The ''Gauss'' expedition of 1901–1903 (also known as the ''Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903)''
was the first German expedition to
Antarctica
Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest cont ...
. It was led by geologist
Erich von Drygalski
Erich Dagobert von Drygalski (; February 9, 1865 – January 10, 1949) was a German geographer, geophysicist and polar scientist, born in Königsberg, East Prussia.
Between 1882 and 1887, Drygalski studied mathematics and natural science at t ...
in the ship , named after the mathematician and physicist
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; german: Gauß ; la, Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science. Sometimes refer ...
.
Voyage
Drygalski led the first German
South Polar expedition with the ship ''Gauss'' to explore the unknown area of
Antarctica
Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest cont ...
lying south of the
Kerguelen Islands. The expedition started from
Kiel
Kiel () is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 246,243 (2021).
Kiel lies approximately north of Hamburg. Due to its geographic location in the southeast of the Jutland ...
on 11 August 1901.
Expedition
A small party of the expedition was also stationed on the
Kerguelen Islands, while the main party proceeded further south. Erich von Drygalski paid a brief call to
Heard Island
The Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands (HIMI) is an Australian external territory comprising a volcanic group of mostly barren Antarctic islands, about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica. The group's overall size ...
and provided the first comprehensive scientific information on the island's geology, flora, and fauna.
Despite their entrapment in the ice for nearly 14 months (until February 1903), new territory was discovered:
Kaiser Wilhelm II Land
Kaiser Wilhelm II Land is a part of Antarctica lying between Cape Penck at 87° 43'E and Cape Filchner at 91° 54'E. Princess Elizabeth Land is located to the west, and Queen Mary Land to the east. The area is claimed by Australia ...
and its volcano—
Gaussberg
Gaussberg (or Schwarzen Berg, Mount Gauss) is an extinct, high volcanic cone in East Antarctica fronting on Davis Sea immediately west of Posadowsky Glacier. It is ice-free and conical in nature, having formed subglacially about 55,000 ...
.
Drygalski was the first to use a gas balloon in Antarctica.
Return
The expedition arrived back in Kiel in November 1903. Subsequently, Erich von Drygalski wrote the narrative of the expedition and edited the voluminous scientific data. Between 1905 and 1931, he published the 20 volumes and two atlases documenting the expedition.
See also
*
Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
*
List of Antarctic expeditions
References
Further reading
*
Drygalski, E. (1991). ''The German South Polar Expedition, 1901–3''. Erskine Press. .
* Murphy, D. T. (2002). ''German Exploration of the Polar World: A History, 1870–1940''. Nebraska.
External links
South-Pole.com
by expedition member Karl Luyken
{{Polar exploration
1901 in Germany
1901 in Antarctica
1902 in Antarctica
1903 in Antarctica
Antarctic expeditions
Expeditions from Germany
Germany and the Antarctic
Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration