at best hardly functional, either because it is immature and has not yet completed its development (such as a leaf still incompletely formed inside a bud), or because its role in the organism's morphology cannot be completed and therefore is futile (such as the leaf rudiment at the tip of a phyllode, that will be shed while immature, because the leaf function will be taken over by the phyllode). Compare ''{{gli, cataphyll'' and ''{{gli, vestige''.

{{term, term= rudimentary
{{defn, defn= Being of the nature of a {{gli, rudiment; at most barely functional because incompletely developed; begun, but far from completed, either temporarily or permanently. Compare ''{{gli, vestigial''.

{{term, term= rugose
{{defn, defn= Wrinkled, either covered with wrinkles, or crumpled like a wrinkled leaf, either as a stiffening structure, or in response to disease or insect damage.

{{term, term= rugulose , content= rugulose
{{defn, defn= Finely wrinkled.

{{term, term= ruminate , content= endosperm, ruminate
{{defn, defn= (usually applied to {{gli, endosperm) Irregularly grooved or ridged; appearing chewed, e.g. the endosperm in certain members of Myristicaceae.

{{term, term= runcinate , content= runcinate
{{defn, defn= Sharply {{gli, pinnatifid or cleft, with the segments directed downward.

{{term, term= runner
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, stolon.

{{term, term= rupicolous , content= wikt:rupicolous, rupicolous
{{defn, defn= {{gli, Rupestral, {{gli, saxicolous, growing on or among rocks. Compare ''{{gli, epilithic'' and ''lithophytic''.

{{term, term= rush
{{defn, defn= A plant of the family Juncaceae or, more loosely, applied to various {{gli, monocotyledon, monocotyledons.

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

S

{{glossary

{{term, term= saccate , content= saccate
{{defn, defn= Pouched or shaped like a sack.

{{term, term= sagittate , content= sagittate
{{defn, defn= Shaped like the head of an arrow; narrow and pointed but gradually enlarged at the base into two straight lobes directed downward; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare ''{{gli, hastate''.

{{term, term= salverform , content= salverform
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a salver - Trumpet-shaped; having a long, slender tube and a flat, abruptly expanded limb

{{term, term= samara , content= samara (fruit), samara
{{defn, defn= A dry, {{gli, indehiscent fruit with its wall expanded into a wing, e.g. in the genus ''Acer (plant), Acer''.

{{term, term= samphire , content= samphire
{{defn, defn= A common name given to various edible coastal plants, such as ''Salicornia'' spp. (Amaranthaceae), ''Crithmum maritimum'' (Apiaceae) and ''golden samphire, Limbarda crithmoides'' (Asteraceae).

{{term, term= sanguine , content= sanguine
{{defn, defn= (from Latin ''sanguineus'') Blood-colored: crimson; the color of blood.

{{term, term= saprophyte , content= saprotrophic nutrition, saprophyte
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' saprophytic A plant, or loosely speaking, a fungus or similar organism, deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter such as dead wood or humus, and usually lacking {{gli, chlorophyll. Compare ''{{gli, parasite'', ''{{gli, saprotroph'', and ''{{gli, epiphyte''.

{{term, term= saprotroph , content= saprotroph
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' saprotrophic An organism deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter. Contrast ''{{gli, parasite'' and ''{{gli, epiphyte''.

{{term, term= sarment
{{defn, defn= A long, slender, {{gli, prostrate {{gli, stolon, stolon, commonly called a ''{{gli, runner''.

{{term, term= sarmentose
{{defn, defn= Reproducing by {{gli, sarment, sarments; strawberry plants are the most familiar example.

{{term, term= saxicolous , content= saxicolous
{{defn, defn= Growing on stone, like some lichens.

{{term, term= scabrid , content= scabrid {{anchor, scabrous.
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also scabrous Rough to the touch, with short hard protrusions or hairs.

{{term, term= scalariform
{{defn, defn= Ladder-like in structure or appearance.

{{term, term= scale
{{defn, no=1, defn= A reduced or rudimentary leaf, for example around a dormant bud.
{{defn, no=2, defn= A flattened epidermal outgrowth, such as those commonly found on the leaves and rhizomes of ferns.

{{term, term= scandent , content= vine, scandent
{{defn, defn= Climbing, by whatever means. See also: wikt:scandent, scandent in Wiktionary.

{{term, term= scape , content= scape (botany), scape
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' {{gli, scapose A {{gli, stem-like flowering stalk of a plant with {{gli, radical leaves.

{{term, term= scapose , content= scapose
{{defn, defn= Having the floral axis more or less {{gli, erect with few or no {{gli, leaf, leaves; consisting of a {{gli, scape.

{{term, term= scarious , content= scarious
{{defn, defn= Dry and {{gli, membranous.

{{term, term= schizocarp , content= schizocarp
{{defn, defn= A dry {{gli, fruit formed from more than one {{gli, carpel but breaking apart into individual carpels ({{gli, mericarp, mericarp) when {{gli, ripe. For illustration, see {{gli, mericarp, mericarp

{{term, term= scion , content= wikt:scion, scion
{{defn, defn= The {{gli, aerial part of a {{gli, graft combination, induced by various means to unite with a compatible understock or {{gli, rootstock.

{{term, term= sclereid , content= sclereid
{{defn, defn= A cell with a thick, {{gli, lignified, {{gli, cell wall that is shorter than a {{gli, fiber cell and dies soon after the thickening of its cell wall.

{{term, term= sclerenchyma , content= sclerenchyma
{{defn, defn= A strengthening or supporting tissue composed of {{gli, sclereid, sclereids or of a mixture of sclereids and fibers.

{{term, term= sclerophyll , content= sclerophyll
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' sclerophyllous A plant with hard, stiff leaves; any structure stiffened with thick-walled cells.

{{term, term= scorpioid , content= scorpioid
{{defn, defn= (of a {{gli, cymose inflorescence) Branching alternately on one side and then the other. Compare ''{{gli, helicoid''.

{{term, term= scrobiculate , content= scrobiculate
{{defn, defn= Having very small pits.

{{term, term= scrubland , content= scrubland
{{defn, defn= Dense vegetation dominated by {{gli, shruba.

{{term, term= scurf
{{defn, defn= Minute, loose, membranous {{gli, scale, scales on the surface of some plant parts, such as leaves.

{{term, term= secondary metabolite , content= secondary metabolite
{{defn, defn= Chemicals produced by a plant that do not have a role in so-called primary functions such as growth, development, photosynthesis, reproduction, etc.

{{term, term= secretory tissue , content= plant secretory tissue, secretory tissue
{{defn, defn= The tissues concerned with the secretion of gums, resins, oils and other substances in plants.

{{term, term= section , content= section (botany), section (sectio)
{{defn, defn= The category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between subgenus and series. It is a singular noun always written with a capital initial letter, in combination with the generic name.

{{term, term= secund
{{defn, defn= Having all the parts grouped on one side or turned to one side (applied especially to inflorescences).

{{term, term= sedge
{{defn, defn= A plant of the family Cyperaceae.

{{term, term= seed , content= seed
{{defn, defn= A ripened {{gli, ovule, consisting of a protective coat enclosing an embryo and food reserves; a propagating organ formed in the sexual reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms (together, the Spermatophyte, seed plants).

{{term, term= segment , content= segment (biology), segment
{{defn, defn= A part or subdivision of an organ, e.g. a petal is a segment of the corolla. A term sometimes used when the sepals and petals are indistinguishable.

{{term, term= self-pollination , content= self-pollination
{{defn, defn= (also ''selfing'') The acceptance by stigmas of pollen from the same flower or from flowers on the same plant, which means they are self-compatible.

{{term, term= semaphyll , content= semaphyll
{{defn, defn= A structure such as a {{gli, bract or {{gli, sepal (if the remainder of the {{gli, perianth is inconspicuous) which has become modified to attract pollinators.

{{term, term= semelparity , content= semelparity
{{defn, defn= When a plant flowers once then dies.

{{term, term= semiterete , content= semiterete
{{defn, defn= Rounded on one side but flat on the other. See also {{gli, terete.

{{term, term= senecioid , content=senecioid
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, anthemoid.

{{term, term= sensitive , content= sensitive
{{defn, defn= A descriptive term for stigmas that, in response to touch, close the two lobes of the stigma together, ending the receptivity of the stigma, at least for the time that the lobes are closed together. ''Mimulus'' is perhaps the best-known example.

{{term, term= sensu , content= sensu
{{defn, defn= In the sense of.

{{term, term= sensu auct. , content= sensu auct.
{{defn, defn= (of a plant group or name) As cited by a named authority.

{{term, term= sensu amplo, content= sensu amplo
{{defn, defn= (of a plant group or name) In a generous or ample sense.

{{term, term= sensu lato , content= wikt:sensu lato, sensu lato
{{defn, defn= (of a plant group) In a broad sense.

{{term, term= sensu strictissimo , content= sensu strictissimo
{{defn, defn= (of a plant group) In the narrowest sense.

{{term, term= sensu stricto , content= wikt:sensu stricto, sensu stricto
{{defn, defn= (of a plant group) In a narrow sense.

{{term, term= sepal , content= sepal
{{defn, defn= In a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the outer {{gli, whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs; usually green. Compare ''{{gli, petal''.

{{term, term= septicidal , content= septicidal
{{defn, defn= (of a fruit) {{gli, dehisce, Dehiscing along the partitions between {{gli, locule, loculi. Compare ''{{gli, loculicidal''.

{{term, term= septum , content= septum (disambiguation), septum
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' septaA partition, e.g. the {{gli, membranous wall separating the two valves of the pod of Brassicaceae.

{{term, term= seriate , content= {{vanchor, wikt:seriate, seriate
{{defn, defn= Arranged in rows.

{{term, term= sericeous , content= sericeous
{{defn, defn= {{gli, Silky with dense {{gli, appressed hairs.

{{term, term= series , content= series (botany), series
{{defn, defn= The category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between {{gli, section and {{gli, species. It is often used as a plural adjective, as in "''Primula'' subgenus ''Primula'' sect. ''Primula'' series ''Acaules''".

{{term, term= serrate , content= serrate (botany), serrate
{{defn, defn= {{gli, toothed, Toothed with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward; like the cutting edge of a saw.

{{term, term= serrulate , content= serrulate
{{defn, defn= Finely {{gli, serrate.

{{term, term= sessile , content= sessility (botany), sessile
{{defn, defn= Attached without a stalk, e.g. of a leaf without a {{gli, petiole or a {{gli, stigma, when the {{gli, style is absent.

{{term, term= seta , content= seta
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' setae; ''adj.'' setose, setaceous A bristle or stiff hair (in Bryophytes, the stalk of the {{gli, sporophyte). A terminal seta is an {{gli, appendage to the tip of an organ, e.g. the primary {{gli, rachis of a {{gli, bipinnate leaf in ''Acacia''.

{{term, term= sheath , content= leaf sheath, sheath
{{defn, defn= A tubular or rolled part of an organ, e.g. the lower part of the leaf in most grasses.

{{term, term= shoot , content= shoot
{{defn, defn= The {{gli, aerial part of a plant; a {{gli, stem and all of its dependent parts (leaves, flowers, etc.).

{{term, term= shrub , content= shrub
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, woody {{gli, perennial plant without a single main {{gli, trunk, branching freely, and generally smaller than a {{gli, tree.

{{term, term= sigmoid
{{defn, defn= Shaped like the letter 'S'.

{{term, term= silicula , content= silicula or silicle
{{defn, defn= A fruit like a {{gli, siliqua, but stouter, not more than twice as long as wide.

{{term, term= silique , content= silique

{{term, term= siliqua , multi=y
{{defn, defn= A dry, dehiscent fruit (in contrast to a {{gli, silicula, more than twice as long as wide) formed from a {{gli, superior ovary of two {{gli, carpels, with two {{gli, parietal placentas and divided into two {{gli, locule, loculi by a 'false' septum.

{{term, term= silky , content= silky
{{defn, defn= Densely covered with fine, soft, straight, {{gli, appressed hairs, with a lustrous sheen and satiny to the touch.

{{term, term= silviculture , content= silviculture
{{defn, defn= The science of forestry and the cultivation of woodlands for commercial purposes and wildlife conservation.

{{term, term= simple
{{defn, defn= Undivided or unsegmented, e.g. a leaf not divided into {{gli, leaflets (note, however, that a simple leaf may still be {{gli, entire, {{gli, toothed or {{gli, lobed) or an unbranched hair or inflorescence.

{{term, term= sinuate , content= sinuate
{{defn, defn= Having deep, wave-like depressions along the {{gli, margins, but more or less flat. Compare ''{{gli, undulate''.

{{term, term= sinus , content= sinus (botany), sinus
{{defn, defn= A notch or depression between two lobes or teeth in the {{gli, margin of an organ.

{{term, term= solitary
{{defn, defn= Single, of flowers that grow one plant per year, one in each axil, or widely separated on the plant; not grouped in an inflorescence.

{{term, term= sorus
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' sori A cluster of {{gli, sporangium, sporangia. Sori typically occur in ferns, some Algae and some fungi. In many fern species the sorus is covered by a protective {{gli, indusium.

{{term, term= sp.
{{defn, defn= An abbreviation of {{gli, species (singular), often used when the {{gli, genus is known but the species has not been determined, as in "''Brassica'' sp." See ''{{gli, spp.''.

{{term, term= spp.
{{defn, defn= An abbreviation of {{gli, species (plural), often used to collectively refer to more than one species of the same {{gli, genus, as in "''Astragalus'' spp." See ''{{gli, sp.''.

{{term, term= spadix , content= spadix (botany), spadix
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, spicate (spike-like) {{gli, inflorescence with the flowers crowded densely, even solidly, around a stout, often {{gli, succulent {{gli, axis. Particularly typical of the family Araceae

{{term, term= spathe , content= spathe
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' spathaceous A large {{gli, bract ensheathing an inflorescence. Traditionally any broad, flat blade.

{{term, term= spathulate , content= spathulate or spatulate
{{defn, defn= Spoon-shaped; broad at the tip with a narrowed projection extending to the base.

{{term, term= species , content= species
{{defn, defn= A group, or populations of individuals, sharing common features and/or ancestry, generally the smallest group that can be readily and consistently recognized; often, a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The basic unit of classification, the category of taxa of the lowest principal rank in the nomenclatural hierarchy. Strict assignment to a species is not always possible, as it is subject to particular contexts, and the species concept under consideration.

