The migration to Abyssinia ( ar, الهجرة إلى الحبشة, translit=al-hijra ʾilā al-habaša), also known as the First Hijra ( ar, الهجرة الأولى, translit=al-hijrat al'uwlaa, label=none), was an episode in the early history of
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...
, where the first followers of the Islamic prophet
Muhammad (they were known as the
Sahabah
The Companions of the Prophet ( ar, اَلصَّحَابَةُ; ''aṣ-ṣaḥāba'' meaning "the companions", from the verb meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or m ...
) fled from
Arabia due to their persecution by the
Quraysh
The Quraysh ( ar, قُرَيْشٌ) were a grouping of Arab clans that historically inhabited and controlled the city of Mecca and its Kaaba. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born into the Hashim clan of the tribe. Despite this, many of the Qur ...
, the ruling
Arab tribal confederation of
Mecca. They sought and were granted refuge in the
Kingdom of Aksum
The Kingdom of Aksum ( gez, መንግሥተ አክሱም, ), also known as the Kingdom of Axum or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom centered in Northeast Africa and South Arabia from Classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. Based primarily in wh ...
, an ancient
Christian state that was situated in modern-day
Ethiopia and
Eritrea
Eritrea ( ; ti, ኤርትራ, Ertra, ; ar, إرتريا, ʾIritriyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia ...
(also referred to as
Abyssinia), in or . The ruling
Aksumite monarch who received them is known in Islamic sources as
Najashi ( ar, نجاشي, translit=najāšī, label=none), the
Negus of the kingdom; modern historians have alternatively identified him with the Aksumite king
Armah and
Ella Tsaham. Some of the Sahabah exiles returned to Mecca and made the
migration to Medina
The Hijrah or Hijra () was the journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina. The year in which the Hijrah took place is also identified as the epoch of the Lunar Hijri and Solar Hijri calendars; its date eq ...
with Muhammad, while others remained in Aksum and arrived in
Medina in 628.
Background
According to the traditional view, members of the
early Muslim community in
Mecca faced persecution, which prompted
Muhammad to advise them to seek refuge in
Aksum. The earliest extant account is given in the
''sirah'' of the eighth-century
Muslim
Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...
historian
Ibn Ishaq
Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq ibn Yasār ibn Khiyār (; according to some sources, ibn Khabbār, or Kūmān, or Kūtān, ar, محمد بن إسحاق بن يسار بن خيار, or simply ibn Isḥaq, , meaning "the son of Isaac"; died 767) was an 8 ...
:
Another view, grounded in the political developments of the time, suggests that following the
capture of Jerusalem in 614 by the
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian () or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians (, ) and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the History of Iran, last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th cen ...
, many believers saw a potential danger to the community as they were not the partisans of the
Persians who practiced
Zoroastrianism and had earlier supported the
Jews of Arabia in
Himyar. The acceptance of these Muslims into the
Kingdom of Aksum
The Kingdom of Aksum ( gez, መንግሥተ አክሱም, ), also known as the Kingdom of Axum or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom centered in Northeast Africa and South Arabia from Classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. Based primarily in wh ...
at precisely a moment of Persian triumph in the
Levant recalls the Aksumite foreign policy of the previous century, which saw Aksum and Persia
compete for influence in
Arabia.
The migration(s)
According to
historians of Islam, there were two migrations, although there are differences of opinion with regard to the dates.
[Rafiq Zakaria, 1991, ''Muhammad and The Quran,'' New Delhi: Penguin Books, pp. 403-4. ]
The first group of
migrants
Migrant may refer to:
Human migration
*Human migration
*Emigration, leaving one's resident country with the intent to settle elsewhere
*Immigration, movement into a country with the intent to settle
* Economic migrant, someone who emigrates from o ...
, which comprised twelve men and four women, who fled
Arabia in the year or according to other sources,
and was granted asylum by
Najashi, the
Negus of the
Kingdom of Aksum
The Kingdom of Aksum ( gez, መንግሥተ አክሱም, ), also known as the Kingdom of Axum or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom centered in Northeast Africa and South Arabia from Classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. Based primarily in wh ...
, a
Christian state that existed in modern-day
Ethiopia and
Eritrea
Eritrea ( ; ti, ኤርትራ, Ertra, ; ar, إرتريا, ʾIritriyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia ...
. This group included
Muhammad's daughter
Ruqayyah and his son-in-law
Uthman ibn Affan, who would later become the
third caliph of the
Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate ( ar, اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ, al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was ruled by the first four successive caliphs of Muhammad after his ...
after Muhammad's death. Prior to the exile, Muhammad chose
Uthman ibn Mazʽun, one of his most important
companions, as the leader of this group. According to Tabqat Ibn Saʽd, the group boarded a merchant ship from the sea port of Shuʽaiba and paid a half-dinar each to cross into
East Africa
East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:
Due to the historical ...
via the
Red Sea. After a year, the exiles heard rumours that the
Quraysh
The Quraysh ( ar, قُرَيْشٌ) were a grouping of Arab clans that historically inhabited and controlled the city of Mecca and its Kaaba. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born into the Hashim clan of the tribe. Despite this, many of the Qur ...
had
converted to Islam, which prompted them to return to
Mecca. Confronted with the opposite reality, they set out for the Aksumite kingdom again in or according to other sources,
this time accompanied by other newly-founded Muslims, with the migrant group comprising 83 men and 18 women in total.
Some
Western historians such as
Leone Caetani (1869–1935) and
William Montgomery Watt (1909–2006) questioned the account of two migrations.
Although
Ibn Ishaq
Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq ibn Yasār ibn Khiyār (; according to some sources, ibn Khabbār, or Kūmān, or Kūtān, ar, محمد بن إسحاق بن يسار بن خيار, or simply ibn Isḥaq, , meaning "the son of Isaac"; died 767) was an 8 ...
provided two partially overlapping lists of migrants, he did not mention that the first group returned and went back a second time.
Watt argued that the word used by Ibn Ishaq (''tatāba‘a'', ) and the order of the names on the lists suggests that the migration may have taken place in a number of smaller groups rather than two large parties, while the appearance of the two lists reflected the controversies surrounding the assignment of priority on official registers during the reign of the second Rashidun caliph,
Umar ibn al-Khattab.
In Aksum
Much of the coverage of this event comes from the historian
Ibn Ishaq
Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq ibn Yasār ibn Khiyār (; according to some sources, ibn Khabbār, or Kūmān, or Kūtān, ar, محمد بن إسحاق بن يسار بن خيار, or simply ibn Isḥaq, , meaning "the son of Isaac"; died 767) was an 8 ...
.
When the
Quraysh
The Quraysh ( ar, قُرَيْشٌ) were a grouping of Arab clans that historically inhabited and controlled the city of Mecca and its Kaaba. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born into the Hashim clan of the tribe. Despite this, many of the Qur ...
learned that the early Muslims were planning to move to the
Aksumite kingdom, they sent a delegation to the
Negus to demand the surrender of the fugitives. They selected two envoys:
‘Amr ibn al-‘As and Abdullah bin Rabiah. The Meccan envoys were given gifts for the Aksumite king
Najashi and his generals. The gifts were made up of leather and prepared by fine skin.
The Meccans appealed to the generals, arguing that the
Muslim
Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...
migrants were rebels who had invented a new religion, the likes of which neither the Meccans nor the Aksumites had heard of, and that their relatives were asking for their return. The king granted them an audience, but ultimately refused to hand over the migrants until he heard their defence.
The
Sahabah
The Companions of the Prophet ( ar, اَلصَّحَابَةُ; ''aṣ-ṣaḥāba'' meaning "the companions", from the verb meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or m ...
were later brought in front of the Negus and his bishops.
Jaʽfar ibn Abi Talib, who acted as the leader of the exiles, spoke in their defence:
The
Christian
Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...
king requested their revelations from
God. Jaʽfar then recited a passage from the Quran's
Surah Maryam (). When the king heard it, he wept and exclaimed: "Verily, this and what
Jesus brought (the
Gospel) has come from the same source of light (''miškāt'')".
However, one of the envoys,
‘Amr ibn al-‘As, thought of an alternative tactic. On the following day, he returned to the king and told him that the Muslims had disrespected Jesus. When the Muslims heard that the king had summoned them again to question them about their view of Jesus, they tried to find a diplomatic answer, but ultimately decided to speak according to the revelation they had received. When the king addressed Jaʽfar, he replied that they held Jesus to be "God's servant, His prophet, His spirit, and His word which He cast upon the
virgin Mary". Muslim accounts state that upon hearing these words, the Negus declared that Jesus was indeed no more than what he had said; he turned to the Muslims and told them: "go, for you are safe in my country". He then returned the gifts to the envoys and dismissed them.
End of the Muslim exile
Many of the exiles in
Aksum returned to
Mecca in 622 and made the
hijra to Medina with
Muhammad, while a second wave went to
Medina in 628.
First migration list
The first list of emigrants reported by
Ibn Ishaq
Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq ibn Yasār ibn Khiyār (; according to some sources, ibn Khabbār, or Kūmān, or Kūtān, ar, محمد بن إسحاق بن يسار بن خيار, or simply ibn Isḥaq, , meaning "the son of Isaac"; died 767) was an 8 ...
included the following eleven men and four women:
*
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
*
Jahsh ibn Riyab[He is father of Zainab and a father-in-law of Muhammad. In some accounts relating to Sahabahs in China, he (Jahsh) is noted as Geys. Muslims of Chams (Cambodiya) trace ancestry to a father-in-law of Prophet Muhammad, who is none other than Jahsh (Geys). See ]T. W. Arnold
Sir Thomas Walker Arnold (19 April 1864 – 9 June 1930) was a British orientalist and historian of Islamic art. He taught at Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, later Aligarh Muslim University, and Government College University, Lahore. ...
, ''The Preaching of Islam'', 294n8.
*
Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh
*
Ja'far ibn Abi Talib leader of the group
*
Uthman, son-in-law and companion of
Muhammad. Husband of
Ruqayyah.
*
Ruqayyah bint Muhammad, the wife of Uthman and daughter of Muhammad.
*
Abu Hudhayfa ibn 'Utba
*
Sahla bint Suhail Sahlah bint Suhail was a sahabi, sahabiyah of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. She was married to Abu Hudaifah ibn Utbah. They had an adoptive son named Salim mawla Abu Hudaifa. She was amongst the women who migrated to Ethiopian Empire, Abyssinia, a j ...
, wife of Abu Hudhayfa
*
Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
*
Mus'ab ibn Umair
Muṣʿab ibn ʿUmayr ( ar, مصعب بن عمير) also known as Muṣʿab al-Khayr ("the Good") was a ''sahabi'' (companion) of Muhammad. From the Banū ʿAbd al-Dār branch of the Quraysh, he embraced Islam in 614 CE and was the first ambass ...
*
Abdur Rahman bin Awf
*
Abu Salama Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Asad
Abū Salamah ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Asad ( ar, أَبُو سَلَمَة عَبْد ٱلله ٱبْن عَبْد ٱلْأَسَد ) was one of the Companians of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was also a cousin and a foster-brother of Muhamma ...
*
Umm Salama, wife of Abu Salama
*
Uthman bin Maz'oon
ʿUthmān ibn Maẓʿūn ( ar, عثمان بن مظعون) was one of the Companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Biography
He was married to Khawla bint Hakim, who like himself was one of the earliest converts to Islam. According to I ...
*Amir bin Rabiah
*Layla bint Abi Asmah – wife of Amir
See also
*
Diplomatic career of Muhammad
The diplomatic career of Muhammad ( – 8 June 632) encompasses Muhammad's leadership over the growing Muslim community (''Ummah'') in early Arabia and his correspondences with the rulers of other nations in and around Arabia. This period was mar ...
*
Mosque of the Companions, Massawa
*
Negash
*
Second migration to Abyssinia
*
Timeline of 7th-century Muslim history
References
{{reflist, 25em
Islam in Ethiopia
Life of Muhammad
Medieval Ethiopia
Medieval Somalia
Horn of Africa
Islam in Eritrea
Islam in Somalia
610s
7th century in Africa
Christian and Islamic interfaith dialogue