{{term, term= specific epithet , content= specific name (botany), specific epithet
{{defn, defn= Follows the name of the genus, and is the second word of a botanical binomial. The generic name and specific epithet together constitute the name of a species, i.e. the specific epithet is not the species name.

{{term, term= speirochoric
{{defn, defn= Unintentional introduction by seeds.{{Sfn, Kucewicz, Maćkiewicz, Źróbek-Sokolnik, 2010 Compare ''{{gli, agochoric''.

{{term, term= spica , content= spica (botany), spica {{anchor, spicate
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' {{gli, spicate Another name for a ''{{gli, spike''.

{{term, term= spike , content= spike (botany), spike
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' {{gli, spicate An unbranched, {{gli, indeterminate {{gli, inflorescence in which the flowers are without stalks. Compare ''{{gli, raceme''.

{{term, term= spikelet , content= spikelet
{{defn, defn= A subunit of a {{gli, spike inflorescence, especially in Poaceae, grasses, Cyperaceae, sedges, and some other monocotyledons, consisting of one to many flowers and associated {{gli, bracts or {{gli, glume, glumes.

{{term, term= spine , content= spine (botany), spine
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''adj.'' spinose A stiff, sharp structure formed by the modification of a plant organ that contains vascular tissue, e.g. a lateral branch or a {{gli, stipule; includes thorns.

{{term, term= spinescent , content= spinescent
{{defn, defn= Ending in a spine; modified to form a spine.

{{term, term= spiral , content= spiral
{{defn, defn= Of arrangement, when plant parts are arranged in a succession of curves like the thread of a screw, or coiled in a cylindrical or conical manner.

{{term, term= splash-cup , content= splash-cup (sporangia)
{{defn, defn= A cup-like structure in fungi such as Nidulariaceae and in {{gli, cryptogram, cryptogams such as some mosses. The cups function in spore dispersal, in which the energy of raindrops falling into the cup causes the water to splash outward carrying the spores.{{Sfn, Brodie, 1951

{{term, term= sporangium , content= sporangium (sporangia)
{{defn, defn= A structure in which spores are formed and from which the mature spores are released

{{term, term= sporangiophore
{{defn, defn= An organ bearing sporangia, e.g. the cones of ''Equisetum''.

{{term, term= spore , content= spore
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, haploid propagule, produced by meiosis in diploid cells of a {{gli, sporophyte that can germinate to produce a multicellular {{gli, gametophyte.

{{term, term= sporocarp , content= sporocarp (fungi), sporocarp
{{defn, defn= A fruiting body containing {{gli, spore, spores.

{{term, term= sporophyll , content= sporophyll
{{defn, defn= In pteridophyta, pteridophytes, a modified leaf that bears a {{gli, sporangium or sporangia.

{{term, term= sporophyte , content= sporophyte
{{defn, defn= The ploidy#diploid and monoploid, diploid multicellular phase in the {{gli, alternation of generations of plants and algae that produces the spores. Compare ''{{gli, gametophyte''.

{{term, term= sport , content= bud sport, sport
{{defn, defn= A naturally occurring variant of a species, not usually present in a population or group of plants; a plant that has spontaneously mutated so that it differs from its parent plant.

{{term, term= spreading , content= spreading
{{defn, defn= Extending horizontally, e.g. in branches. Standing out at right angles to an axis, e.g. in leaves or hairs.

{{term, term= spur , content= spur (botany), spur
{{defn, no=1, defn= a short shoot.
{{defn, no=2, defn= a conical or tubular outgrowth from the base of a {{gli, perianth segment, often containing nectar.

{{term, term= squamule
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' squamules, squamulae; ''adj.'' {{gli, squamulose Small scales.

{{term, term= squamulose
{{defn, defn= Covered with small scales ({{gli, squamules).

{{term, term= squarrose
{{defn, defn= Having tips of leaves, stems, etc. radiating or projecting outward, e.g. in the moss ''Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus''.

{{term, term= s.t. , content= s.t.
{{defn, defn= An abbreviation for "sometimes". Compare ''{{gli, usu.'' and ''{{gli, oft.''.

{{term, term= stalk , content= plant stem, stalk
{{defn, defn= The supporting structure of an organ, usually narrower in diameter than the organ itself.

{{term, term= stamen , content= stamen
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''adj.'' staminate The male organ of a flower, consisting (usually) of a stalk called the ''{{gli, filament'' and a pollen-bearing head called the ''{{gli, anther''.

{{term, term= staminate flower , content= staminate flower
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also male flower. A flower with {{gli, stamens but no {{gli, pistil.

{{term, term= staminode , content= staminode
{{defn, defn= A sterile {{gli, stamen, often {{gli, rudimentary, sometimes {{gli, petal-like. Commonly has a function in attracting pollinators that feed on the staminodes.

{{term, term= staminophore
{{defn, defn= A structure, around the apex of eucalypt, myrtaceae hypanthia, that supports the stamens.

{{term, term= standard
{{defn, defn= The large posterior petal of pea-flowers.

{{term, term= standard specimen
{{defn, defn= A representative specimen of a {{gli, cultivar or other taxon which demonstrates how the name of that taxon should be used.

{{term, term= stele
{{defn, defn= The primary vascular system (including {{gli, phloem, {{gli, xylem, and ground tissue) of plant stems and roots.

{{term, term= stellate
{{defn, defn= star (shape), Star-shaped.

{{term, term= stem , content= plant stem, stem
{{defn, defn= The plant {{gli, axis, either aerial or subterranean, which bears nodes, leaves, branches, and flowers.

{{term, term= stem-clasping , content= stem-clasping
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, amplexicaul.

{{term, term= stenospermocarpy , content= stenospermocarpy
{{defn, defn= The development or production of fruit that is seedless or has minute seeds because of the abortion of seed development. Compare ''{{gli, parthenocarpy''.

{{term, term= sterile , content= sterility (physiology), sterile
{{defn, defn= Infertile, as with a {{gli, stamen that does not bear pollen or a flower that does not bear seed.

{{term, term= stigma , content= stigma (botany), stigma
{{defn, defn= The pollen-receptive surface of a {{gli, carpel or group of fused carpels, usually sticky; usually a point or small head at the summit of the {{gli, style.

{{term, term= stipe , content= stipe (botany), stipe
{{defn, defn= Generally a small stalk or stalk-like structure. The {{gli, stalk of a {{gli, frond of a fern; the stalk supporting the {{gli, pileus of a mushroom; the stalk of a seaweed such as a kelp; the stalk-like support of a {{gli, gynaecium or a carpel

{{term, term= stipella , content= stipella{{anchor, stipella, stipellae
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, Also stipel; ''pl.'' stipellae One of two small secondary {{gli, stipule, stipules at the base of {{gli, leaflets in some species.

{{term, term= stipitate , content= stipitate
{{defn, defn= {{gli, stalk, stalked; borne on a {{gli, stipe; of an {{gli, ovary, borne on a {{gli, gynophore.

{{term, term= stipulate
{{defn, defn= Bearing {{gli, stipule, stipules.

{{term, term= stipule , content= stipule
{{defn, defn= A small appendage at the bases of leaves in many {{gli, dicotyledon, dicotyledons.

{{term, term= stock , content= stock
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, rootstock.

{{term, term= stolon , content= stolon
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also runner. A slender, {{gli, prostrate or trailing stem, producing roots and sometimes erect shoots at its {{gli, node, nodes. See also {{gli, rhizome.

{{term, term= stoloniferous
{{defn, defn= Having {{gli, stolon, stolons.

{{term, term= stoma , content= stoma {{anchor, stomata
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''pl.'' stomata A pore or small hole in the surface of a leaf (or other aerial organ) allowing the exchange of gases between tissues and the atmosphere.

{{term, term= stone cell
{{defn, defn= a {{gli, sclereid cell, such as the cells that form the tissue of nut shells and the stones of {{gli, drupe, drupes.

{{term, term= striate
{{defn, defn= Striped with parallel, longitudinal lines or ridges.

{{term, term= strigose , content= strigose
{{defn, defn= Covered with {{gli, appressed, straight, rigid, bristle-like hairs; the appressed equivalent of {{gli, hispid.

{{term, term= strobilus , content= strobilus {{anchor, strobili
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' strobili A cone-like structure consisting of {{gli, sporophyll, sporophylls (e.g. Pinophyta, conifers and Lycopodiopsida, club mosses) or {{gli, sporangiophore, sporangiophores (e.g. in Equisetopsida) borne close together on an {{gli, axis.

{{term, term= style , content= gynoecium, style
{{defn, defn= An elongated part of a {{gli, carpel or a group of fused carpels between the {{gli, ovary and the {{gli, stigma.

{{term, term= stylodium , content= stylodium
{{defn, defn= An elongate {{gli, stigma that resembles a {{gli, style; a false style, e.g. commonly found in the Poaceae and Asteraceae.

{{term, term= stylopodium
{{defn, defn= A swelling on top of the ovary, at the base of the {{gli, style, styles commonly found in flowers of the Apiaceae.

{{term, term= stylulus , content= stylulus
{{defn, defn= The elongated apex of a free {{gli, carpel which functions like the style of a {{gli, syncarpous {{gli, ovary, allowing pollen tubes from its {{gli, stigma to enter the {{gli, locule of only that carpel.

{{term, term= subcoriaceous
{{defn, defn= Slightly leathery or {{gli, coriaceous.

{{term, term= subgenus , content= subgenus
{{defn, defn= A category of supplementary taxa intermediate between {{gli, genus and {{gli, section. The name of a subgenus is a singular noun, always has a capital initial letter and is used in combination with the generic name, e.g. ''Primula'' subgenus ''Primula''.

{{term, term= subglobose, content=wikt:subglobose, subglobose
{{defn, defn= Inflated, but less than spherical. See also {{gli, globose.

{{term, term= suborbicular, content=wikt:suborbicular, suborbicular
{{defn, defn= nearly orbicular, flat and almost circular in outline. See also {{gli, orbicular.

{{term, term= subpetiolate
{{defn, defn= (of a {{gli, leaf) Having an extremely short {{gli, petiole, and may appear {{gli, sessile.

{{term, term= subquadrangular , content= subquadrangular
{{defn, defn= Not quite square. Compare wikt:quadrangular, quadrangular.

{{term, term= subshrub , content= subshrub
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also {{gli, undershrub A small {{gli, shrub which may have partially {{gli, herbaceous stems, but generally a woody plant less than {{convert, 1, m, ft high.

{{term, term= subspecies , content= subspecies
{{defn, defn= A taxonomic category within a {{gli, species, usually used for geographically isolated or morphologically distinct populations of the same species. Its taxonomic rank occurs between species and {{gli, variety.

{{term, term= subtend , content= subtend
{{defn, defn= To stand beneath or close to, as in a {{gli, bract at the base of a flower.

{{term, term= subulate , content= subulate
{{defn, defn= Narrow and tapering gradually to a fine point.

{{term, term= succulent , content= succulent
{{defn, no=1, defn= Juicy or fleshy.
{{defn, no=2, defn= A plant with a fleshy habit.

{{term, term= sucker , content= basal shoot, sucker
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, shoot of more or less subterranean origin; an {{gli, erect shoot originating from a bud on a root or a {{gli, rhizome, sometimes at some distance from the stem of the plant.

{{term, term= suffrutex , content= suffrutex
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''pl.'' suffrutices A {{gli, subshrub or undershrub.

{{term, term= sulcate , content= wikt:sulcate, sulcate
{{defn, defn= Furrowed; grooved. May be single (''monosulcate''), two (''bisulcate'') or many (''polysulcate'').

{{term, term= superficial
{{defn, defn= On the surface.

{{term, term= superior ovary , content= superior ovary
{{defn, defn= An {{gli, ovary borne above the level of attachment of the other floral parts, or above the base of a {{gli, hypanthium. Compare ''{{gli, inferior ovary'' and ''{{gli, half-inferior ovary''.

{{term, term= suspended
{{defn, defn= Of an {{gli, ovule, when attached slightly below the summit of the ovary. Compare ''{{gli, pendulous''.

{{term, term= suture , content= suture (anatomy), suture
{{defn, defn= A junction or seam of union. See ''{{gli, fissure'' and ''{{gli, commissure''.

{{term, term= sward
{{defn, defn= Extensive, more or less even cover of a surface, e.g. a lawn grass. Compare ''{{gli, tussock''.

{{term, term= sympatric , content= sympatric
{{defn, defn= Having more or less similar or overlapping ranges of distribution.

{{term, term= sympodial , content= sympodial branching, sympodial
{{defn, defn= A mode of growth in which the main axis is repeatedly terminated and replaced with a lateral branch. Examples occur in the family Combretaceae, including the genera ''Terminalia (plant), Terminalia'' and ''Combretum''. Compare ''{{gli, monopodial''.

{{term, term= syconium , content= syconium
{{defn, defn= A hollow infructescence containing multiple fruit, such as that of a Common fig, fig.

{{term, term= syn- , content= syn- {{anchor, syn, syn-, sym, sym-
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, Also sym-. A prefix meaning "with, together".

{{term, term= symmetrical , content= symmetry (geometry), symmetrical
{{defn, defn= Capable of being divided into at least two equal, mirror-image halves (e.g. {{gli, zygomorphic) or having rotational symmetry (e.g. {{gli, regular or {{gli, actinomorphic). Compare ''{{gli, irregular'' and ''{{gli, asymmetrical''.

{{term, term= sympetalous , content= sympetalous
{{defn, defn= Having united ({{gli, connate or fused) {{gli, petals, not free ({{gli, apopetalous). See also ''{{gli, syntepalous'' (having fused {{gli, tepal, tepals).

{{term, term=symphyllous, content=symphyllous
{{defn, defn=a single perianth-whorl of united segments. Compare ''{{gli, gamophyllous'' (synonym), ''{{gli, apophyllous'', and ''{{gli, polyphyllous''.

{{term, term= synangium , content= synangium
{{defn, defn= A fused aggregate of {{gli, sporangium, sporangia, e.g. in the trilocular sporangia of the whisk fern ''Psilotum''.

{{term, term= synanthous , content= synanthous
{{defn, defn= A type of growth in which new leaves and flowers appear and die back at the same time. See also ''{{gli, hysteranthous'' and ''{{gli, proteranthous''.

{{term, term= synaptospermy , content= synaptospermy
{{defn, defn= The dispersal of diaspore (botany), diaspores as units, where each bears more than one seed, for example where each diaspore comprises an entire inflorescence, as in ''Brunsvigia'' or multi-seeded fruit as in ''Tribulus'' zeyheri. ''Ephemeral'' synaptospermy is the term for when the diaspores split into units containing fewer or single seeds each, as in most tumbleweeds. ''True'' synaptospermy is when the diaspore generally remains entire until germination, as commonly happens in species of ''Grielum''.

{{term, term= syncarpous , content= syncarpous
{{defn, defn= (of a {{gli, gynoecium) Composed of united {{gli, carpels.

{{term, term= synonym , content= synonym (taxonomy), synonym
{{defn, defn= An outdated or 'alternative' name for the same taxon.

{{term, term= synoecious , content= synoecious
{{defn, defn= A synonym of {{gli, bisexual.

{{term, term= syntepalous, content= syntepalous
{{defn, defn= Having fused {{gli, tepal, tepals. See also {{gli, sympetalous (having fused {{gli, petals).

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

T

{{glossary

{{term, term= taproot , content= taproot
{{defn, defn= The primary descending {{gli, root of a plant with a single dominant root axis.

{{term, term= tartareous , content= tartareous
{{defn, defn= Having a surface that is course, thick, rough, and crumbling.

{{term, term= taxon , content= taxon {{anchor, taxa
{{defn, defn={{ghat, ''pl.'' taxa A group or category in a system of biological classification.

{{term, term= taxonomy , content= taxonomy (biology), taxonomy
{{defn, defn= The study of the principles and practice of classification.

{{term, term= tegmen , content= testa (botany), tegmen
{{defn, defn= The inner layer of the {{gli, testa (seed coat). It develops from the inner {{gli, integument of the {{gli, ovule.

{{term, term= tendril , content= tendril
{{defn, defn= Any slender organ modified from a stem, leaf, leaflet, or {{gli, stipule and used by climbing plants to cling to an object.

{{term, term= tepal , content= tepal
{{defn, defn= A segment of a {{gli, perianth, either {{gli, sepal or {{gli, petal; usually used when all perianth segments are indistinguishable in appearance.

{{term, term= terete , content= terete
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also {{gli, semiterete Circular in cross-section; more or less {{gli, cylindrical without grooves or ridges.

{{term, term= terminal , content= wikt:terminal, terminal
{{defn, defn= Situated at the tip or apex.

{{term, term= ternate
{{defn, defn= In groups of three; of leaves, arranged in whorls of three; of a single leaf, having the {{gli, leaflets arranged in groups of three.

{{term, term= terrestrial , content= terrestrial plant, terrestrial
{{defn, defn= Of or on the ground; of a habitat, on land as opposed to in water ({{gli, aquatic), on rocks ({{gli, lithophytic), or on other plants ({{gli, epiphytic).

{{term, term= testa , content= testa (botany), testa
{{defn, defn= The seed coat.

{{term, term= tetrad , content= tetrad
{{defn, defn= A group of four; usually used to refer to four pollen grains which remain fused together through maturity (e.g. in the Epacridaceae).{{Sfn, Beach, 1914a

{{term, term= tetragonal
{{defn, defn= Square; having four corners; four-angled, e.g. the cross-sections of stems of herbaceous Lamiaceae.

{{term, term= tetramerous , content= merosity, tetramerous
{{defn, defn= In four parts, particularly with respect to flowers; four parts in each whorl. See also {{gli, trimerous and {{gli, pentamerous.

{{term, term= tetraploid
{{defn, defn= Having four complete sets of chromosomes in each {{gli, sporophyte cell.

{{term, term= tetraspore , content= tetraspore
{{defn, defn= The asexual spore of red algae. It is so named because each {{gli, sporangium produces just four spores. See Rhodophyceae.{{Sfn, Beach, 1914b

{{term, term= thalamus
{{defn, 1= {{ghat, Obsolete 1.  A synonym for {{gli, receptacle.
{{defn, no=2, defn= The inflorescence disk of members of the Asteraceae.
{{defn, no=3, defn= A {{gli, calyx, as used by Carl Linnaeus.

{{term, term= thallose , content=
{{defn, defn= having a gli, thallus-like structure; in the form of a thallus; thalloid

{{term, term= thallus , content= thallus
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, ''pl.'' thalli A vegetative structure that is not differentiated into stem and leaves, as in lichens, algae, {{gli, thallose liverworts, and certain vascular plants, e.g. ''Lemna''

{{term, term= theca , content= theca
{{defn, defn= One of the usually two {{gli, synangium, synangia in which pollen is produced in flowering plants. It consists of two fused Sporangium, sporangia known as ''Stamen#Pollen production, pollen sacs''. The wall between the pollen sacs disintegrates before dehiscence, which is usually by a common slit.

{{term, term= thorn , content= thorns, spines, and prickles, thorn
{{defn, defn= A sharp, stiff point, usually a Aerial stem modification, modified stem, that cannot be detached without tearing the subtending tissue; a spine. Compare ''{{gli, prickle''.

{{term, term= throat
{{defn, defn= The opening of a {{gli, corolla or {{gli, perianth.

{{term, term= thyrse , content= thyrse
{{defn, defn= A branched inflorescence in which the main axis is indeterminate ({{gli, racemose) and the lateral branches determinate ({{gli, cymose).

{{term, term= tomentum , content= trichome#Plant trichomes, tomentum
{{defn, defn= A dense covering of short, matted hairs. {{gli, tomentose, Tomentose is often used as a general term for bearing an {{gli, indumentum, but this is not a recommended use.

{{term, term= toothed , content= toothed
{{defn, defn= Having a more or less regularly incised {{gli, margin.

{{term, term= torus
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, receptacle.

{{term, term= transmitting tissue
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, pollen transmitting tissue.

{{term, term= trapeziform , content= trapeziform
{{defn, no=1, defn= Like a trapezoid, trapezium (a four-sided figure with two parallel sides of unequal length).
{{defn, no=2, defn= Like a trapezoid (a four-sided figure, or quadrilateral, with neither pair of sides equal); sometimes used erroneously as a synonym for {{gli, rhombic.

{{term, term= tree , content= tree
{{defn, defn= A woody plant, usually with a single distinct {{gli, trunk and generally more than {{convert, 2, –, 3, m, ft tall.

{{term, term= triad
{{defn, defn= A group of three.

{{term, term= triangular , content= triangular
{{defn, defn= Planar and with 3 sides.

{{term, term= tribe , content= tribe (biology), tribe
{{defn, defn= A taxonomic grouping that ranks between {{gli, genus and {{gli, family.

{{term, term= trichome , content= trichome
{{defn, defn= In non-filamentous plants, any hair-like outgrowth from the {{gli, epidermis, e.g. a hair or bristle; sometimes restricted to unbranched epidermal outgrowths.

{{term, term= trifid , content={{vanchor, wikt:trifid, trifid.
{{defn, defn= Split into three parts. See also {{gli, bifid.

{{term, term= trifoliate , content=trifoliate
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, compound leaf of three {{gli, leaflets; for example, a clover leaf.

{{term, term= trifoliolate , content= trifoliolate
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, trifoliate.

{{term, term= trigonous , content= trigonous
{{defn, defn= Triangular in cross-section and obtusely angled. Compare ''{{gli, triquetrous''.

{{term, term= trimerous , content= merosity, trimerous
{{defn, defn= In three parts, particularly with respect to flowers; having three parts in each whorl. See also ''{{gli, tetramerous'' and ''{{gli, pentamerous''.

{{term, term= trinerved , content= trinerved
{{defn, defn= Having three {{gli, nerve, nerves or {{gli, vein, veins.

{{term, term= triplinerved , content= triplinerved
{{defn, defn= (of leaves) Having three main nerves with the lateral nerves arising from the midnerve above the base of the leaf.

{{term, term= triporate
{{defn, defn= (of pollen) Having three pores.

{{term, term= triquetrous , content= wikt:triquetrous, triquetrous
{{defn, defn= More or less triangular in cross-section, but acutely angled (with 3 distinct longitudinal ridges). Compare ''{{gli, trigonous''.

{{term, term= trivalve
{{defn, defn= Divided into three {{gli, valve, valves. Also trivalvar. See also ''{{gli, bivalve''.

{{term, term= trivial name , content= binomial nomenclature#History, trivial name
{{defn, defn= The second word in the two-part scientific name of an organism. Compare ''{{gli, specific epithet''.

{{term, term= trophophyll , content= trophophyll
{{defn, defn= A vegetative, nutrient-producing leaf or {{gli, microphyll, microphyll whose primary function is {{gli, photosynthesis. It is not specialized or modified for some other function. Compare ''sporophyll''.

{{term, term= trullate , content= trullate
{{defn, defn= {{gli, Ovate but angled, as with a bricklayer's trowel; inversely kite (geometry), kite-shaped. Compare ''{{gli, rhombic''.

{{term, term= truncate
{{defn, defn= Cut off squarely; having an abruptly transverse end.

{{term, term= trunk , content= trunk (botany), trunk
{{defn, defn= The upright, large and typically woody main {{gli, stem of a tree.

{{term, term= truss
{{defn, defn= A compact cluster of flowers or fruits arising from one center; evident in many rhododendrons.

{{term, term= tuber , content= tuber
{{defn, defn= Any of many types of specialized vegetative underground storage organs. They accumulate food, water, or in protection from death by fire, drought, or other hard times. Tubers generally are well differentiated from other plant organs; for example, informally a carrot is not generally regarded as a tuber, but simply a swollen root. In this they differ from the tuber of a sweet potato, which has no special root-like function. Similarly, corms are not generally regarded as tubers, even though they are underground storage stems. Tubers store food for the plant, and also have important roles in vegetative reproduction. They generally are of two main types: stem tubers form by the swelling of an underground stem growing from a root, or from structures such as underground stolons. Stem tubers generally produce propagative buds at their stem {{gli, node, nodes, forming a seasonal perennation, perennating organ, e.g. a potato. The main other class is the root tuber, also called {{gli, tuberoid. They differ from stem tubers in features such as that, like any normal root, they do not form nodes.

{{term, term= tubercle , content= tubercle
{{defn, defn= A small wart-like outgrowth or protuberance of tissue.

{{term, term= tuberculate , content= tubercle, tuberculate
{{defn, defn= Covered in {{gli, tubercle, tubercles. See {{gli, warty.

{{term, term= tuberoid , content= tuberoid
{{defn, defn= An alternative name for underground storage organ formed by the swelling of a root; occurs in many Orchidaceae, orchids.

{{term, term= tuberous
{{defn, defn= Resembling a {{gli, tuber or producing tubers.

{{term, term= tubular
{{defn, defn= Having the form of a tube or cylinder (geometry), cylinder.

{{term, term= tufted
{{defn, defn= Densely {{gli, fasciculate at the tip.

{{term, term= tunic
{{defn, defn= The outer covering of some {{gli, bulb, bulbs and {{gli, corm, corms.

{{term, term= tunicate
{{defn, defn= (of {{gli, bulb, bulbs) Consisting of concentric coats.

{{term, term= turbinate
{{defn, defn= Shaped like a spinning top or beetroot.

{{term, term= turgid
{{defn, defn= Swollen with liquid; bloated; firm. Compare ''{{gli, flaccid''.

{{term, term= tussock , content= tussock grass, tussock
{{defn, defn= A dense tuft of vegetation, usually well separated from neighbouring tussocks, for example in some grasses. Compare ''{{gli, sward''.

{{term, term= two-ranked
{{defn, defn= Having leaves arranged in two rows in the same plane, on opposite sides of the branch. See ''{{gli, distichous''.

{{term, term= type , content= type (biology), type
{{defn, defn= An item (usually an {{gli, herbarium specimen) to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached, i.e. a designated representative of a plant name. Important in determining the priority of names available for a particular taxon.

{{term, term= type genus , content= type genus
{{defn, defn= In nomenclature, a single {{gli, genus on which a taxonomic {{gli, family is based.

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

U

{{glossary

{{term, term= umbel , content= umbel
{{defn, defn= A {{gli, raceme, racemose inflorescence in which all the individual flower stalks arise in a cluster at the top of the {{gli, peduncle and are of about equal length; in a simple umbel, each stalk is unbranched and bears only one flower. A {{gli, cyme, cymose umbel looks similar to an ordinary umbel but its flowers open centrifugally.

{{term, term= umbo , content= umbo
{{defn, defn= A rounded elevation, such as in the middle of the top of an umbrella or umbo (mycology), mushroom; a central boss or protuberance, such as on the {{gli, scale of a conifer cone, cone.

{{term, term= umbonate
{{defn, defn= Having an {{gli, umbo, with a conical or blunt projection arising from a flatter surface, as on the umbo (mycology), top of a mushroom or in the scale of a pine conifer cone, cone.

{{term, term= unciform , content= unciform
{{defn, defn= Hook-shaped.

{{term, term= uncinate , content= uncinate
{{defn, defn= Having a hook at the apex.

{{term, term= undershrub , content= undershrub
{{defn, defn= A low {{gli, shrub, often with flowering branches that die off in winter. Compare ''{{gli, subshrub''.

{{term, term= understory , content= understory
{{defn, defn= Plant life growing beneath the forest Canopy (biology)#Canopy layer of forests, canopy.

{{term, term= undulate
{{defn, defn= Wavy and not flat. Compare ''{{gli, sinuate''.

{{term, term= uniflor , content= uniflor
{{defn, defn= Having a single flower (uniflory). Compare ''{{gli, pauciflor'' (''few'') and ''{{gli, pluriflor'' (''many'').

{{term, term= unilocular , content= unilocular
{{defn, defn= Having one {{gli, loculus or chamber, e.g. the ovary in the families Proteaceae and Fabaceae.

{{term, term= uniserial , content= uniserial
{{defn, defn= Arranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. {{gli, Uniseriate.

{{term, term= uniseriate , content= uniseriate
{{defn, defn= Arranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. {{gli, Uniserial.

{{term, term= unisexual , content= unisexual
{{defn, defn= Of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs, {{gli, dioecious, {{gli, dioicous. See ''Sexual reproduction in plants''.

{{term, term= unitegmic , content= ovule#Integuments, micropyle and chalaza, unitegmic
{{defn, defn= (of an {{gli, ovule) Covered by a single Integument#Botanical usage, integument. See also ''{{gli, bitegmic'', having two integuments.

{{term, term= urceolate , content= pitcher (container), urceolate
{{defn, defn= Shaped like an urn or pitcher (container), pitcher, with a swollen middle and narrowing top. Examples include the pitchers of many species of the pitcher plant genera ''Sarracenia'' and ''Nepenthes''.

{{term, term= usu. , content= usu.
{{defn, defn= An abbreviation of ''usually''. Compare ''{{gli, s.t.'' and ''{{gli, oft.''.

{{term, term= utricle
{{defn, no=1, defn= A small bladder; a {{gli, membranous bladder-like sac from the ovary wall, thin pericarp, becomes more or less bladdery or inflated at maturity enclosing an {{gli, ovary or fruit.
{{defn, no=2, defn= In sedges, a fruit in which the fruit is loosely encloses from a modified tubular bract, see ''{{gli, perigynium''.

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

V

{{glossary

{{term, term= vallecular canal
{{defn, defn= A resin canal coinciding with a longitudinal groove in the seeds of Asteraceae. A longitudinal cavity in the cortex of the stems of ''Equisetum'', coinciding with a groove in the stem surface.

{{term, term= valvate , content= valvate
{{defn, defn= (of sepals and petals in bud) Meeting edge-to-edge but not overlapping.

{{term, term= valve
{{defn, defn= A portion of an organ that fragments or splits open, e.g. the teeth-like portions of a {{gli, pericarp in a split (dehisced) Capsule (botany), capsule or Seedpod, pod when ripe.

{{term, term= var.
{{defn, defn= An abbreviation of ''{{gli, varietas''.

{{term, term= variant
{{defn, defn= A plant or group of plants showing some measure of difference from the characteristics associated with a particular {{gli, taxon.

{{term, term= variegated , content= variegated
{{defn, defn= Irregularly marked with blotches or patches of another color.

{{term, term= varietas , content= varietas
{{defn, defn= {{ghat, Often variety (botany), variety in common usage and abbreviated as var. A taxonomic rank below that of {{gli, species and between the ranks of {{gli, subspecies and {{gli, form.

{{term, term= vascular
{{defn, defn= Referring to the conducting tissues ({{gli, xylem and {{gli, phloem) of {{gli, vascular plants.

{{term, term= vascular bundle , content= vascular bundle
{{defn, defn= A bundle of {{gli, vascular tissue in the primary stems of {{gli, vascular plants, consisting of specialized conducting cells for the transport of water ({{gli, xylem) and assimilate ({{gli, phloem).

{{term, term= vasculum , content= vasculum
{{defn, defn= A container used by botanists for collecting field specimens.

{{term, term= vein , content= leaf vein, vein
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Also nerve. A strand of {{gli, vascular tissue, e.g. in the leaves of vascular plants.

{{term, term= veinlet , content= veinlet
{{defn, defn= A small {{gli, vein; the ultimate (visible) division of a vein.

{{term, term= velamen
{{defn, defn= A spongy tissue covering the {{gli, aerial {{gli, root, roots of Orchidaceae, orchids and some other {{gli, epiphyte, epiphytes.

{{term, term= velutinous
{{defn, defn= See {{gli, velvety.

{{term, term= velvety
{{defn, defn= Densely covered with fine, short, soft, erect hairs.

{{term, term= venation , content= venatious, venation
{{defn, defn= The arrangement of {{gli, vein, veins in a leaf.

{{term, term= ventral , content= ventral
{{defn, defn= From Latin ''wikt:ventral, venter'', meaning "belly". The opposite of {{gli, dorsal. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral, general "ventral" refers to "the belly or lower part", but in botany, botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example:

* facing toward the axis ({{gli, adaxial) in referring to a lateral organ of an erect plant
* facing toward the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the lower surface of a more or less horizontal leaf ({{gli, abaxial)
* facing toward the substrate in a {{gli, prostrate or climbing plant.
For more detail see {{gli, dorsal.

{{term, term= vernation , content= vernation
{{defn, defn= The arrangement of unexpanded leaves in a {{gli, bud; the order in which leaves unfold from a bud.

{{term, term= vernonioid , content= vernonioid
{{defn, defn= In the family Asteraceae, style with sweeping hairs borne on abaxial surfaces of style branches.

{{term, term= verruciform , content= verruciform
{{defn, defn= Wart-like in form.

{{term, term= verrucose , content= verrucose
{{defn, defn= Having warts.

{{term, term= verruculose , content= verruculose
{{defn, defn= Minutely {{gli, verrucose; minutely warty.

{{term, term= versatile
{{defn, defn= (of {{gli, anthers) Swinging freely about the point of attachment to the {{gli, filament.

{{term, term= verticillate , content= verticillate
{{defn, defn= Arranged in one or more {{gli, whorl, whorls, i.e. several similar parts arranged at the same point of the {{gli, axis, e.g. leaf arrangement. Compare ''{{gli, pseudoverticillate'' (appearing whorled or verticillate but not actually so).

{{term, term= verticillaster
{{defn, defn= A type of {{gli, pseudoverticillate {{gli, inflorescence, typical of the Lamiaceae, in which pseudo-whorls are formed from pairs of opposite {{gli, cyme, cymes.

{{term, term= vesicular , content= vesicular
{{defn, defn= (of hairs) Bladder-like; vesciculous, bearing such hairs.

{{term, term= vessel , content= vessel element, vessel
{{defn, defn= A capillary tube formed from a series of open-ended cells in the water-conducting tissue of a plant.

{{term, term= vestigial , content= vestigial
{{defn, defn= Reduced in form and function from the normal or ancestral condition.

{{term, term= villous , content= villous
{{defn, defn= Abounding in or covered with long, soft, straight hairs; shaggy with soft hairs.

{{term, term= vine , content= vine
{{defn, no=1, defn= {{gli, Scandent plants {{gli, climber, climbing by means of trailing or twining stems or {{gli, runner, runners.
{{defn, no=2, defn= Such a stem or runner.{{Sfn, Jackson, 1928{{Sfn, New Oxford Dictionary v2, 2007, p=3534
{{defn, no=3, defn= A member of the genus ''Vitis''.

{{term, term= virgate , content=virgate
{{defn, defn={{ghat, Diminutive: virgulate Wand-shaped, twiggy, especially referring to erect, straight stems. In mycology, referring to a Pileus (mycology), pileus with radiating ribs or lines.

{{term, term= Viridiplantae , content=Viridiplantae
{{defn, defn= A clade of {{gli, autotroph, autotrophic organisms that includes the Chlorophyta, green algae, Charophyta and Embryophyta, land plants, all of which have {{gli, cellulose in their {{gli, cell walls, {{gli, chloroplasts derived from primary endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophyll a, chlorophylls a and chlorophyll b, b and lack phycobilins.

{{term, term= viscid
{{defn, defn= Sticky; coated with a thick, syrupy secretion.

{{term, term= vitta
{{defn, defn= An oil tube in the fruit of some plants.

{{term, term= viviparous , content= viviparity, viviparous
{{defn, no=1, defn= Referring to seeds or fruits which germinate before being shed from the parent plant.
{{defn, no=2, defn= The development of plantlets on non-floral organs, e.g. leaves.

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

W

{{glossary

{{term, term= warty , content= warty
{{defn, defn= A surface covered with small round protuberances, especially in fruit, leaves, twigs and bark. See {{gli, tuberculate.

{{term, term= watershoot , content= watershoot
{{defn, defn= An {{gli, erect, strong-growing, or {{gli, epicormic {{gli, shoot developing from near the base of a shrub or tree, but distinct from a {{gli, sucker.

{{term, term= weed , content= weed
{{defn, no=1, defn= Any plant growing where it is not wanted; commonly associated with disrupted habitats. See also {{gli, ruderal.
{{defn, no=2, defn= An unwanted plant which grows among agricultural {{gli, crop, crops.
{{defn, no=3, defn= A naturalised, exotic, or ecologically "out-of-balance" indigenous species outside of the agricultural or garden context, which, as a result of invasion, adversely affects the survival or regeneration of indigenous species in natural or partly natural vegetation communities.Carr, G.W., in Foreman & Walsh, 1993.

{{term, term= wild
{{defn, defn= Originating from a known wild or purely natural habitat (wilderness).

{{term, term= whorl , content= whorl (botany), whorl
{{defn, defn= A ring of organs borne at the same level on an {{gli, axis (e.g. leaves, {{gli, bracts, or floral parts).

{{term, term= wing
{{defn, no=1, defn= A membranous expansion of a fruit or seed which aids in dispersal, for instance on pine seeds.
{{defn, no=2, defn= A thin flange of tissue extending beyond the normal outline of a structure, e.g. on the column of some orchids, on stems, on petioles.
{{defn, no=3, defn= One of the two lateral petals of a flower of subfamily Faboideae of family Fabaceae, located between the {{gli, adaxial standard (banner) petal and the two {{gli, abaxial keel petals.

{{term, term= wooly , content= wooly
{{term, term= woolly, multi=y
{{defn, defn= Very densely covered with long, more or less matted or intertwined hairs, resembling a sheep's wool.

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

X

{{glossary

{{term, term= xeromorph , content= xeromorph
{{defn, defn= A plant with structural features (e.g. hard or succulent leaves) or functional adaptations that prevent water loss by evaporation; usually associated with arid habitats, but not necessarily drought-tolerant. Compare ''{{gli, xerophyte''.

{{term, term= xerophyte , content= xerophyte
{{defn, defn= A plant generally living in a dry habitat, typically showing xeromorphic or succulent adaptation; a plant able to tolerate long periods of drought. Compare ''{{gli, xeromorph''.

{{term, term= xylem, content= xylem
{{defn, defn= A specialized water-conducting tissue in vascular plants.

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

Z

{{glossary

{{term, term= zonate , content= zonate
{{defn, defn= Having light and dark circular bands or rings, typically on leaves or flowers.

{{term, term= zygomorphic , content= zygomorphic
{{defn, defn= Bilaterally symmetrical; symmetrical about one vertical plane only; applies to flowers in which the {{gli, perianth segments within each whorl vary in size and shape. Contrast {{gli, actinomorphic and {{gli, irregular.

{{term, term= zygote , content= zygote
{{defn, defn= A fertilized cell, the product of fusion of two {{gli, gamete, gametes.

{{glossary end

{{Compact ToC , side=yes }

See also

* Glossary of biology
* Glossary of plant morphology
* Glossary of leaf morphology
* Glossary of lichen terms
* Glossary of scientific naming
* International scientific vocabulary
* Plant morphology
* Floral formula – abbreviations used in describing flower parts
* Plant anatomy
* Palynology
* {{portal-inline, Plants

References

{{reflist, 20em

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, last1 = Shreve , first1 = Forrest , author-link1 = Forrest Shreve
, last2 = Wiggins , first2 = Ira L. , author-link2 = Ira Loren Wiggins
, date = 1964
, title = Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert
, url = https://archive.org/details/vegetationflorao0001shre/
, url-access = registration
, publisher = Stanford University Press
, location = Stanford, California, US
, volume = 1
, isbn = 9780804701631
, oclc = 710084
, language = en
, via = Internet Archive

*{{Cite book
, last1 = Simpson , first1 = Michael G.
, date = August 2011
, title = Plant Systematics
, publisher = Academic Press
, url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC
, isbn = 978-0-08-051404-8
, language = en
, via = Google Books ''(preview only)''

*{{Cite book
, last1 = Sims , first1=John , author-link1 = John Sims (taxonomist)
, date = 1803
, title = Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden Displayed: In which the Most Ornamental Foreign Plants, Cultivated in the Open Ground, the Green-house, and the Stove, are Accurately Represented in Their Natural Colours ...
, url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dGdMAAAAYAAJ
, volume = 17
, publisher = T. Curtis
, location = London
, language = en
, access-date = 15 December 2022
, via = Google Books

*{{Cite book
, last1 = Stearn , first1 = William T. , author-link1 = William T. Stearn
, date = 1983
, title = Botanical Latin
, url = https://archive.org/details/botanicallatinhi0000stea
, url-access = registration
, edition = 3rd
, publisher = David & Charles
, location = Newton Abbot & London & North Pomfret, Vermont, US
, isbn = 0-7153-8548-8
, language = en
, access-date = 15 December 2015
, via = Internet Archive

*{{Cite book
, editor-last1 = Turland , editor-first1 = N.J.
, editor-last2 = Wiersema , editor-first2 = J.H.
, editor-last3 = Barrie , editor-first3 = F.R.
, editor-last4 = Greuter , editor-first4 = W.
, editor-last5 = Hawksworth , editor-first5 = D.L.
, editor-last6 = Herendeen , editor-first6 = P.S.
, editor-last7 = Knapp , editor-first7 = S.
, editor-last8 = Kusber , editor-first8 = W.-H.
, editor-last9 = Li , editor-first9 = D.-Z.
, editor-last10 = Marhold , editor-first10 = K.
, editor-last11 = May , editor-first11 = T.W.
, editor-last12 = McNeill , editor-first12 = J.
, editor-last13 = Monro , editor-first13 = A.M.
, editor-last14 = Prado , editor-first14 = J.
, editor-last15 = Price , editor-first15 = M.J.
, editor-last16 = Smith , editor-first16 = G.F.
, date = 2018
, title = International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017.
, url = https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php
, series = Regnum Vegetabile 159
, publisher = Koeltz Botanical Books
, location = Glashütten (Taunus), Glashütten, Germany
, doi = 10.12705/Code.2018
, doi-access = free
, oclc = 1043552267
, isbn = 978-3-946583-16-5
, language = en
, access-date = 21 December 2022

{{refend

External links

Wiktionary


at


A glossary of botanical termsin English
At
Flora, etc.

Garden Web

eFloras

Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project

Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew

Stuppy, W. Glossary of Seed and Fruit Morphological Terms

Australia and New Zealand

University of Sydney: Eflora – Glossary

Florabase (Western Australia)





Flora of S Australia

Botany Word of the Day.
Illustrated with New Zealand natives

New Zealand Plant Conservation Network

Africa

* {{cite web , last1=Herman , first1=P P J , title=Botanical glossary , url=http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Botanical-Glossary_P_Herman_032016.pdf , publisher=SANBI , access-date=21 May 2020 , date=2015

Plants of southern Africa

{{Botany
{{Glossaries of science and engineering

{{DEFAULTSORT:Botanical Terms
Botanical nomenclature, *
Branches of botany
Glossaries of botany
Garden plants, -
Lists of plants,
Plant morphology, Botanical Terms